Materials

15 pages, 5241 KiB

Open AccessArticle

On Influence of Mechanical Properties of Gun Propellants on Their Ballistic Characteristics Determined in Closed Vessel Tests

by Radosław Trębiński, Jacek Janiszewski, Zbigniew Leciejewski, Zbigniew Surma and Kinga Kamińska

Materials 2020, 13(14), 3243; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13143243 - 21 Jul 2020

Cited by 13 | Viewed by 3309

Abstract

The geometric burning law of gun propellants is widely used in computer codes used for the simulations of the internal ballistics of guns. However, the results of closed vessel tests prove that the burning process of some propellants deviates from the geometric law. [...] Read more.

The geometric burning law of gun propellants is widely used in computer codes used for the simulations of the internal ballistics of guns. However, the results of closed vessel tests prove that the burning process of some propellants deviates from the geometric law. Validation of the hypothesis that observed deviations can be attributed to the cracking of propellant grains was the aim of this work. In order to verify the hypothesis, three types of gun propellants were chosen with considerably differing mechanical strengths: a single-base propellant, a double-base propellant, and a composite propellant. The mechanical properties of the gun propellants were tested using a quasi-static compression method with strain rate values of the order of 0.001 s⁻¹ and the Split Hopkinson Pressure Bar technique with the strain rate in the range of 1000–6000 s⁻¹. The mechanical responses of the propellants were assessed on the basis of the true stress–strain curves obtained and from the point of view of the occurrence of cracks in the propellant grains specimens. Moreover, closed vessel tests were performed to determine experimental shape functions for the considered gun propellants. Juxtaposition of the stress‒strain curves with the experimental shape functions proved that the observed deviations from the geometrical burning law can be attributed mainly to the cracking of propellant grains. The results obtained showed that the rheological properties of propellants are important not only from the point of view of logistical issues but also for the properly controlled burning process of propellants during the shot. Full article

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28 pages, 24355 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Oxidation Behavior of the Monolayered La₂Zr₂O₇, Composite La₂Zr₂O₇ + 8YSZ, and Double-Ceramic Layered La₂Zr₂O₇/La₂Zr₂O₇ + 8YSZ/8YSZ Thermal Barrier Coatings

by Anna Jasik, Grzegorz Moskal, Marta Mikuśkiewicz, Agnieszka Tomaszewska, Sebastian Jucha, Damian Migas and Hanna Myalska

Materials 2020, 13(14), 3242; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13143242 - 21 Jul 2020

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 2439

Abstract

The degradation process of thermal barrier coatings (TBCs) such as monolayered La₂Zr₂O₇, composite 50% La₂Zr₂O₇ + 50% 8YSZ, and double-ceramic layer (DCL) La₂Zr₂O₇/50% La₂Zr [...] Read more.

The degradation process of thermal barrier coatings (TBCs) such as monolayered La₂Zr₂O₇, composite 50% La₂Zr₂O₇ + 50% 8YSZ, and double-ceramic layer (DCL) La₂Zr₂O₇/50% La₂Zr₂O₇ + 50% 8YSZ/8YSZ was investigated. Coatings were deposited using the atmospheric plasma spraying (APS) process (ceramic layer and bond-coat) on the Ni-based superalloy substrate with Ni-22Cr-10Al-1Y bond-coat. The thickness of the ceramic top-coats in all cases were 300 µm. In the case of La₂Zr₂O₇/8YSZ, the internal sublayer was built from 8YSZ powder whereas the outer from La₂Zr₂O₇. Between both sublayers’ “composite” a 50% La₂Zr₂O₇ + 50% 8YSZ zone was present. The “composite” 50% La₂Zr₂O₇ + 50% 8YSZ TBC system was sprayed from two different feedstock powders with equal weight ratios. In the first part of the investigation, the microstructural characterization of the TBCs was presented. The main goals were related to the characterization of the degradation processes in different TBC systems with special emphasis on the phenomenon in the thermally grown oxide (TGO) zone related to oxidation, and the phenomenon related to phase stability in ceramic top-coats as related to temperature influence. The oxidation test was carried out in air at 1100 °C for 500 h. In the second step of the investigation, the numerical simulation of the monolayered TBC 8YSZ and La₂Zr₂O₇ systems was analyzed from the stress distribution point of view. Additionally, the two-layered TBC coating of the DCL type was also analyzed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Thermal Sprayed Coatings–Technology, Working Conditions, Durability)

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16 pages, 5042 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Quasi-Solid-State Electrochromic Cells with Energy Storage Properties Made with Inkjet Printing

by Krystallia Theodosiou, Panagiotis Giannopoulos, Tilemachos Georgakopoulos and Elias Stathatos

Materials 2020, 13(14), 3241; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13143241 - 21 Jul 2020

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 2555

Abstract

In common commercially available electrochromic glass panes, the active materials such as WO₃ and NiO_x films are typically deposited by either physical vapor or sputtering under vacuum. In the present studies, we report on the inkjet printing method to deposit both [...] Read more.

In common commercially available electrochromic glass panes, the active materials such as WO₃ and NiO_x films are typically deposited by either physical vapor or sputtering under vacuum. In the present studies, we report on the inkjet printing method to deposit both electrochromic and ion storage electrode layers under ambient conditions. An ion storage layer based on cerium modified TiO₂ and electrochromic nanocrystalline WO₃ were both prepared under the wet method and deposited as inks on conductive substrates. Both compounds possess porous morphology facilitating high ion diffusion during electrochemical processes. In particular, the ion storage layer was evaluated in terms of porosity, charge capacity and ion diffusion coefficient. A scaled up 90 cm² electrochromic device with quasi-solid-state electrolyte was made with the aforementioned materials and evaluated in terms of optical modulation in the visible region, cyclic voltammetry and color efficiency. High contrast between 13.2% and 71.6% for tinted and bleached states measured at 550 nm was monitored under low bias at +2.5 volt and −0.3 volts respectively. Moreover, the calculated energy density equal to 1.95 × 10⁻³ mWh cm⁻² and the high areal capacitance of 156.19 mF cm⁻² of the device could combine the electrochromic behavior of the cell with energy storage capability so as to be a promising candidate for future applications into smart buildings. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Electrochromic Materials and Related Devices)

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Graphical abstract

9 pages, 6845 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Electron Microscopy Characterization of the High Temperature Degradation of the Aluminide Layer on Turbine Blades Made of a Nickel Superalloy

by Mariusz Bogdan, Witold Zieliński, Tomasz Płociński and Krzysztof Jan Kurzydłowski

Materials 2020, 13(14), 3240; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13143240 - 21 Jul 2020

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1957

Abstract

The effects of exposure to overheating (temperature above 1000 °C) on the degradation (modification) of layers of coatings (coatings based on aluminum) of uncooled polycrystalline rotor blades of aircraft turbine jet engines were investigated under laboratory conditions. In order to determine the nature [...] Read more.

