The Mediating Effects of Work Characteristics on the Relationship between Transformational Leadership and Employee Well-Being: A Meta-Analytic Investigation
Abstract
:1. Introduction
1.1. Transformational Leadership and Employee Well-Being
1.2. The Job Resources Model
1.3. The Job Demands Model
1.4. The Relative Impact of Job Resources and Job Demands
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Literature Search and Eligibility Criteria
2.2. Coding Procedure and Included Variables
2.2.1. Transformational Leadership
2.2.2. Indicators of Well-Being
Indicators of Positive Well-Being
Indicators of Negative Well-Being
2.2.3. Work Characteristics
2.3. Meta-Analytic Approach
2.3.1. Meta-Analyses
2.3.2. Meta-Analytic Structural Equation Modeling
2.3.3. Moderator Analyses
2.3.4. Publication Bias
3. Results
3.1. Meta-Analytic Correlations between the Variables
3.2. Structural Equation Models
3.3. The Relative Strength of Mediating Effects of Work Characteristics
3.4. Moderator Analyses
4. Discussion
5. Limitations and Implications for Future Research
6. Practical Implications
7. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A. Three-Level Meta-Analyses on TFL, Indicators of Well-Being and Mediators
Variables | N | ks | kc | rc | r | SE | 95%-CI | τ(2)2 | τ(3)2 | I2(3) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
positive well-being | 154,858 | 148 | 172 | 0.41 | 0.37 | 0.01 | [0.39, 0.44] | 0.004 | 0.01 | 0.69 |
affective-motivational | 45,629 | 106 | 121 | 0.43 | 0.39 | 0.01 | [0.41, 0.46] | 0.004 | 0.01 | 0.65 |
work engagement | 39,173 | 89 | 98 | 0.44 | 0.39 | 0.01 | [0.41, 0.47] | 0.002 | 0.01 | 0.74 |
positive affect | 8503 | 22 | 23 | 0.38 | 0.35 | 0.03 | [0.33, 0.44] | 0.01 | 0.003 | 0.18 |
pleased-relaxed | 114,430 | 50 | 51 | 0.38 | 0.34 | 0.02 | [0.35, 0.41] | <0.001 | 0.009 | 0.91 |
negative well-being | 152,720 | 151 | 257 | −0.27 | −0.24 | 0.01 | [−0.29, −0.25] | 0.006 | 0.006 | 0.45 |
depressed-exhaustive | 39,005 | 87 | 138 | −0.32 | −0.28 | 0.01 | [−0.34, −0.29] | 0.005 | 0.007 | 0.50 |
burnout | 11,069 | 22 | 23 | −0.30 | −0.27 | 0.03 | [−0.37, −0.24] | <0.001 | 0.02 | 0.89 |
emotional exhaustion | 27,427 | 63 | 65 | −0.32 | −0.28 | 0.01 | [−0.35, −0.29] | 0.008 | <0.001 | 0.00 |
depersonalization | 8547 | 27 | 28 | −0.33 | −0.29 | 0.02 | [−0.38, −0.28] | 0.01 | <0.001 | 0.00 |
RPA | 4135 | 16 | 16 | −0.28 | −0.25 | 0.03 | [−0.34, −0.22] | 0.005 | 0.005 | 0.36 |
depression | 2292 | 6 | 6 | −0.32 | −0.28 | 0.05 | [−0.42, −0.23] | 0.005 | 0.005 | 0.39 |
