Public Willingness to Pay for Green Lifestyle in China: A Contingent Valuation Method Based on Integrated Model
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Theoretical Framework
2.1. Carbon-Neutral WTP
2.2. Green Lifestyle
2.3. Theory and Factors
3. Material and Methods
3.1. Data Collection
3.2. Measure
3.3. Statistical Model for Estimating the WTP Function
4. Results
4.1. Descriptive Statistics
4.2. Validity and Reliability Analysis
4.3. Interval Regression Analysis
5. Discussion
6. Conclusions
6.1. Theoretical Implications
6.2. Practical Implications
6.3. Limitations and Future Scope
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Items | Frequency (n = 1377) | Relative Weight (%) |
---|---|---|
Gender | ||
Male | 570 | 41.4 |
Female | 807 | 58.6 |
Age | ||
<18 | 24 | 1.7 |
18–25 | 414 | 30.1 |
26–30 | 324 | 23.5 |
31–40 | 273 | 19.8 |
41–50 | 315 | 22.9 |
51–60 | 27 | 2.0 |
Education | ||
Incomplete secondary school | 39 | 2.8 |
Secondary school | 42 | 3.1 |
Junior College | 375 | 27.2 |
Bachelor degree | 693 | 50.3 |
Master | 228 | 16.6 |
Household income (RMB per month) | ||
<2000 | 63 | 4.6 |
2001–5000 | 162 | 11.8 |
5001–10,000 | 387 | 28.1 |
10,001–20,000 | 504 | 36.6 |
>20,000 | 261 | 19.0 |
City | ||
Nanjing | 306 | 22.2 |
Shanghai | 402 | 29.2 |
Hefei | 324 | 23.5 |
Hangzhou | 198 | 14.4 |
Jinan | 147 | 10.7 |
Dependent Variables [Reference] | Item |
---|---|
DC WTP | In order to achieve the goal of carbon neutrality by 2060, you need to pay a certain amount of extra money each month for green food/clothing/travel/housing/waste recycling. Are you willing to pay “xx”? (RMB 5, 15, 30, 50, 75, 100, 120) and after a DC question (Yes/No), the initial bid was increased or decreased. |
Independent variables | Item(s) in the questionnaire |
Attitude | Indicate the level of agreement with the following statements: |
[70,71] | Item 1: I think it is very wise to adopt a green lifestyle *. |
Item 2: I think the implementation of a green lifestyle can achieve energy conservation and emission reduction *. | |
Subjective norms | Indicate the level of agreement with the following statements: |
[71,72] | Item 1: My friends and family expect me to adopt a green lifestyle *. |
Item 2: My family, friends, and people around me are adopting a green lifestyle *. | |
Perceived behavior control | Indicate the level of agreement with the following statements: |
[71] | Item 1: I have many opportunities to practice a green lifestyle *. |
Item 2: It is entirely up to me to implement a green lifestyle *. | |
Environmental awareness | Indicate the level of agreement with the following statements: |
[73,74,75] | I am always concerned about environmental protection in my daily life *. |
Moral norms | Indicate the level of agreement with the following statements: |
[76] | In my daily life, I have the responsibility to implement energy-saving and emission-reduction behaviors *. |
Personal habits | Indicate the level of agreement with the following statements: |