The effects of exposure to overheating (temperature above 1000 °C) on the degradation (modification) of layers of coatings (coatings based on aluminum) of uncooled polycrystalline rotor blades of aircraft turbine jet engines were investigated under laboratory conditions. In order to determine the nature of the changes as well as the structural changes in the various zones, a multi-factor analysis of the layers of the coating, including the observation of the surface of the blades, using, among others, electron microscopy, structural tests, surface morphology, and chemical composition testing, was carried out. As a result of the possibility of strengthening the physical foundations of the non-destructive testing of blades, the undertaken research mainly focused on the characteristics of the changes occurring in the outermost layers of the coatings. The obtained results indicate the structural degradation of the coatings, particularly the unfavorable changes, become visible after heating to 1050 °C. The main, strongly interacting, negative phenomena include pore formation, external diffusion of Fe and Cr to the surface, and the formation and subsequent thickening of Fe-Cr particles on the surface of the alumina layer. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Thermal Barrier Coatings)

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22 pages, 8065 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Decomposed Collaborative Modeling Approach for Probabilistic Fatigue Life Evaluation of Turbine Rotor

by Ying Huang, Guang-Chen Bai, Lu-Kai Song and Bo-Wei Wang

Materials 2020, 13(14), 3239; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13143239 - 21 Jul 2020

Cited by 16 | Viewed by 2032

Abstract

To improve simulation accuracy and efficiency of probabilistic fatigue life evaluation for turbine rotor, a decomposed collaborative modeling approach is presented. In this approach, the intelligent Kriging modeling (IKM) is firstly proposed by combining the Kriging model (KM) and an intelligent algorithm (named [...] Read more.

To improve simulation accuracy and efficiency of probabilistic fatigue life evaluation for turbine rotor, a decomposed collaborative modeling approach is presented. In this approach, the intelligent Kriging modeling (IKM) is firstly proposed by combining the Kriging model (KM) and an intelligent algorithm (named as dynamic multi-island genetic algorithm), to tackle the multi-modality issues for obtaining optimal Kriging parameters. Then, the decomposed collaborative IKM (DCIKM) comes up by fusing the IKM into decomposed collaborative (DC) strategy, to address the high-nonlinearity problems for accelerating simulation efficiency. Moreover, the DCIKM-based probabilistic fatigue life evaluation theory is introduced. The probabilistic fatigue life evaluation of turbine rotor is regarded as case study to verify the presented approach; the evaluation results reveal that the probabilistic fatigue life of turbine rotor is 3296 cycles. The plastic strain range ∆ε_p and fatigue strength coefficient σ_f′ are the main affecting factors to fatigue life, whose effect probability are 28% and 22%, respectively. By comparing with direct Monte Carlo method, KM method, IKM method and DC response surface method, the presented DCIKM is validated to hold high efficiency and accuracy in probabilistic fatigue life evaluation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Failure Mechanisms and Fatigue Life Prediction of Engineering Structures)

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24 pages, 8469 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Fractal Dimension of Basalt Fiber Reinforced Concrete (BFRC) and Its Correlations to Pore Structure, Strength and Shrinkage

by Yue Li, Aiqin Shen and Hua Wu

Materials 2020, 13(14), 3238; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13143238 - 21 Jul 2020

Cited by 22 | Viewed by 2429

Abstract

In this study, we focused on exploring the correlations between the pore surface fractal dimensions and the pore structure parameters, strength and shrinkage properties of basalt fiber-reinforced concrete (BFRC). The pore structure of BFRCs with various fiber contents and fiber lengths was investigated [...] Read more.

In this study, we focused on exploring the correlations between the pore surface fractal dimensions and the pore structure parameters, strength and shrinkage properties of basalt fiber-reinforced concrete (BFRC). The pore structure of BFRCs with various fiber contents and fiber lengths was investigated using mercury intrusion porosimetry (MIP) measurements. Through Zhang’s model, the fractal characteristics of BFRCs in the whole pore size range and in different pore size ranges were calculated from the MIP test data. The results showed that the addition of BF increased the total porosity, total pore volume and pore area but decreased the average pore diameter, indicating that BFs refined the pore structure of the concrete. BFRC presented obvious fractal characteristics in the entire pore-size range and individual pore-size ranges; generally, the fractal dimension increased with increasing fiber content. Moreover, correlation analysis suggested that the fractal dimension of BFRC in the whole pore-size range (FD) was closely related to the fractal dimension in the macropore region (D_m) and average pore diameter (APD). The influence of pore structure factors on mechanical strength and shrinkage was studied by grey correlation theory, and the results showed that D_m showed positive correlations with strength and fracture energy, with increasing D_m tending to strengthen and toughen the concrete. An increase in fiber content and length was detrimental to reducing the drying shrinkage strain. In the transition pore region, the fractal dimension (D_t) at diameters ranging from 20 to 50 nm and shrinkage strain exhibited a highly linear relation. These results merit careful consideration in macro-property evaluation by using the pore surface fractal dimension in a specific region instead of the whole region. Finally, grey target theory was applied to evaluate the rank of the mechanical strength and shrinkage of concrete, and the results showed that the overall properties of concrete with a BF length of 18 mm and a BF content of 0.06% ranked the best. Full article

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10 pages, 5122 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Efficacy and Cytotoxicity of Binary Mixtures as Root Canal Filling Solvents

by Inês Ferreira, Liliana Grenho, Pedro Gomes, Ana Cristina Braga, Maria Helena Fernandes, Maria Ascensão Lopes and Irene Pina-Vaz

Materials 2020, 13(14), 3237; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13143237 - 21 Jul 2020

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2260

Abstract

Objectives: This study reports the efficacy of two solvent mixtures on the dissolution of gutta-percha and AH Plus sealer, together with the cytotoxicity. Methods: Methyl ethyl ketone (MEK), orange oil, tetrachloroethylene, MEK/tetrachloroethylene (1:1), MEK/orange oil (1:1), and chloroform (control) were tested. Twelve groups [...] Read more.

Objectives: This study reports the efficacy of two solvent mixtures on the dissolution of gutta-percha and AH Plus sealer, together with the cytotoxicity. Methods: Methyl ethyl ketone (MEK), orange oil, tetrachloroethylene, MEK/tetrachloroethylene (1:1), MEK/orange oil (1:1), and chloroform (control) were tested. Twelve groups (n = 15) of standardized stainless-steel molds filled with softened gutta-percha cones and twelve (n = 15) filled with AH Plus were immersed in the corresponding mixture or individual solvent, in an ultrasonic bath, for either 2 or 5 min. The effect of the solvents was assessed qualitatively by a topographical analysis (scanning electron microscopy) and chemical analysis (Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy), and quantitatively by a weight loss and viscoelastic property (dynamic mechanical analysis) evaluation. The cytotoxicity was assessed on MG63 human osteoblastic cells. Results: The mixtures did not show the formation of new compounds. Both presented significantly higher efficacies compared to their individual solvents, suggesting a synergistic effect. Their dissolution efficacy was similar to that of chloroform, showing high cytocompatibility. Conclusions: The proposed strategy, incorporating ultrasound agitation and profiting from the synergy of adequate solvents, might enhance root canal cleanliness allowing a single-step procedure to dissolve gutta-percha and the sealer remnants, while assuring cytocompatibility with the periapical tissues. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Contemporary Endodontic Materials)

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20 pages, 9057 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Passive Film Properties of Bimodal Grain Size AA7075 Aluminium Alloy Prepared by Spark Plasma Sintering

by Wenming Tian, Zhonglei Li, HuiFeng Kang, Fasong Cheng, Fangfang Chen and Guoxing Pang

Materials 2020, 13(14), 3236; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13143236 - 21 Jul 2020

Cited by 12 | Viewed by 2305

Abstract

The bimodal-grain-size 7075 aluminium alloys containing varied ratios of large and small 7075 aluminium powders were prepared by spark plasma sintering (SPS). The large powder was 100 ± 15 μm in diameter and the small one was 10 ± 5 μm in diameter. [...] Read more.