irritated-distressed | 31,015 | 64 | 75 | −0.22 | −0.20 | 0.01 | [−0.25, −0.20] | 0.002 | 0.006 | 0.61 |
negative affect | 4232 | 9 | 9 | −0.19 | −0.17 | 0.03 | [−0.24, −0.14] | 0.002 | 0.002 | 0.29 |
job stress | 10,918 | 29 | 33 | −0.26 | −0.23 | 0.02 | [−0.30, −0.22] | <0.001 | 0.009 | 0.76 |
irritation | 16,860 | 29 | 33 | −0.20 | −0.18 | 0.02 | [−0.23, −0.17] | 0.005 | <0.001 | 0.00 |
Variables | N | ks | kc | rc | r | SE | 95%-CI | τ(2)2 | τ(3)2 | I2(3) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Job demands | ||||||||||
challenge demands (CD) | ||||||||||
TFL~cd | 12,538 | 19 | 20 | −0.25 | −0.22 | 0.03 | [−0.31, −0.18] | 0.002 | 0.02 | 0.83 |
cd~amwb | 5128 | 7 | 18 | −0.20 | −0.17 | 0.05 | [−0.30, −0.11] | 0.02 | 0.002 | 0.09 |
cd~prwb | 4382 | 6 | 9 | −0.26 | −0.22 | 0.06 | [−0.37, −0.15] | 0.02 | 0.004 | 0.19 |
cd~dewb | 7475 | 13 | 25 | 0.49 | 0.41 | 0.04 | [0.41, 0.58] | 0.01 | 0.02 | 0.57 |
cd~idwb | 7878 | 10 | 20 | 0.33 | 0.28 | 0.03 | [0.27, 0.39] | 0.01 | <0.001 | 0.00 |
hindrance demands (HD) | ||||||||||
TFL~hd | 17,789 | 25 | 49 | −0.33 | −0.29 | 0.03 | [−0.31, −0.18] | 0.02 | 0.005 | 0.19 |
hd~amwb | 8723 | 9 | 32 | −0.30 | −0.26 | 0.05 | [−0.40, −0.20] | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.40 |
hd~prwb | 4565 | 7 | 12 | −0.38 | −0.32 | 0.03 | [−0.43, −0.33] | 0.002 | 0.002 | 0.39 |
hd~dewb | 7393 | 14 | 65 | 0.42 | 0.35 | 0.02 | [0.37, 0.46] | 0.03 | <0.001 | 0.00 |
hd~idwb | 10,718 | 13 | 51 | 0.41 | 0.34 | 0.03 | [0.35, 0.47] | 0.02 | 0.007 | 0.26 |
Job resources | ||||||||||
personal resources (PERS) | ||||||||||
TFL~pers | 28,434 | 61 | 80 | 0.31 | 0.27 | 0.02 | [0.26, 0.35] | 0.03 | <0.001 | 0.00 |
pers~amwb | 12,329 | 33 | 67 | 0.47 | 0.40 | 0.03 | [0.41, 0.54] | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.47 |
pers~prwb | 4588 | 7 | 17 | 0.35 | 0.30 | 0.02 | [0.30, 0.39] | 0.01 | <0.001 | 0.00 |
pers~dewb | 13,215 | 20 | 54 | −0.33 | −0.27 | 0.04 | [−0.40, −0.26] | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.48 |
pers~idwb | 10,862 | 20 | 36 | −0.25 | −0.21 | 0.02 | [−0.30, −0.20] | 0.02 | <0.001 | 0.00 |
task-related r. (TASK) | ||||||||||
TFL~task | 16,577 | 40 | 71 | 0.44 | 0.38 | 0.02 | [0.40, 0.48] | 0.02 | 0.005 | 0.22 |
task~amwb | 9273 | 21 | 41 | 0.49 | 0.40 | 0.06 | [0.38, 0.60] | 0.02 | 0.003 | 0.13 |
task~prwb | 4660 | 9 | 17 | 0.39 | 0.33 | 0.04 | [0.32, 0.47] | 0.001 | 0.01 | 0.80 |
task~dewb | 7834 | 17 | 72 | −0.39 | −0.31 | 0.04 | [−0.47, −0.32] | 0.007 | 0.02 | 0.70 |