[20] | I have been used to energy conservation and emission reduction in my daily life *. |
Subjective knowledge | Indicate the level of agreement with the following statements: |
[77,78] | I know how to achieve energy conservation and emission reduction in daily life.* |
Control variables | Item |
Gender | Gender of respondent (1 = male; 2 = female) |
Age | Age of respondent (1) Less than 18; (2) 18–25; (3) 26–30; (4) 31–40; (5) 41–50; (6) 51–60; (7) More than 60 |
Monthly household income | In what category does the total monthly income of your household fall? (1) Less than RMB 2000;(2) RMB 2001–5000; (3) RMB 5001–10,000; (4) RMB 10,001–20,000; (5)more than RMB 20,000 |
Education | What is your educational background? (1) Incomplete secondary school; (2) Secondary school; (3) Junior College; (4) Bachelor degree; (5) Master |
Bid Cards * | Bid Card Statistics | Yes To First Bid | NO To First Bid | ||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Green Food | Green Clothing | Green Travel | Green Housing | Waste Recycling | Green Food | Green Clothing | Green Travel | Green Housing | Waste Recycling | Green Food | Green Clothing | Green Travel | Green Housing | Waste Recycling | |||||||
5/1/10 | 216 (16) | 276 (20) | 195 (14) | 189 (14) | 444 (32) | 132 (61) | 123 (45) | 84 (43) | 87 (46) | 183 (41) | 84 (39) | 153 (55) | 111 (57) | 102 (54) | 261 (59) | ||||||
15/10/20 | 261 (19) | 291 (21) | 273 (20) | 231 (17) | 345 (25) | 183 (70) | 135 (46) | 93 (34) | 117 (51) | 150 (43) | 78 (30) | 156 (54) | 180 (66) | 114 (49) | 195 (57) | ||||||
30/20/40 | 276 (20) | 183 (13) | 300 (22) | 297 (22) | 246 (18) | 189 (68) | 123 (67) | 153 (51) | 117 (39) | 156 (63) | 87 (32) | 60 (33) | 147 (49) | 180 (61) | 90 (37) | ||||||
50/40/60 | 255 (19) | 210 (15) | 309 (22) | 258 (19) | 147 (11) | 207 (81) | 117 (56) | 123 (40) | 147 (57) | 87 (59) | 48 (19) | 93 (44) | 186 (60) | 111 (43) | 60 (41) | ||||||
75/60/90 | 63 (5) | 210 (15) | 93 (7) | 120 (9) | 66 (5) | 54 (86) | 102 (49) | 54 (58) | 72 (60) | 45 (68) | 9 (14) | 108 (51) | 39 (42) | 48 (40) | 21 (32) | ||||||
100/90/120 | 216 (16) | 132 (10) | 156 (11) | 213 (15) | 78 (6) | 183 (85) | 90 (68) | 96 (62) | 129 (61) | 66 (85) | 33 (15) | 42 (32) | 60 (38) | 84 (39) | 12 (15) | ||||||
150/120/180 | 90 (7) | 75 (5) | 54 (4) | 69 (5) | 51 (4) | 69 (77) | 63 (84) | 42 (78) | 63 (91) | 48 (94) | 21 (23) | 12 (16) | 12 (22) | 6 (9) | 3 (6) | ||||||
Total | 1377 | 1377 | 1377 | 1377 | 1377 | 1017 (74) | 753 (55) | 645 (47) | 732 (53) | 735 (53) | 360 (26) | 624 (45) | 732 (53) | 642 (47) | 1017 (74) | ||||||
Answer to Bids | |||||||||||||||||||||
Green Food | Green Clothing | Green Travel | Green Housing | Waste Recycling | |||||||||||||||||
YY | NY | YY | NY | YY | NY | YY | NY | YY | NY | ||||||||||||
YN | NN | YN | NN | YN | NN | YN | NN | YN | NN | ||||||||||||
96 (7.0) | 45 (3.3) | 69 (5.0) | 78 (5.7) | 54 (3.9) | 36 (2.6) | 60 (4.4) | 30 (2.2) | 99 (7.2) | 102 (7.4) | ||||||||||||
36 (2.6) | 39 (2.8) | 54 (3.9) | 75 (5.4) | 30 (2.2) | 75 (5.4) | 27 (2.0) | 72 (5.2) | 87 (6.3) | 156 (11.3) | ||||||||||||