The bimodal-grain-size 7075 aluminium alloys containing varied ratios of large and small 7075 aluminium powders were prepared by spark plasma sintering (SPS). The large powder was 100 ± 15 μm in diameter and the small one was 10 ± 5 μm in diameter. The 7075 aluminium alloys was completely densified under the 500 °C sintering temperature and 60 MPa pressure. The large powders constituted coarse grain zone, and the small powders constituted fine grain zone in sintered 7075 aluminium alloys. The microstructural and microchemical difference between the large and small powders was remained in coarse and fine grain zones in bulk alloys after SPS sintering, which allowed for us to investigate the effects of microstructure and microchemistry on passive properties of oxide film formed on sintered alloys. The average diameter of intermetallic phases was 201.3 nm in coarse grain zone, while its vale was 79.8 nm in fine grain zone. The alloying element content in intermetallic phases in coarse grain zone was 33% to 48% higher than that on fine grain zone. The alloying element depletion zone surrounding intermetallic phases in coarse grain zone showed a bigger width and a more severe element depletion. The coarse grain zone in alloys showed a bigger electrochemical heterogeneity as compared to fine grain zone. The passive film formed on coarse grain zone had a thicker thickness and a point defect density of 2.4 × 10²⁴ m⁻³, and the film on fine grain zone had a thinner thickness and a point defect density of 4.0 × 10²³ m⁻³. The film resistance was 3.25 × 10⁵ Ωcm² on coarse grain zone, while it was 6.46 × 10⁵ Ωcm² on fine grain zone. The passive potential range of sintered alloys increased from 457 mV to 678 mV, while the corrosion current density decreased from 8.59 × 10⁻⁷ A/cm² to 6.78 × 10⁻⁷ A/cm² as fine grain zone increasing from 0% to 100%, which implied that the corrosion resistance of alloys increased with the increasing content of fine grains. The passive film on coarse grain zone exhibited bigger corrosion cavities after pitting initiation compared to that on fine grain zone. The passive film formed on fine grain zone showed a better corrosion resistance. The protectiveness of passive film was mainly determined by defect density rather than the thickness in this work. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Athermal Field Effects in Spark Plasma Sintering and Flash Sintering )

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12 pages, 1702 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Spatially Resolved Correlation between Stiffness Increase and Actin Aggregation around Nanofibers Internalized in Living Macrophages

by Guoqiao Zhou, Bokai Zhang, Liyu Wei, Han Zhang, Massimiliano Galluzzi and Jiangyu Li

Materials 2020, 13(14), 3235; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13143235 - 21 Jul 2020

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2290

Abstract

Plasticity and functional diversity of macrophages play an important role in resisting pathogens invasion, tumor progression and tissue repair. At present, nanodrug formulations are becoming increasingly important to induce and control the functional diversity of macrophages. In this framework, the internalization process of [...] Read more.

Plasticity and functional diversity of macrophages play an important role in resisting pathogens invasion, tumor progression and tissue repair. At present, nanodrug formulations are becoming increasingly important to induce and control the functional diversity of macrophages. In this framework, the internalization process of nanodrugs is co-regulated by a complex interplay of biochemistry, cell physiology and cell mechanics. From a biophysical perspective, little is known about cellular mechanics’ modulation induced by the nanodrug carrier’s internalization. In this study, we used the polylactic-co-glycolic acid (PLGA)–polyethylene glycol (PEG) nanofibers as a model drug carrier, and we investigated their influence on macrophage mechanics. Interestingly, the nanofibers internalized in macrophages induced a local increase of stiffness detected by atomic force microscopy (AFM) nanomechanical investigation. Confocal laser scanning microscopy revealed a thickening of actin filaments around nanofibers during the internalization process. Following geometry and mechanical properties by AFM, indentation experiments are virtualized in a finite element model simulation. It turned out that it is necessary to include an additional actin wrapping layer around nanofiber in order to achieve similar reaction force of AFM experiments, consistent with confocal observation. The quantitative investigation of actin reconfiguration around internalized nanofibers can be exploited to develop novel strategies for drug delivery. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Application of Scanning Probe Techniques in the Study of Biomaterials and Biomechanisms)

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12 pages, 3285 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Fabrication of Bioprobe Self-Assembled on Au–Te Nanoworm Structure for SERS Biosensor

by Soo Min Kim, Taek Lee, Yeong-Gyu Gil, Ga Hyeon Kim, Chulhwan Park, Hongje Jang and Junhong Min

Materials 2020, 13(14), 3234; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13143234 - 21 Jul 2020

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 3093

Abstract

In the present study, we propose a novel biosensor platform using a gold-tellurium (Au–Te) nanoworm structure through surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS). Au–Tenanoworm was synthesized by spontaneous galvanic replacement of sacrificial Te nanorods templated with Au (III) cations under ambient conditions. The fabricated Au–Te [...] Read more.

In the present study, we propose a novel biosensor platform using a gold-tellurium (Au–Te) nanoworm structure through surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS). Au–Tenanoworm was synthesized by spontaneous galvanic replacement of sacrificial Te nanorods templated with Au (III) cations under ambient conditions. The fabricated Au–Te nanoworm exhibited an interconnected structure of small spherical nanoparticles and was found to be effective at enhancing Raman scattering. The Au–Te nanoworm-immobilized substrate exhibited the ability to detect thyroxine using an aptamer-tagged DNA three-way junction (3WJ) and glycoprotein 120 (GP120) human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) using an antibody. The modified substrates were investigated by scanning electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy (AFM). The optimal Au–Te nanoworm concentration and immobilization time for the thyroxine biosensor platform were further determined by SERS experimentation. Thus, the present study showed that the Au–Te nanoworm structure could be applied to various biosensor platforms. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Application of Nanoparticles as Biosensors in the Biomedical Field)

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20 pages, 8966 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effects of External Environments on the Fixed Elongation and Tensile Properties of the VAE Emulsion–Cement Composite Joint Sealant

by Chuanxin Lou, Jinyu Xu, Sinuo Liu, Tengjiao Wang and Weibo Ren

Materials 2020, 13(14), 3233; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13143233 - 21 Jul 2020

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 1935

Abstract

Joint sealant is affected by various environmental factors in service, such as different temperatures, water soaking, ultraviolet and so on. In this paper, the VAE emulsion–cement compositejoint sealant was pretreated under multiple simulation environments. Thereafter, the degradation rules of fixed elongation and tensile [...] Read more.

