Natural Fiber-Stabilized Geopolymer Foams—A Review
Abstract
:1. Introduction
1.1. Geopolymers
1.1.1. Geopolymerization
1.1.2. Raw Materials
- caustic solutions: MOH;
- non-silicate salts of weakly acids: M2CO3, M2SO3, M3PO4, MF;
- silicates: M2O·nSiO2;
- aluminates: M2O·nAl2O3;
- aluminosilicates: M2O·Al2O3·(2-6)SiO2;
- salts of strong acids: M2SO4.
2. Natural Fibers
Effect of Nanoparticles on the Fiber–Matrix Adhesion
3. Geopolymer Foam Concrete
3.1. Chemical Foaming
3.2. Mechanical Foaming
3.3. Syntactic Foam
4. Development of Fiber-Reinforced Geopolymer Foam Concrete
Challenges in Developing Fiber-Reinforced Geopolymer Foam Concrete
- The variable quality, composition and mechanical treatment of natural fibers make comparisons between research efforts difficult.
- The improvement in the interfacial bonding between the matrix and fiber to avoid pulled-out fiber.
- The improvement in the foam stability causes a large total area of foam, and the subsequent high surface energy leads to instability of the system.
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
T (°C) | t (h) | ||||||
Abaca (hemp) fibers | Alkali (NaOH) treatment and aluminum sulfate treatment | Fly ash | Sodium hydroxide and sodium silicate | 75 | 24 | Chemical treatment improves the interfacial bonding between the geopolymer and fiber. | [51] |
Bamboo fibers | Water treatment | Metakaolin | Potassium hydroxide and potassium silicate | 50 | 24 | Bamboo fibers improve the flexural strength and strain. | [52] |
Bamboo fibers | Alkali (NaOH) treatment and water treatment | Metakaolin | Sodium/potassium hydroxide and sodium silicate/potassium silicate | 50 | 24 | No difference in flexural strength between the fiber treatment methods. | [53] |
Cotton fibers | Alkali (NaOH) treatment, PVA treatment and oil treatment | Fly ash | Sodium silicate | RT + 70 | 24 + 24 | Alkali-treated cotton fibers improve the compressive and flexural strengths of the geopolymer. | [54] |
Cotton and flax fibers | Fly ash | Sodium hydroxide and sodium silicate | Cured in the oven | Flax and cotton fibers improve the mechanical properties of geopolymers. | [50] | ||
Hemp fiber grid | Metakaolin | Sodium silicate | 40 | 24 | Hemp fiber grids improve the mechanical properties. | [13] | |
Wool fibers | Metakaolin | Potassium hydroxide and potassium silicate | RT + 50 | 24 + 72 | Wool fibers improve the flexural strength and fracture behavior. | [55] | |
Foona sinensis, Fir, Camphor, Black Locust, Eucalyptus, Korean pine, Poplar, Bagasse, Peanut shell, Wheat straw, Corn straw, Rice straw, Rice husk, Bamboo and Cassava straw | Metakaolin | Sodium hydroxide and sodium silicate | 60 | 24 | Wood fibers show a better compatibility with the geopolymer matrix than the non-wood fibers. | [56] |
Foaming Method | Foaming Agent | Aluminosilicate Sources | Alkaline Activator | Curing Conditions | Results | Ref. | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
T (°C) | T (h) | RH (%) | ||||||
Chemical foaming | Al powder | Fly ash | Sodium hydroxide and sodium silicate | 60 | 24 | n.r. | The ratio of alkaline activators impacts the extent of foaming. | [35] |
Chemical foaming | Al powder | Fly ash | Sodium hydroxide | 60 | 24 | n.r. | Al powder delays the strength development and influences the gel formation. | [80] |
Chemical foaming | Al powder | Metakaolin | Sodium hydroxide and sodium silicate | Increasing Al content leads to an increase in porosity and a decrease in thermal conductivity. | [74] | |||
Chemical foaming | Al powder and H2O2 | Fly ash | Sodium hydroxide and sodium silicate | 70 | 24 | n.r. | H2O2 as foaming agent leads to small pores and a compressive strength of 3.7 MPa (2.0 wt. % H2O2) Al powder as foaming agent leads to larger pores and a compressive strength of 3.3 MPa (0.2 wt. % Al powder). | [81] |
Chemical foaming | H2O2 | Metakaolin and fly ash | Sodium hydroxide and sodium silicate | 40 | 24 | 65 | NaOH concentration has an effect on compressive strength and thermal conductivity. | [82] |
Chemical foaming | H2O2 | Metakaolin and fly ash | Sodium hydroxide and sodium silicate | 40 | 24 | 65 | H2O2 content affects the physical properties (porosity, mechanical resistance and thermal conductivity). | [42] |
Chemical foaming | H2O2 | Metakaolin and fly ash | Sodium hydroxide and sodium silicate | Increasing H2O2-content leads to a decrease in compressive strength and thermal conductivity, and an increase in porosity. | [73] | |||