96 (7.0) | 45 (3.3) | 93 (6.8) | 75 (5.4) | 54 (3.9) | 66 (4.8) | 57 (4.1) | 33 (2.4) | 75 (5.4) | 84 (6.1) | ||||||||||||
87 (6.3) | 33 (2.4) | 42 (3.1) | 81 (5.9) | 39 (2.8) | 114 (8.3) | 60 (4.4) | 81 (5.9) | 75 (5.4) | 111 (8.1) | ||||||||||||
114 (8.3) | 45 (3.3) | 90 (6.5) | 24 (1.7) | 102 (7.4) | 36 (2.6) | 90 (6.5) | 54 (3.9) | 111 (8.1) | 27 (2.0) | ||||||||||||
75 (5.4) | 42 (3.1) | 33 (2.4) | 36 (2.6) | 51 (3.7) | 111 (8.1) | 27 (2.0) | 126 (9.2) | 45 (3.3) | 63 (4.6) | ||||||||||||
138 (10.0) | 27 (2.0) | 75 (5.4) | 30 (2.2) | 84 (6.1) | 54 (3.9) | 102 (7.4) | 39 (2.8) | 63 (4,6) | 24 (1.7) | ||||||||||||
69 (5.0) | 21 (1.5) | 42 (3.1) | 63 (4.6) | 39 (2.8) | 129 (9.4) | 45 (3.3) | 72 (5.2) | 24 (1.7) | 36 (2.6) | ||||||||||||
48 (3.5) | 0 (0.0) | 66 (4.8) | 36 (2.6) | 36 (2.6) | 12 (0.9) | 42 (3.1) | 18 (1.3) | 45 (3.3) | 3 (0.2) | ||||||||||||
6 (0.4) | 9 (0.7) | 36 (2.6) | 72 (5.2) | 18 (1.3) | 27 (2.0) | 30 (2.2) | 30 (2.2) | 0 (0.0) | 18 (1.3) | ||||||||||||
144 (10.5) | 21 (1.5) | 72 (5.2) | 3 (0.2) | 75 (5.4) | 9 (0.7) | 90 (6.5) | 36 (2.6) | 60 (4.4) | 6 (0.4) | ||||||||||||
36 (2.6) | 15 (1.1) | 18 (1.3) | 39 (2.8) | 21 (1.5) | 51 (3.7) | 39 (2.8) | 48 (3.5) | 6 (0.4) | 6 (0.4) | ||||||||||||
57 (4.1) | 12 (0.9) | 48 (3.5) | 6 (0.4) | 36 (2.6) | 6 (0.4) | 51 (3.7) | 0 (0.0) | 36 (2.6) | 3 (0.2) | ||||||||||||
18 (1.3) | 3 (0.2) | 12 (0.9) | 9 (0.7) | 6 (0.4) | 6 (0.4) | 12 (0.9) | 6 (0.4) | 9 (0.7) | 3 (0.2) |
Variables | Dependent Variable: WTP Extra for Green Food | Dependent Variable: WTP Extra for Green Clothing | Dependent Variable: WTP Extra for Green Travel | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | |||||
Constant | 77.125 (0.000) | 76.457 (0.000) | 92.539 (0.000) | 55.624 (0.000) | 55.619 (0.000) | 56.959 (0.000) | 48.259 (0.000) | 2.131 (0.363) | 48.274 (0.000) | ||||
Subjective norms | 8.404 (0.004) | 0.292 (0.926) | 0.129 (0.967) | −1.019 (0.661) | −2.702 (0.289) | −1.622 (0.521) | 4.561 (0.032) | −4.53 (0.046) | 1.794 (0.442) | ||||
Perceived behavior control | −1.100 (0.702) | −6.695 (0.026) | −6.933 (0.023) | −0.525 (0.820) | −1.258 (0.607) | −1.136 (0.643) | −2.734 (0.199) | 11.954 (0.000) | −3.922 (0.086) | ||||
Attitude | 11.564 (0.000) | 6.373 (0.022) | 3.584 (0.225) | 17.835 (0.000) | 16.666 (0.000) | 10.874 (0.000) | 13.679 (0.000) | 3.356 (0.092) | 8.683 (0.000) | ||||
Environmental awareness | 10.530 (0.000) | 10.943 (0.000) | 1.707 (0.434) | 2.556 (0.239) | 4.893 (0.012) | 2.358 (0.235) | |||||||
Moral norms | 4.313 (0.099) | 3.994 (0.125) | 6.693 (0.002) | 5.173 (0.015) | −0.975 (0.606) | 3.856 (0.047) | |||||||
Personal habits | 5.848 (0.019) | 6.192 (0.014) | −1.616 (0.431) | −0.624 (0.759) | −0.326 (0.863) | −0.159 (0.933) | |||||||
Subjective knowledge | 2.288 (0.360) | 2.774 (0.265) | −2.816 (0.176) | −1.417 (0.487) | 0.254 (0.892) | ||||||||
Gender (female) | 3.619 (0.285) | −2.436 (0.385) | 2.023 (0.433) | ||||||||||
Education | −3.014 (0.181) | −1.179 (0.501) | −6.829 (0.000) | ||||||||||