Joint sealant is affected by various environmental factors in service, such as different temperatures, water soaking, ultraviolet and so on. In this paper, the VAE emulsion–cement compositejoint sealant was pretreated under multiple simulation environments. Thereafter, the degradation rules of fixed elongation and tensile properties of joint sealants at different mix proportions were systemically investigated under the action of external environments (temperature, water soaking and ultraviolet), and the influence mechanisms of diverse environmental factors were analyzed. The research results suggested that, under the action of external environments, the VAE emulsion–cement composite joint sealants exhibited degradation effects to varying degrees. After the addition of plasticizer, the joint sealants had reduced cohesion strength in low temperature environment and enhanced flexible deformability. The addition of water repellent improved the water resistance of joint sealants. Meanwhile, adding ultraviolet shield agent partially improved the ultraviolet radiation aging resistance. A greater powder–liquid ratio led to the lower flexibility of joint sealants, but superior water resistance and ultraviolet radiation aging resistance. Full article

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17 pages, 3306 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Experimental Study of Drilling Temperature, Geometrical Errors and Thermal Expansion of Drill on Hole Accuracy When Drilling CFRP/Ti Alloy Stacks

by Vitalii Kolesnyk, Jozef Peterka, Marcel Kuruc, Vladimír Šimna, Jana Moravčíková, Tomáš Vopát and Dmytro Lisovenko

Materials 2020, 13(14), 3232; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13143232 - 20 Jul 2020

Cited by 27 | Viewed by 3455

Abstract

The drilling of holes in CFRP/Ti (Carbon Fiber-Reinforced Plastic/Titanium alloy) alloy stacks is one of the frequently used mechanical operations during the manufacturing of fastening assemblies in temporary civil aircraft. A combination of inhomogeneous behavior and poor machinability of CFRP/Ti alloy stacks in [...] Read more.

The drilling of holes in CFRP/Ti (Carbon Fiber-Reinforced Plastic/Titanium alloy) alloy stacks is one of the frequently used mechanical operations during the manufacturing of fastening assemblies in temporary civil aircraft. A combination of inhomogeneous behavior and poor machinability of CFRP/Ti alloy stacks in one short drilling brought challenges to the manufacturing community. The impact of the drilling temperature and time delay factor under various cutting conditions on hole accuracy when machining CFRP/Ti alloy stacks is poorly studied. In this paper, the drilling temperature, the phenomenon of thermal expansion of the drill tool, and hole accuracy are investigated. An experimental study was carried out using thermocouples, the coordinate measuring machine method, and finite element analysis. The results showed that the time delay factor varied from 5 (s) to 120 (s), influences the thermal-dependent properties of CFRP, and leads to an increase in hole roundness. Additionally, the thermal expansion of the drill significantly contributes to the deviation of the hole diameter in Ti alloy. Full article

(This article belongs to the Collection Machining and Manufacturing of Alloys and Steels)

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18 pages, 3312 KiB

Open AccessReview

Lanthanum Ferrites-Based Exsolved Perovskites as Fuel-Flexible Anode for Solid Oxide Fuel Cells

by Massimiliano Lo Faro, Sabrina Campagna Zignani and Antonino Salvatore Aricò

Materials 2020, 13(14), 3231; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13143231 - 20 Jul 2020

Cited by 25 | Viewed by 4007

Abstract

Exsolved perovskites can be obtained from lanthanum ferrites, such as La_0.6Sr_0.4Fe_0.8Co_0.2O₃, as result of Ni doping and thermal treatments. Ni can be simply added to the perovskite by an incipient wetness method. Thermal [...] Read more.

Exsolved perovskites can be obtained from lanthanum ferrites, such as La_0.6Sr_0.4Fe_0.8Co_0.2O₃, as result of Ni doping and thermal treatments. Ni can be simply added to the perovskite by an incipient wetness method. Thermal treatments that favor the exsolution process include calcination in air (e.g., 500 °C) and subsequent reduction in diluted H₂ at 800 °C. These processes allow producing a two-phase material consisting of a Ruddlesden–Popper-type structure and a solid oxide solution e.g., α-Fe_100-y-zCo_yNi_zO_x oxide. The formed electrocatalyst shows sufficient electronic conductivity under reducing environment at the Solid Oxide Fuel Cell (SOFC) anode. Outstanding catalytic properties are observed for the direct oxidation of dry fuels in SOFCs, including H₂, methane, syngas, methanol, glycerol, and propane. This anode electrocatalyst can be combined with a full density electrolyte based on Gadolinia-doped ceria or with La_0.8Sr_0.2Ga_0.8Mg_0.2O₃ (LSGM) or BaCe_0.9Y_0.1O_3-δ (BYCO) to form a complete perovskite structure-based cell. Moreover, the exsolved perovskite can be used as a coating layer or catalytic pre-layer of a conventional Ni-YSZ anode. Beside the excellent catalytic activity, this material also shows proper durability and tolerance to sulfur poisoning. Research challenges and future directions are discussed. A new approach combining an exsolved perovskite and an NiCu alloy to further enhance the fuel flexibility of the composite catalyst is also considered. In this review, the preparation methods, physicochemical characteristics, and surface properties of exsoluted fine nanoparticles encapsulated on the metal-depleted perovskite, electrochemical properties for the direct oxidation of dry fuels, and related electrooxidation mechanisms are examined and discussed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Materials and Components for Solid Oxide Based Electrochemical Cells)

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17 pages, 3923 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Hydrophobicity Improvement of Cement-Based Materials Incorporated with Ionic Paraffin Emulsions (IPEs)

by Jinyang Huo, Zhenjun Wang, Haoyan Guo and Yongfeng Wei

Materials 2020, 13(14), 3230; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13143230 - 20 Jul 2020

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2396

Abstract

Cement-based materials are non-uniform porous materials that are easily permeated by harmful substances, thereby deteriorating their structural durability. In this work, three ionic paraffin emulsions (IPEs) (i.e., anionic paraffin emulsion (APE), cationic paraffin emulsion (CPE), and non-ionic paraffin emulsion (NPE), respectively) were prepared. [...] Read more.