Chemical foaming | H2O2 and different surfactants | Metakaolin | Sodium hydroxide and sodium silicate | RT + 60 | 10 + 24 | n.r. | The surfactant influences the morphology and topology of the network and therefore the mechanical properties. | [83] |
Chemical and mechanical foaming | H2O2 and SDS | Granulated blast-furnace slag and fly ash | Sodium hydroxide and sodium silicate | 60 | 24 | n.r. | Foam stabilizer enhances the pore size distribution and the pre-made foams are more stable. | [34] |
Mechanical foaming | SDS | Granulated blast-furnace slag | Sodium hydroxide and sodium silicate | 60 | 24 | n.r. | A lower Si/Al ratio leads to higher strength, and a higher Si/Al ratio leads to a lower amount of crystalline structures. | [84] |
Mechanical foaming | SDS | Granulated blast-furnace slag and fly ash | Sodium hydroxide and sodium silicate | Increasing XG concentration leads to an increase in compressive strength and a decrease in thermal conductivity | [34] | |||
Mechanical foaming | Super-plasticizer | Fly ash | Sodium hydroxide and sodium silicate | RT + 60 | 24 | n.r. | Higher compressive strength with heat curing (60 °C). | [29] |
Syntactic foams | Cenospheres | Fly ash and ground granulated blast-furnace slag | Sodium metasilicate | RT | n.r. | n.r. | Strong bonding between cenospheres and the geopolymer matrix results in a compressive strength of 17.5 MPa at a density of 978 kg/m3 and a thermal conductivity of 0.28 W/(m K). | [77] |
Syntactic foams | Fly ash cenospheres | Metakaolin | Potassium silicate | 80 | 144 | n.r. | Increasing the amount of cenospheres leads to a decrease in compressive strength, thermal conductivity and density. | [84] |
Syntactic foams | Hollow glass microspheres | Fly ash | Sodium hydroxide and sodium silicate | 60 | 24 | n.r. | Increasing the amount of hollow glass microspheres leads to a decrease in density and compressive strength. | [85] |
Syntactic foams | Hollow phenolic microspheres and hollow glass microspheres | Metakaolin | Sodium hydroxide and sodium silicate | 40 + 60 + RT | 2 + 24 + 144 | n.r. | Increasing the amount of hollow microspheres leads to a decrease in compressive strength. | [78] |
Fiber | Foaming Agent | Aluminosilicate Source | Alkaline Activator | Curing Conditions | Results | Ref. | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
T (°C) | t (h) | ||||||
Carbon fibers | H2O2 | Metakaolin | Potassium hydroxide and potassium silicate | 90 + 40 | 24 | Carbon fibers improve the flexural strength and thermal conductivity. | [93] |
Polypropylene fibers | Mechanically prepared foam | Fly ash | Alkali Activator | 28 | 24 | The addition of PP fibers decreases the drying shrinkage and improves the mechanical properties. | [94] |
Polypropylene fibers | Al powder | Metakaolin | Sodium hydroxide and sodium silicate | 70 | 24 | The addition of fibers decreases the density and compressive strength. | [91] |
Polyvinyl alcohol and basalt fibers | H2O2 and surfactant | Fly ash | Sodium hydroxide and sodium aluminate | 70 | 24 | Geopolymers reinforced with PVA fibers show a higher resistance under simulated fire conditions compared to the basalt fiber-reinforced geopolymers. | [92] |
Abaca fibers | H2O2 | Fly ash | Sodium hydroxide and sodium silicate | RT | 24 | Abaca fibers improve the compressive strength. | [95] |
Abaca fibers | Mecofix | Fly ash | Sodium hydroxide and Si2O3 | 60 | 6 | An increasing amount of abaca fibers leads to an increase in compressive strength of the lightweight geopolymer concrete. | [96] |
Hemp fibers | Si powder and mixture of vegetable surfactant | Metakaolin | Sodium silicate | 40 | 24 | Hemp fiber grids improve the mechanical properties. | [13] |
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Walbrück, K.; Maeting, F.; Witzleben, S.; Stephan, D. Natural Fiber-Stabilized Geopolymer Foams—A Review. Materials 2020, 13, 3198. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13143198
Walbrück K, Maeting F, Witzleben S, Stephan D. Natural Fiber-Stabilized Geopolymer Foams—A Review. Materials. 2020; 13(14):3198. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13143198
Chicago/Turabian StyleWalbrück, Katharina, Felicitas Maeting, Steffen Witzleben, and Dietmar Stephan. 2020. "Natural Fiber-Stabilized Geopolymer Foams—A Review" Materials 13, no. 14: 3198. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13143198