Age (<18) | / | / | / | ||||||||||
Age (18–25) | 8.833 (0.561) | 33.197 (0.001) | 41.467 (0.000) | ||||||||||
Age (26–30) | −4.178 (0.782) | 13.777 (0.181) | 25.048 (0.008) | ||||||||||
Age (31–40) | −7.895 (0.602) | 7.468 (0.469) | 21.656 (0.021) | ||||||||||
Age (41–50) | −9.805 (0.514) | 10.026 (0.327) | 15.061 (0.106) | ||||||||||
Age (51–60) | 22.070 (0.272) | 26.358 (0.073) | 23.251 (0.084) | ||||||||||
Monthly household income (<2000) | / | / | / | ||||||||||
Monthly household income (2001–5000) | −6.461 (0.500) | −1.466 (0.854) | 11.824 (0.108) | ||||||||||
Monthly household income (5001–10,000) | −7.056 (0.418) | −15.207 (0.036) | −2.204 (0.736) | ||||||||||
Monthly household income (10,001–20,000) | −6.898 (0.432) | −13.092 (0.071) | −7.448 (0.256) | ||||||||||
Monthly household income (>20,000) | −0.475 (0.958) | −18.238 (0.016) | 2.822 (0.679) | ||||||||||
Log-Likelihood | −2624.4863 | −2605.5201 | −2594.9236 | −2875.8237 | −2869.6227 | −2829.465 | −2877.0896 | −2871.7617 | −2824.4236 | ||||
Number of observations | 1377 | / | □/ | 1377 | □/ | □/ | □1377 | □/ | □/ | ||||
Variables | Dependent Variable: WTP Extra For Green Housing | Dependent Variable: WTP Extra For Waste Recycling | |||||||||||
Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | ||||||||
Constant | 56.67 (0.000) | 59.751 (0.000) | 73.741 (0.000) | 42.322 (0.000) | 42.262 (0.000) | 35.782 (0.004) | |||||||
Subjective norms | 3.089 (0.210) | 1.833 (0.499) | 2.802 (0.296) | 2.512 (0.248) | −0.125 (0.958) | 0.916 (0.692) | |||||||
Perceived behavior control | 1.509 (0.533) | 2.052 (0.427) | 0.944 (0.714) | −4.537 (0.035) | −5.976 (0.009) | −5.620 (0.012) | |||||||
Attitude | 13.461 (0.000) | 12.628 (0.000) | 8.096 (0.001) | 17.983 (0.000) | 16.283 (0.000) | 9.326 (0.000) | |||||||
Environmental awareness | −2.831 (0.213) | −2.854 (0.204) | 3.525 (0.078) | 4.057 (0.038) | |||||||||
Moral norms | 7.118 (0.001) | 6.115 (0.006) | 5.495 (0.007) | 3.697 (0.058) | |||||||||
Personal habits | 2.492 (0.248) | 3.004 (0.159) | −0.667 (0.727) | 0.965 (0.604) | |||||||||
Subjective knowledge | −5.184 (0.015) | −3.810 (0.069) | −1.634 (0.383) | −0.481 (0.790) | |||||||||
Gender (female) | 5.142 (0.079) | 0.418 (0.869) | |||||||||||
Education | −2.296 (0.210) | −0.052 (0.974) | |||||||||||
Age (<18) | / | / | / | / | / | / | |||||||
Age (18–25) | 11.718 (0.341) | 37.632 (0.000) | |||||||||||
Age (26–30) | −8.935 (0.464) | 14.436 (0.113) | |||||||||||
Age (31–40) | −19.347 (0.112) | 9.930 (0.277) | |||||||||||
Age (41–50) | −15.935 (0.189) | 4.205 (0.642) | |||||||||||
Age (51–60) | −18.408 (0.252) | 19.048 (0.134) | |||||||||||
Monthly household income (<2000) | / | / | / | / | / | / | |||||||
Monthly household income (2001–5000) | 11.757 (0.159) | 0.021 (0.998) | |||||||||||
Monthly household income (5001–10,000) | −3.924 (0.594) | −11.393 (0.083) | |||||||||||
Monthly household income (10,001–20,000) | −6.365 (0.389) | −14.802 (0.024) | |||||||||||
Monthly household income (>20,000) | 3.468 (0.653) | −13.457 (0.050) | |||||||||||