task~idwb | 8031 | 11 | 38 | −0.22 | −0.17 | 0.04 | [−0.31, −0.13] | 0.004 | 0.02 | 0.79 |
organizational r. (ORG) | ||||||||||
TFL~org | 22,263 | 37 | 46 | 0.57 | 0.51 | 0.03 | [0.52, 0.63] | 0.02 | 0.01 | 0.44 |
org~amwb | 10,516 | 24 | 36 | 0.48 | 0.42 | 0.04 | [0.41, 0.56] | 0.005 | 0.03 | 0.78 |
org~prwb | 9121 | 5 | 6 | 0.40 | 0.35 | 0.05 | [0.30, 0.49] | <0.001 | 0.01 | 0.93 |
org~dewb | 11,550 | 15 | 42 | −0.38 | −0.32 | 0.03 | [−0.45, −0.32] | 0.02 | 0.009 | 0.34 |
org~idwb | 6338 | 6 | 13 | −0.21 | −0.18 | 0.05 | [−0.31, −0.11] | 0.005 | 0.01 | 0.61 |
relational resources (REL) | ||||||||||
TFL~rel | 17,126 | 28 | 32 | 0.46 | 0.40 | 0.02 | [0.42, 0.50] | 0.02 | <0.001 | 0.00 |
rel~amwb | 8082 | 15 | 21 | 0.40 | 0.34 | 0.03 | [0.34, 0.45] | 0.01 | <0.001 | 0.00 |
rel~prwb | 4394 | 6 | 8 | 0.31 | 0.26 | 0.04 | [0.24, 0.39] | <0.001 | 0.006 | 0.80 |
rel~dewb | 12,528 | 16 | 36 | −0.36 | −0.30 | 0.03 | [−0.42, −0.31] | 0.008 | 0.006 | 0.39 |
rel~idwb | 5422 | 8 | 14 | −0.28 | −0.24 | 0.03 | [−0.34, −0.23] | 0.004 | 0.002 | 0.31 |
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Mediator (M) | Dependent Variable (DV) | β1 (TFL -> M) | 95%-CI | β2 (M -> DV) | 95%-CI | βi (Indirect) | 95%-CI |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
the Job Resources Model | |||||||
PERS | AMWB | 0.30 | [0.27, 0.33] | 0.31 | [0.28, 0.35] | 0.09 | [0.08, 0.11] |
TASK | AMWB | 0.42 | [0.39, 0.45] | 0.29 | [0.24, 0.34] | 0.12 | [0.10, 0.15] |
ORG | AMWB | 0.56 | [0.52, 0.59] | 0.31 | [0.25, 0.36] | 0.17 | [0.14, 0.21] |
REL | AMWB | 0.43 | [0.39, 0.47] | 0.25 | [0.19, 0.31] | 0.11 | [0.08, 0.14] |
total effect: | 0.37 | [0.34, 0.39] | |||||
PERS | PRWB | 0.23 | [0.16, 0.29] | 0.07 | [0.05, 0.09] | ||
TASK | PRWB | 0.22 | [0.15, 0.30] | 0.09 | [0.06, 0.13] | ||
ORG | PRWB | 0.47 | [0.35, 0.59] | 0.26 | [0.19, 0.33] | ||
REL | PRWB | 0.26 | [0.16, 0.35] | 0.11 | [0.07, 0.16] | ||
total effect: | 0.32 | [0.28, 0.36] | |||||
PERS | DEWB | −0.26 | [−0.30, −0.22] | −0.08 | [−0.09, −0.07] | ||
TASK | DEWB | −0.31 | [−0.35, −0.28] | −0.13 | [−0.15, −0.12] | ||
ORG | DEWB | −0.39 | [−0.45, −0.34] | −0.22 | [−0.26, −0.18] | ||
REL | DEWB | −0.33 | [−0.38, −0.28] | −0.14 | [−0.17, −0.12] | ||
total effect: | −0.28 | [−0.31, −0.26] | |||||
PERS | IDWB | −0.25 | [−0.29, −0.20] | −0.07 | [−0.09, −0.06] | ||
TASK | IDWB | −0.26 | [−0.30, −0.21] | −0.11 | [−0.13, −0.09] | ||
ORG | IDWB | −0.40 | [−0.49, −0.32] | −0.22 | [−0.28, −0.17] | ||