Cement-based materials are non-uniform porous materials that are easily permeated by harmful substances, thereby deteriorating their structural durability. In this work, three ionic paraffin emulsions (IPEs) (i.e., anionic paraffin emulsion (APE), cationic paraffin emulsion (CPE), and non-ionic paraffin emulsion (NPE), respectively) were prepared. The effects of incorporation of IPEs into cement-based materials on hydrophobicity improvement were investigated by environmental scanning electron microscopy (ESEM), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, transmission and reflection polarizing microscope (TRPM) tests and correlation analyses, as well as by compressive strength, impermeability, and apparent contact angle tests. Finally, the optimal type and the recommended dose of IPEs were suggested. Results reveal that the impermeability pressure and apparent contact angle value of cement-based materials incorporated with IPEs are significantly higher than those of the control group. Thus, the hydrophobicity of cement-based materials is significantly improved. However, IPEs adversely affect the compressive strength of cement-based materials. The apparent contact angle mainly affects impermeability. These three IPEs impart hydrophobicity to cement-based materials. In addition, the optimal NPE dose can significantly improve the hydrophobicity of cement-based materials. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Construction and Building Materials)

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10 pages, 3921 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Grain Size and Phase Transformation Behavior of TiNi Shape-Memory-Alloy Thin Film under Different Deposition Conditions

by Joohyeon Bae, Hyunsuk Lee, Duckhyeon Seo, Sangdu Yun, Jeonghyeon Yang, Sunchul Huh, Hyomin Jeong and Jungpil Noh

Materials 2020, 13(14), 3229; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13143229 - 20 Jul 2020

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2153

Abstract

TiNi shape-memory-alloy thin films can be used as small high-speed actuators or sensors because they exhibit a rapid response rate. In recent years, the transformation temperature of these films, manufactured via a magnetron sputtering method, was found to be lower than that of [...] Read more.

TiNi shape-memory-alloy thin films can be used as small high-speed actuators or sensors because they exhibit a rapid response rate. In recent years, the transformation temperature of these films, manufactured via a magnetron sputtering method, was found to be lower than that of the bulk alloys owing to the small size of the grain. In this study, deposition conditions (growth rate, film thickness, and substrate temperature) affecting the grain size of thin films were investigated. The grain size of the thin film alloys was found to be most responsive to the substrate temperature. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Thin Films and Interfaces)

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13 pages, 3203 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Retention Force of Removable Partial Dentures with CAD-CAM-Fabricated Telescopic Crowns

by Christin Arnold, Ramona Schweyen, Arne Boeckler and Jeremias Hey

Materials 2020, 13(14), 3228; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13143228 - 20 Jul 2020

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 3121

Abstract

The aim of this study was to compare the retention forces after artificial aging of telescopic crowns fabricated either by a conventional lost-wax technique or by computer-aided design/computer-aided manufacturing (CAD-CAM) technology. Two types of telescopic crowns (0°) were fabricated conventionally using high-noble (group [...] Read more.

The aim of this study was to compare the retention forces after artificial aging of telescopic crowns fabricated either by a conventional lost-wax technique or by computer-aided design/computer-aided manufacturing (CAD-CAM) technology. Two types of telescopic crowns (0°) were fabricated conventionally using high-noble (group A) and non-precious metal (group B). CAD-CAM fabricated telescopic crowns (0°) were made of non-precious metal (group C). Retention forces were assessed before and after artificial aging and after axial and non-axial loading. Initially [I.] and after artificial aging [IV.], specimens of group C (I. 16.2 N; IV. 13.6 N) exhibited the highest retention forces. The retention forces in groups B (I. 12.5 N; IV. 4.6 N) and A (I. 9.6 N; IV. 2.9 N) were found to be lower than those of group C. The retention force differences between the groups were statistically significant (p < 0.001) at all measurement times [I. vs. IV.]. Different fabricated telescopic crowns with approximately identical designs and materials exhibited different retention forces and different long-term retentive behavior. An optimized CAD-CAM process with individually defined design parameters ensured telescopic crowns with a better fit. These findings might influence prospective clinical decision-making. Full article

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13 pages, 6287 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Impact of Ag Nanoparticles and CdTe Quantum Dots on Expression and Function of Receptors Involved in Amyloid-β Uptake by BV-2 Microglial Cells

by Katarzyna Sikorska, Iwona Grądzka, Iwona Wasyk, Kamil Brzóska, Tomasz M. Stępkowski, Malwina Czerwińska and Marcin K. Kruszewski

Materials 2020, 13(14), 3227; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13143227 - 20 Jul 2020

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2721

Abstract

Microglial cells clear the brain of pathogens and harmful debris, including amyloid-β (Aβ) deposits that are formed during Alzheimer’s disease (AD). We studied the expression of Msr1, Ager and Cd36 receptors involved in Aβ uptake and expression of Cd33 protein, which is considered [...] Read more.

Microglial cells clear the brain of pathogens and harmful debris, including amyloid-β (Aβ) deposits that are formed during Alzheimer’s disease (AD). We studied the expression of Msr1, Ager and Cd36 receptors involved in Aβ uptake and expression of Cd33 protein, which is considered a risk factor in AD. The effect of silver nanoparticles (AgNP) and cadmium telluride quantum dots (CdTeQD) on the expression of the above receptors and Aβ uptake by microglial cells was investigated. Absorption of Aβ and NP was confirmed by confocal microscopy. AgNP, but not CdTeQD, caused a decrease in Aβ accumulation. By using a specific inhibitor—polyinosinic acid—we demonstrated that Aβ and AgNP compete for scavenger receptors. Real-time PCR showed up-regulation of Cd33 and Cd36 gene expression after treatment with CdTeQD for 24 h. Analysis of the abundance of the receptors on the cell surface revealed that AgNP treatment significantly reduced the presence of Msr1, Cd33, Ager and Cd36 receptors (6 and 24 h), whereas CdTeQD increased the levels of Msr1 and Cd36 (24 h). To summarize, we showed that AgNP uptake competes with Aβ uptake by microglial cells and consequently can impair the removal of the aggregates. In turn, CdTeQD treatment led to the accumulation of proinflammatory Cd36 protein on the cell surface. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Effect of Nanomaterials on Cellular Systems)

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18 pages, 5295 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Residual Strength Evaluation of Corroded Textile-Reinforced Concrete by the Deep Learning-Based Method

by Wei Wang, Peng Shi, Lu Deng, Honghu Chu and Xuan Kong

Materials 2020, 13(14), 3226; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13143226 - 20 Jul 2020

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 2771

Abstract

Residual strength of corroded textile-reinforced concrete (TRC) is evaluated using the deep learning-based method, whose feasibility is demonstrated by experiment. Compared to the traditional method, the proposed method does not need to know the climatic conditions in which the TRC exists. Firstly, the [...] Read more.

Residual strength of corroded textile-reinforced concrete (TRC) is evaluated using the deep learning-based method, whose feasibility is demonstrated by experiment. Compared to the traditional method, the proposed method does not need to know the climatic conditions in which the TRC exists. Firstly, the information about the faster region-based convolutional neural networks (Faster R-CNN) is described briefly, and then procedures to prepare datasets are introduced. Twenty TRC specimens were fabricated and divided into five groups that were treated to five different corrosion degrees corresponding to five different residual strengths. Five groups of images of microstructure features of these TRC specimens with five different residual strengths were obtained with portable digital microscopes in various circumstances. With the obtained images, datasets required to train, validate, and test the Faster R-CNN were prepared. To enhance the precision of residual strength evaluation, parameter analysis was conducted for the adopted model. Under the best combination of considered parameters, the mean average precision for the residual strength evaluation of the five groups of the TRC is 98.98%. The feasibility of the trained model was finally verified with new images and the procedures to apply the presented method were summarized. The paper provides new insight into evaluating the residual strength of structural materials, which would be helpful for safety evaluation of engineering structures. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Materials Physics)

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18 pages, 3529 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Qualitative and Semi-Quantitative Assessment of Processing-Related Surface Contamination of One- and Two-Piece CAD/CAM Abutments before and after Ultrasonic Cleaning

by Peter Gehrke, Cyrus Abazari, Kai Schlichter, Carsten Fischer, Dirk Duddeck, Georgios E. Romanos and Paul Weigl

Materials 2020, 13(14), 3225; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13143225 - 20 Jul 2020

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2833

Abstract

Manufacturing processes of custom implant abutments may contaminate their surfaces with micro wear deposits and generic pollutants. Such particulate debris, if not removed, might be detrimental and provoke inflammatory reactions in peri-implant tissues. Although regulatory guidelines for adequate cleaning, disinfection, or sterilization exist, [...] Read more.