Log-Likelihood | −2850.6866 | −2841.6813 | −2794.482 | −3349.181 | −3342.927 | −3271.7927 | |||||||
Number of observations | 1377 | / | / | 1377 | / | / |
Variables | Green Food | Green Clothing | Green Travel | Green Housing | Waste Recycling |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Subjective norms | - | - | - | - | - |
Perceived behavioral control | significant, negative | - | significant, negative | - | significant, negative |
Attitude | - | significant, positive | significant, positive | significant, positive | significant, positive |
Environmental awareness | significant, positive | - | - | - | significant, positive |
Moral norms | - | significant, positive | significant, positive | significant, positive | significant, positive |
Personal habits | significant, positive | - | - | - | - |
Subjective knowledge | - | - | - | significant, negative | - |
Gender a | - | - | - | significant, positive | - |
Education b | - | - | significant, negative | - | - |
Age (18–25) c | - | significant, positive | significant, positive | - | significant, positive |
Age (26–30) c | - | - | significant, positive | - | - |
Age (31–40) c | - | - | significant, positive | - | - |
Age (51–60) c | - | significant, positive | significant, positive | - | - |
Monthly household income (5001–10,000) d | - | significant, negative | - | - | significant, negative |
Monthly household income (10,001–20,000) d | - | significant, negative | - | - | significant, negative |
Monthly household income (>20,000) d | - | significant, negative | - | - | significant, negative |
Coef. | Std. Err. | z | p > |z| | [95% Conf. Interval] | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
WTP (green food) | 81.767 | 2.491 | 32.830 | 0.000 | 76.885 | 86.650 |
WTP (green clothing) | 52.502 | 2.229 | 23.550 | 0.000 | 48.133 | 56.871 |
WTP (green travel) | 38.908 | 2.359 | 16.490 | 0.000 | 34.284 | 43.532 |
WTP (green housing) | 53.150 | 2.485 | 21.390 | 0.000 | 48.280 | 58.020 |
WTP (waste recycling) | 37.182 | 2.239 | 16.610 | 0.000 | 32.794 | 41.570 |
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Share and Cite
Geng, J.; Yang, N.; Zhang, W.; Yang, L. Public Willingness to Pay for Green Lifestyle in China: A Contingent Valuation Method Based on Integrated Model. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2023, 20, 2185. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20032185
Geng J, Yang N, Zhang W, Yang L. Public Willingness to Pay for Green Lifestyle in China: A Contingent Valuation Method Based on Integrated Model. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2023; 20(3):2185. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20032185
Chicago/Turabian StyleGeng, Jichao, Na Yang, Wei Zhang, and Li Yang. 2023. "Public Willingness to Pay for Green Lifestyle in China: A Contingent Valuation Method Based on Integrated Model" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 20, no. 3: 2185. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20032185