REL | IDWB | −0.34 | [−0.41, −0.26] | −0.15 | [−0.18, −0.11] | ||
total effect: | −0.20 | [−0.23, −0.17] | |||||
the Job Demands Model | |||||||
CD | AMWB | −0.23 | [−28, −0.17] | −0.26 | [−0.31, −0.21] | 0.06 | [0.04, 0.08] |
HD | AMWB | −0.30 | [−0.33, −0.26] | −0.28 | [−0.33, −0.23] | 0.08 | [0.07, 0.10] |
total effect: | 0.39 | [0.36, 0.41] | |||||
CD | PRWB | −0.33 | [−0.40, −0.25] | 0.07 | [0.05, 0.10] | ||
HD | PRWB | −0.37 | [−0.44, −0.29] | 0.11 | [0.08, 0.14] | ||
total effect: | 0.36 | [0.32, 0.39] | |||||
CD | DEWB | 0.47 | [0.42, 0.51] | −0.11 | [−0.13, −0.08] | ||
HD | DEWB | 0.35 | [0.31, 0.38] | −0.10 | [−0.12, −0.09] | ||
total effect: | −0.29 | [−0.31, −0.27] | |||||
CD | IDWB | 0.39 | [0.34, 0.44] | −0.09 | [−0.11, −0.07] | ||
HD | IDWB | 0.37 | [0.33, 0.41] | −0.11 | [−0.13, −0.09] | ||
total effect: | −0.22 | [−0.25, −0.18] | |||||
the Comparison Model | |||||||
PERS | AMWB | 0.35 | [0.32, 0.37] | 0.36 | [0.32, 0.40] | 0.12 | [0.11, 0.14] |
JR | AMWB | 0.51 | [0.49, 0.53] | 0.30 | [0.26, 0.34] | 0.15 | [0.13, 0.18] |
JD | AMWB | −0.31 | [−0.34, −0.28] | −0.16 | [−0.20, −0.11] | 0.05 | [0.04, 0.06] |
total effect: | 0.39 | [0.36, 0.42] | |||||
PERS | PRWB | 0.32 | [0.25, 0.39] | 0.11 | [0.09, 0.14] | ||
JR | PRWB | 0.24 | [0.18, 0.31] | 0.12 | [0.09, 0.16] | ||
JD | PRWB | −0.26 | [−0.32, −0.20] | 0.08 | [0.06, 0.10] | ||
total effect: | 0.35 | [0.31, 0.39] | |||||
PERS | DEWB | −0.27 | [−0.31, −0.23] | −0.09 | [−0.11, −0.08] | ||
JR | DEWB | −0.22 | [−0.25, −0.18] | −0.11 | [−0.13, −0.09] | ||
JD | DEWB | 0.39 | [0.36, 0.43] | −0.12 | [−0.14, −0.11] | ||
total effect: | −0.26 | [−0.29, −0.24] | |||||
PERS | IDWB | −0.26 | [−0.31, −0.21] | −0.09 | [−0.11, −0.07] | ||
JR | IDWB | −0.17 | [−0.21, −0.12] | −0.08 | [−0.11, −0.06] | ||
JD | IDWB | 0.40 | [0.36, 0.44] | −0.13 | [−0.14, −0.11] | ||
total effect: | −0.19 | [−0.22, −0.15] |
Mediator (M) | Dependent Variable (DV) | β1 (TFL -> M) | 95%-CI | β2 (M -> DV) | 95%-CI | βi (Indirect) | 95%-CI |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
CD | AMWB | −0.35 | [−0.39, −0.31] | −0.05 | [−0.12, 0.02] | −0.02 | [−0.01, 0.04] |
HD | AMWB | −0.44 | [−0.47, −0.40] | −0.15 | [−0.21, −0.09] | 0.06 | [0.04, 0.09] |
PERS | AMWB | 0.34 | [0.31, 0.37] | 0.32 | [0.28, 0.35] | 0.11 | [0.09, 0.12] |
TASK | AMWB | 0.49 | [0.47, 0.52] | 0.27 | [0.21, 0.33] | 0.13 | [0.10, 0.16] |
ORG | AMWB | 0.59 | [0.56, 0.63] | 0.27 | [0.19, 0.34] | 0.16 | [0.11, 0.21] |
REL | AMWB | 0.49 | [0.46, 0.53] | 0.20 | [0.12, 0.28] | 0.10 | [0.06, 0.14] |