Manufacturing processes of custom implant abutments may contaminate their surfaces with micro wear deposits and generic pollutants. Such particulate debris, if not removed, might be detrimental and provoke inflammatory reactions in peri-implant tissues. Although regulatory guidelines for adequate cleaning, disinfection, or sterilization exist, there does not appear to be a consistent application and data on the amount and extent of such contaminants is lacking. The aim of the present in vitro study was to evaluate the quality and quantity of processing-related surface contamination of computer-aided design/computer-aided manufacturing (CAD/CAM) abutments in the state of delivery and after ultrasonic cleaning. A total of 28 CAD/CAM monotype and hybrid abutments were cleaned and disinfected applying a three-stage ultrasonic protocol (Finevo protocol). Before and after cleaning, the chemical composition and the contamination of the abutments were assessed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), and computer-aided planimetric measurement (CAPM). In the delivery condition, monotype abutments showed a significantly higher amount of debris compared to hybrid abutments (4.86 ± 6.10% vs. 0.03 ± 0.03%, p < 0.001). The polishing process applied in the laboratory after bonding the hybrid abutment components reduces the surface roughness and thus contributes substantially to their purity. The extent of contamination caused by computer-aided manufacturing of custom abutments can be substantially minimized using a three-stage ultrasonic protocol. Full article

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13 pages, 495 KiB

Open AccessReview

Tannic Acid with Antiviral and Antibacterial Activity as A Promising Component of Biomaterials—A Minireview

by Beata Kaczmarek

Materials 2020, 13(14), 3224; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13143224 - 20 Jul 2020

Cited by 235 | Viewed by 12803

Abstract

As a phenolic acid, tannic acid can be classified into a polyphenolic group. It has been widely studied in the biomedical field of science because it presents unique antiviral as well as antibacterial properties. Tannic acid has been reported to present the activity [...] Read more.

As a phenolic acid, tannic acid can be classified into a polyphenolic group. It has been widely studied in the biomedical field of science because it presents unique antiviral as well as antibacterial properties. Tannic acid has been reported to present the activity against Influeneza A virus, Papilloma viruses, noroviruses, Herpes simplex virus type 1 and 2, and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) as well as activity against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria as Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Streptococcus pyogenes, Enterococcus faecalis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Yersinia enterocolitica, Listeria innocua. Nowadays, compounds of natural origin constitute fundaments of material science, and the trend is called “from nature to nature”. Although biopolymers have found a broad range of applications in biomedical sciences, they do not present anti-microbial activity, and their physicochemical properties are rather poor. Biopolymers, however, may be modified with organic and inorganic additives which enhance their properties. Tannic acid, like phenolic acid, is classified into a polyphenolic group and can be isolated from natural sources, e.g., a pure compound or a component of a plant extract. Numerous studies have been carried out over the application of tannic acid as an additive to biopolymer materials due to its unique properties. On the one hand, it shows antimicrobial and antiviral activity, while on the other hand, it reveals promising biological properties, i.e., enhances the cell proliferation, tissue regeneration and wound healing processes. Tannic acid is added to different biopolymers, collagen and polysaccharides as chitosan, agarose and starch. Its activity has been proven by the determination of physicochemical properties, as well as the performance of in vitro and in vivo studies. This systematics review is a summary of current studies on tannic acid properties. It presents tannic acid as an excellent natural compound which can be used to eliminate pathogenic factors as well as a revision of current studies on tannic acid composed with biopolymers and active properties of the resulting complexes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Naturally Derived Biomaterials for Regenerative Medicine Applications)

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12 pages, 3608 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Molecular Dynamics as a Means to Investigate Grain Size and Strain Rate Effect on Plastic Deformation of 316 L Nanocrystalline Stainless-Steel

by Abdelrahim Husain, Peiqing La, Yue Hongzheng and Sheng Jie

Materials 2020, 13(14), 3223; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13143223 - 20 Jul 2020

Cited by 12 | Viewed by 2284

Abstract

In the present study, molecular dynamics simulations were employed to investigate the effect of strain rate on the plastic deformation mechanism of nanocrystalline 316 L stainless-steel, wherein there was an average grain of 2.5–11.5 nm at room temperature. The results showed that the [...] Read more.

In the present study, molecular dynamics simulations were employed to investigate the effect of strain rate on the plastic deformation mechanism of nanocrystalline 316 L stainless-steel, wherein there was an average grain of 2.5–11.5 nm at room temperature. The results showed that the critical grain size was 7.7 nm. Below critical grain size, grain boundary activation was dominant (i.e., grain boundary sliding and grain rotation). Above critical grain size, dislocation activities were dominant. There was a slight effect that occurred during the plastic deformation mechanism transition from dislocation-based plasticity to grain boundaries, as a result of the stress rate on larger grain sizes. There was also a greater sensitive on the strain rate for smaller grain sizes than the larger grain sizes. We chose samples of 316 L nanocrystalline stainless-steel with mean grain sizes of 2.5, 4.1, and 9.9 nm. The values of strain rate sensitivity were 0.19, 0.22, and 0.14, respectively. These values indicated that small grain sizes in the plastic deformation mechanism, such as grain boundary sliding and grain boundary rotation, were sensitive to strain rates bigger than those of the larger grain sizes. We found that the stacking fault was formed by partial dislocation in all samples. These stacking faults were obstacles to partial dislocation emission in more sensitive stress rates. Additionally, the results showed that mechanical properties such as yield stress and flow stress increased by increasing the strain rate. Full article

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20 pages, 2728 KiB

Open AccessArticle

On the Influence of Ultimate Number of Cycles on Lifetime Prediction for Compression Springs Manufactured from VDSiCr Class Spring Wire

by Max Benedikt Geilen, Marcus Klein and Matthias Oechsner

Materials 2020, 13(14), 3222; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13143222 - 20 Jul 2020

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2162

Abstract

For the generation of fatigue curves by means of fatigue tests, an ultimate number of cycles must be chosen. This ultimate number of cycles also limits the permissible range of the fatigue curve for the design of components. This introduces extremely high costs [...] Read more.

For the generation of fatigue curves by means of fatigue tests, an ultimate number of cycles must be chosen. This ultimate number of cycles also limits the permissible range of the fatigue curve for the design of components. This introduces extremely high costs for testing components that are to be used in the Very High Cycle Fatigue regime. In this paper, we examine the influence of the ultimate number of cycles of fatigue tests on lifetime prediction for compression springs manufactured from VDSiCr class spring wire. For this purpose, we propose a new kind of experiment, the Artificial Censoring Experiment (ACE). We show that ACEs may be used to permissibly extrapolate the results of fatigue tests on compression springs by ensuring that a batch-specific minimum ultimate number of cycles has been exceeded in testing. If the minimum ultimate number of cycles has not been exceeded, extrapolation is inadmissible. Extrapolated results may be highly non-conservative, especially for models assuming a pronounced fatigue limit. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Probabilistic Mechanical Fatigue and Fracture of Materials)

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23 pages, 20127 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Experimental Research on Viscosity Characteristics of Grouting Slurry in a High Ground Temperature Environment

by Jiandong Niu, Bin Wang, Chu Feng and Kang Chen

Materials 2020, 13(14), 3221; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13143221 - 20 Jul 2020

Cited by 17 | Viewed by 2851

Abstract

The grouting method is a technical means to prevent and control the thermal damage of the tunnel with high ground temperature in the underground hot water area, and the viscosity characteristic of the slurry is the key factor of grouting treatment. When grouting [...] Read more.

The grouting method is a technical means to prevent and control the thermal damage of the tunnel with high ground temperature in the underground hot water area, and the viscosity characteristic of the slurry is the key factor of grouting treatment. When grouting in high ground temperature geological conditions, the slurry inevitably has both time-varying and temperature-varying characteristics of viscosity in the process of filling high-temperature fissures and plugging geothermal water. At present, the research on the viscosity characteristics of slurry at high temperature is rarely reported in the literature. In this paper, laboratory tests were carried out to measure the time-varying viscosity of ordinary cement slurry; cement-sodium silicate slurry, widely used in engineering; and high ground temperature grouting slurry (HGTGS), independently developed by our research group, at different preheating temperatures (20, 40, 60, 80 °C). The viscosity function curves of the three kinds of slurry were obtained by function fitting method, and the viscosity variation law of slurry was analyzed. The study found that the time-varying process of viscosity of the cement-sodium silicate slurry and the HGTGS in specific temperature conditions can be divided into two stages: The slow rising period of viscosity and the rapid rising period of viscosity. Whereas, the time-varying process of viscosity of ordinary cement slurry in specific temperature conditions includes only one stage of the slow rising period of viscosity. The viscosity of ordinary cement slurry and cement-sodium silicate slurry increases with the increase of temperature, while the viscosity of the HGTGS decreases with the increase of temperature. There are corresponding viscosity time-varying equations for the three kinds of slurry in different temperature conditions. The viscosity time-varying equation of the ordinary cement slurry accords with the linear function form, and the viscosity time-varying equation of the cement-sodium silicate slurry accords with the power-law function form. The viscosity time-varying equation of the HGTGS conforms to the exponential function form. On this basis, the unified description equation of the viscosity characteristics of grouting slurry in high ground temperature and the applicability of different types of grouting materials are obtained. This study has a certain reference value and guidance for theoretical analysis, numerical simulation and engineering application of grouting in high ground temperature environment. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Modeling of Cementitious Materials and Structures)

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16 pages, 1944 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A New Insight into Coating’s Formation Mechanism Between TiO₂ and Alendronate on Titanium Dental Implant

by Željka Petrović, Ankica Šarić, Ines Despotović, Jozefina Katić, Robert Peter, Mladen Petravić and Marin Petković

Materials 2020, 13(14), 3220; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13143220 - 20 Jul 2020

Cited by 12 | Viewed by 2837

Abstract

Organophosphorus compounds, like bisphosphonates, drugs for treatment and prevention of bone diseases, have been successfully applied in recent years as bioactive and osseoinductive coatings on dental implants. An integrated experimental-theoretical approach was utilized in this study to clarify the mechanism of bisphosphonate-based coating [...] Read more.

Organophosphorus compounds, like bisphosphonates, drugs for treatment and prevention of bone diseases, have been successfully applied in recent years as bioactive and osseoinductive coatings on dental implants. An integrated experimental-theoretical approach was utilized in this study to clarify the mechanism of bisphosphonate-based coating formation on dental implant surfaces. Experimental validation of the alendronate coating formation on the titanium dental implant surface was carried out by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and contact angle measurements. Detailed theoretical simulations of all probable molecular implant surface/alendronate interactions were performed employing quantum chemical calculations at the density functional theory level. The calculated Gibbs free energies of (TiO₂)₁₀–alendronate interaction indicate a more spontaneous exergonic process when alendronate molecules interact directly with the titanium surface via two strong bonds, Ti–N and Ti–O, through simultaneous participation common to both phosphonate and amine branches. Additionally, the stability of the alendronate-modified implant during 7 day-immersion in a simulated saliva solution has been investigated by using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. The alendronate coating was stable during immersion in the artificial saliva solution and acted as an additional barrier on the implant with overall resistivity, R ~ 5.9 MΩ cm². Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dental Implants and Materials)

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17 pages, 6168 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Four Green TM/Red TE Demultiplexer Based on Multi Slot-Waveguide Structures

by Dror Malka

Materials 2020, 13(14), 3219; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13143219 - 20 Jul 2020

Cited by 20 | Viewed by 2250

Abstract

A four green transverse magnetic (TM)/red transverse electric (TE) light wavelength demultiplexer device, based on multi slot-waveguide (SW) structures is demonstrated. The device aims to demultiplex wavelengths in the green/red light range with wavelengths of 530, 540, 550, and 560 nm; 630, 640, [...] Read more.

A four green transverse magnetic (TM)/red transverse electric (TE) light wavelength demultiplexer device, based on multi slot-waveguide (SW) structures is demonstrated. The device aims to demultiplex wavelengths in the green/red light range with wavelengths of 530, 540, 550, and 560 nm; 630, 640, 650, and 660 nm. This means that the device functions as a 1 × 4 demultiplexer for each polarization mode (TE/TM). The controlling of the light switching between two closer segment SWs under the TM/TE polarization mode was studied by designing a suitable SW structure and setting the right segment length to fit the coupling lengths of the operating wavelengths. The device is composed of six-segment SW units and six S-bends (SB) SW. The key SW and SB parameters were optimized and determined by a full vectorial beam propagation method (FV-BPM). Results show power losses better than 0.138 dB, crosstalk better than −21.14 dB, and an optical spectrum smaller than 9.39 nm, with an overall compact size of 104.5 µm. The device can be integrated in wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) for increasing data bit rate in a visible light communication (VLC) system. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Photonic Materials and Devices)

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20 pages, 4049 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Phase Field Simulation of Laminated Glass Beam

by Francesco Freddi and Lorenzo Mingazzi

Materials 2020, 13(14), 3218; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13143218 - 20 Jul 2020

Cited by 11 | Viewed by 2378

Abstract

The complex failure mechanisms of glass laminates under in-plane loading conditions is modelled within the framework of phase-field strategy. Laminated glass is widely used for structural purposes due to its safe post-glass-breakage response. In fact, the combination of several glass plies bonded together [...] Read more.