total effect: | 0.39 | [0.36, 0.41] | |||||
CD | PRWB | −0.15 | [−0.25, −0.05] | 0.05 | [0.02, 0.09] | ||
HD | PRWB | −0.23 | [−0.32, −0.13] | 0.10 | [0.06, 0.14] | ||
PERS | PRWB | 0.18 | [0.11, 0.26] | 0.06 | [0.04, 0.09] | ||
TASK | PRWB | 0.17 | [0.08, 0.26] | 0.08 | [0.04, 0.13] | ||
ORG | PRWB | 0.19 | [0.19, 0.35] | 0.11 | [0.01, 0.21] | ||
REL | PRWB | 0.13 | [−0.00, −0.25] | 0.06 | [−0.00, 0.12] | ||
total effect: | 0.34 | [0.30, 0.38] | |||||
CD | DEWB | 0.30 | [0.24, 0.36] | −0.10 | [−0.13, −0.08] | ||
HD | DEWB | 0.27 | [0.23, 0.32] | −0.12 | [−0.14, −0.10] | ||
PERS | DEWB | −0.18 | [−0.23, −0.14] | −0.06 | [−0.08, −0.05] | ||
TASK | DEWB | −0.23 | [−0.28, −0.19] | −0.12 | [−0.14, −0.09] | ||
ORG | DEWB | −0.25 | [−0.32, −0.18] | −0.15 | [−0.19, −0.11] | ||
REL | DEWB | −0.21 | [−0.27, −0.15] | −0.10 | [−0.14, −0.07] | ||
total effect: | −0.28 | [−0.30, −0.25] | |||||
CD | IDWB | 0.22 | [0.16, 0.29] | −0.08 | [−0.10, −0.05] | ||
HD | IDWB | 0.33 | [0.28, 0.38] | −0.14 | [−0.16, −0.12] | ||
PERS | IDWB | −0.18 | [−0.23, −0.13] | −0.06 | [−0.08, −0.04] | ||
TASK | IDWB | −0.16 | [−0.22, −0.10] | −0.12 | [−0.11, −0.05] | ||
ORG | IDWB | −0.16 | [−0.27, −0.05] | −0.15 | [−0.16, −0.03] | ||
REL | IDWB | −0.18 | [−0.27, −0.09] | −0.10 | [−0.14, −0.04] | ||
total effect: | −0.20 | [−0.24, −0.17] |
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Teetzen, F.; Bürkner, P.-C.; Gregersen, S.; Vincent-Höper, S. The Mediating Effects of Work Characteristics on the Relationship between Transformational Leadership and Employee Well-Being: A Meta-Analytic Investigation. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19, 3133. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19053133
Teetzen F, Bürkner P-C, Gregersen S, Vincent-Höper S. The Mediating Effects of Work Characteristics on the Relationship between Transformational Leadership and Employee Well-Being: A Meta-Analytic Investigation. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2022; 19(5):3133. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19053133
Chicago/Turabian StyleTeetzen, Friederike, Paul-Christian Bürkner, Sabine Gregersen, and Sylvie Vincent-Höper. 2022. "The Mediating Effects of Work Characteristics on the Relationship between Transformational Leadership and Employee Well-Being: A Meta-Analytic Investigation" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 5: 3133. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19053133