The complex failure mechanisms of glass laminates under in-plane loading conditions is modelled within the framework of phase-field strategy. Laminated glass is widely used for structural purposes due to its safe post-glass-breakage response. In fact, the combination of several glass plies bonded together with polymeric interlayers allows overcoming the brittleness of the glass and to reach a pseudo-ductile response. Moreover, the post-breakage behaviour of the laminate is strictly correlated by the mechanical properties of the constituents. Ruptures may appear as cracks within the layers or delamination of the bonding interface. The global response of a glass laminate, validated against experimental results taken from the literature, is carried out by investigating a simplified layup of two glass plies connected by cohesive interfaces through an interlayer. Delamination of the adhesive interface is described, and crack patterns within the materials are fully described. Finally, the proposed approach put the basis for future comparisons with results of experimental campaign and real-life applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fracture Mechanics and Phase Field Approaches in Engineering Materials)

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17 pages, 4760 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Synthesis, Spectroscopic, Thermal and Catalytic Properties of Four New Metal (II) Complexes with Selected N- and O-Donor Ligands

by Agnieszka Czylkowska, Bartłomiej Rogalewicz, Anita Raducka, Natalia Błaszczyk, Tomasz Maniecki, Kinga Wieczorek and Paweł Mierczyński

Materials 2020, 13(14), 3217; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13143217 - 20 Jul 2020

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2316

Abstract

Four solid compounds with formulae: Co(OAc)₂(Im)·H₂O (I), Ni(OAc)₂(Im)_1.5·2H₂O (II), Cu₂(OAc)₄(Im) (III) and Zn(OAc)₂(Im)·H₂O (IV) (where: Im = 1H-Imidazole) were prepared and characterized by [...] Read more.

Four solid compounds with formulae: Co(OAc)₂(Im)·H₂O (I), Ni(OAc)₂(Im)_1.5·2H₂O (II), Cu₂(OAc)₄(Im) (III) and Zn(OAc)₂(Im)·H₂O (IV) (where: Im = 1H-Imidazole) were prepared and characterized by chemical and elemental analysis, powder X-ray diffraction patterns and FTIR spectroscopy. Catalytic properties of each complex for styrene oxidation reaction were investigated. Furthermore, thermal properties of compounds were studied using the TG-DTG and DSC techniques under dry air atmosphere. Additionally, volatile thermal decomposition and fragmentation products were also investigated using the TG-FTIR spectra in air. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Synthesis, Characterization and Applications of Metal Complexes)

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13 pages, 4575 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Magnetoimpedance and Stress-Impedance Effects in Amorphous CoFeSiB Ribbons at Elevated Temperatures

by Dmitriy A. Bukreev, Michael S. Derevyanko, Alexey A. Moiseev, Alexander V. Semirov, Peter A. Savin and Galina V. Kurlyandskaya

Materials 2020, 13(14), 3216; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13143216 - 19 Jul 2020

Cited by 16 | Viewed by 2515

Abstract

The temperature dependencies of magnetoimpedance (MI) and stress impedance (SI) were analyzed both in the as-quenched soft magnetic Co_68.5Fe₄Si₁₅B_12.5 ribbons and after their heat treatment at 425 K for 8 h. It was found that MI [...] Read more.

The temperature dependencies of magnetoimpedance (MI) and stress impedance (SI) were analyzed both in the as-quenched soft magnetic Co_68.5Fe₄Si₁₅B_12.5 ribbons and after their heat treatment at 425 K for 8 h. It was found that MI shows weak changes under the influence of mechanical stresses in the temperature range of 295–325 K and SI does not exceed 10%. At higher temperatures, the MI changes significantly under the influence of mechanical stresses, and SI variations reach 30%. Changes in the magnetoelastic properties for the different temperatures were taken into consideration for the discussion of the observed MI and SI responses. The solutions for the problem of thermal stability of the magnetic sensors working on the principles of MI or SI were discussed taking into account the joint contributions of the temperature and the applied mechanical stresses. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Magnetic Materials and Magneto-Elastic Sensors)

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12 pages, 2820 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Microstructure, Compressive Strength and Sound Insulation Property of Fly Ash-Based Geopolymeric Foams with Silica Fume as Foaming Agent

by Xinhui Liu, Chunfeng Hu and Longsheng Chu

Materials 2020, 13(14), 3215; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13143215 - 19 Jul 2020

Cited by 24 | Viewed by 2337

Abstract

Geopolymer as an alternative to cement has gained increasing attention. The aim of this article is to study the influence of the silica fume content and activator type on the porous fly ash-based geopolymer with silica fume as foaming agent. Geopolymeric foams were [...] Read more.

Geopolymer as an alternative to cement has gained increasing attention. The aim of this article is to study the influence of the silica fume content and activator type on the porous fly ash-based geopolymer with silica fume as foaming agent. Geopolymeric foams were fabricated using low-calcium fly ash, silica fume, and sodium-based alkaline activator as initial materials. The designed silica fume contents were 0, 15, 30, and 45 wt % and two kinds of activators of water glass and sodium hydroxide were used for comparison. Phase composition, microstructure, mechanical properties and sound insulation properties of as-prepared bulks were systematically investigated. It was found that, with increasing silica fume content, the density and compressive strength decreased simultaneously, whereas the porosity and sound insulation performance were effectively enhanced. At the silica fume content of 45% with sodium hydroxide as activator, the porosity was increased 3.02 times, and, at the silica fume content of 45% with water glass as activator, the mean sound insulation value of 43.74 dB was obtained. Full article

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18 pages, 4298 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Use of Wavelet Analysis to Improve the Accuracy of Pavement Layer Thickness Estimation Based on Amplitudes of Electromagnetic Waves

by Małgorzata Wutke, Anna Lejzerowicz and Andrzej Garbacz

Materials 2020, 13(14), 3214; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13143214 - 19 Jul 2020

Cited by 10 | Viewed by 2249

Abstract

The article discusses one of the methods of dielectric constant determination in a continuous way, which is the determination of its value based on the amplitude of the wave reflected from the surface. Based on tests performed on model asphalt slabs, it was [...] Read more.

The article discusses one of the methods of dielectric constant determination in a continuous way, which is the determination of its value based on the amplitude of the wave reflected from the surface. Based on tests performed on model asphalt slabs, it was presented how the value of the dielectric constant changes depending on the atmospheric conditions of the measured surface (dry, covered with water film, covered with ice, covered with snow, covered with de-icing salt). Coefficients correcting dielectric constants of hot mix asphalt (HMA) determined in various surface atmospheric conditions were introduced. It was proposed to determine the atmospheric conditions of the pavement with the use of wavelet analysis in order to choose the proper dielectric constant correction coefficient and therefore improve the accuracy of the pavement layer thickness estimation based on the ground penetrating radar (GPR) method. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Testing of Materials and Elements in Civil Engineering)

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