Effects of Different Trunk Training Methods for Chronic Low Back Pain: A Meta-Analysis
Abstract
:1. Introduction
- Isometric (IM) training: loading the spine while the trunk muscles contract to maintain the spine in a neutral position [14]. Plank, bird-dog, and side bridge are some isometric trunk training examples.
- Motor control (MC) training: isolated activation of the deep trunk musculature targeting the transverse abdominis, lumbar multifidus, diaphragm, and pelvic floor [12,16]. Some examples of this include focusing on abdominal drawing-in manoeuvre or abdominal hollowing in isolation at different positions.
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Experimental Approach to the Problem
2.2. Subjects
2.3. Procedures
3. Results
3.1. Sensitivity Analysis
3.2. Training Duration Subgroup Analysis
3.3. Age Subgroup Analysis
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A. Database Search Strategies
CENTRAL search strategy on 24 February 2021 | |
ID | Search Statement |
#1 | MeSH descriptor: [Back Pain] explode all trees |
#2 | dorsalgia |
#3 | backache |
#4 | (lumb* or back) next pain |
#5 | coccyx or coccydynia or spondylosis |
#6 | MeSH descriptor: [Spine] explode all trees |
#7 | MeSH descriptor: [Spinal Diseases] explode all trees |
#8 | lumbago or discitis |
#9 | disc near herniat* |
#10 | disk NEAR herniat* |
#11 | spinal fusion |
#12 | facet near joint* |
#13 | MeSH descriptor: [Intervertebral Disc] explode all trees |
#14 | postlaminectomy |
#15 | arachnoiditis |
#16 | failed near back |
#17 | MeSH descriptor: [Cauda Equina] explode all trees |
#18 | lumb* near vertebra* |
#19 | spinal near stenosis |
#20 | slipped near disc* |
#21 | slipped NEAR disk* |
#22 | degenerat* near disc* |
#23 | degenerat* near disk* |
#24 | stenosis near spine |
#25 | stenosis near root |
#26 | stenosis near spinal |
#27 | displace* near disc* |
#28 | displace* near disk* |
#29 | prolap* near disc* |
#30 | prolap* near disk* |
#31 | MeSH descriptor: [Sciatic Neuropathy] explode all trees |
#32 | sciatic* |
#33 | back disorder* |
#34 | #1 OR #2 OR #3 OR #4 OR #5 OR #6 OR #7 OR #8 OR #9 OR #10 OR #11 OR #12 OR #13 OR #14 OR #15 OR #16 OR #17 OR #18 OR #19 OR #20 OR #21 OR #22 OR #23 OR #24 OR #25 OR #26 OR #27 OR #28 OR #29 OR #30 OR #31 OR #32 OR #33 |
#35 | training |
#36 | endurance |
#37 | trunk stabil* |
#38 | lumbar stabil* |
#39 | exercise |
#40 | rehab* |
#41 | core stabil* |
#42 | transverse abdominis |
#43 | multifidus |
#44 | longissimus |
#45 | extensor |
#46 | #35 OR #36 OR #37 OR #38 OR #39 OR #40 OR #41 OR #42 OR #43 OR #44 OR #45 |
#47 | #34 AND #46 |
“trials” tab, 7913 results |
MEDLINE search on 25 February 2021 | |
ID | Search Statement |
#1 | clinical trial.mp. |
#2 | clinical trial.pt. |
#3 | random:.mp. |
#4 | 1 or 2 or 3 |
#5 | training*.mp. |
#6 | rehab*.mp. |
#7 | exercise*.mp. |
#8 | lumbar stabil*.mp. |
#9 | trunk stabil*.mp. |
#10 | core stabil*.mp. |
#11 | transverse abdominis.mp. |
#12 | multifidus.mp. |
#13 | longissimus.mp. |
#14 | obliques.mp. |
#15 | 5 or 6 or 7 or 8 or 9 or 10 or 11 or 12 or 13 or 14 |
#16 | dorsalgia.mp. |
#17 | exp Back Pain/ |
#18 | backache.mp. |
#19 | ((lumb* adj pain) or (back adj pain)).mp. |
#20 | coccyx.mp. |
#21 | coccydynia.mp. |
#22 | sciatica.mp. |
#23 | exp sciatic neuropathy/ |
#24 | spondylosis.mp. |
#25 | lumbago.mp. |
#26 | back disorder*.mp. |
#27 | 16 or 17 or 18 or 19 or 20 or 21 or 22 or 23 or 24 or 25 or 26 |
#28 | 4 and 15 and 27 |
#29 | limit 28 to humans |
2930 results |
PsycINFO search strategy on 25 February 2021 | |
ID | Search Statement |
#1 | control:.tw. |
#2 | random:.tw. |
#3 | exp treatment/ |
#4 | 1 or 2 or 3 |
#5 | back pain/ |
#6 | lumbar spinal cord/ |
#7 | (low adj back adj pain).mp. |
#8 | (back adj pain).mp. |
#9 | spinal column/ |
#10 | (lumbar adj2 vertebra*).mp. |
#11 | coccyx.mp. |
#12 | sciatica.mp. |
#13 | lumbago.mp. |
#14 | dorsalgia.mp. |
#15 | back disorder*.mp. |
#16 | “back (anatomy)”/ |
#17 | ((disc or disk) adj degenerat*).mp. |
#18 | ((disc or disk) adj herniat*).mp. |
#19 | ((disc or disk) adj prolapse*).mp. |
#20 | (failed adj back).mp. |
#21 | 5 or 6 or 7 or 8 or 9 or 10 or 11 or 12 or 13 or 14 or 15 or 16 or 17 or 18 or 19 or 20 |
#22 | exp Exercise/ or exercise.mp. |
#23 | rehabil*.mp. |
#24 | endurance.mp. |
#25 | training.mp. |
$26 | trunk stabil*.mp. |
#27 | core stabil*.mp. |
#28 | multifidus.mp. |
#29 | transverse abdominis.mp. |
#30 | longissimus.mp. |
#31 | obliques.mp. |
#32 | 22 or 23 or 24 or 25 or 26 or 27 or 28 or 29 or 30 or 31 |
#33 | 4 and 21 and 32 |
#34 | limit 33 to human |
1046 results |
EMBASE Search Strategy on 25 February 2021 | |
ID | Search Statement |
#1 | random:.tw. |
#2 | placebo:.mp. |
#3 | double-blind:.tw. |
#4 | 1 or 2 or 3 |
#5 | dorsalgia.mp. |
#6 | back pain.mp. |
#7 | exp BACKACHE/ |
#8 | (lumb* adj pain).mp. |
#9 | coccyx.mp. |
#10 | coccydynia.mp. |
#11 | sciatica.mp. |
#12 | exp ISCHIALGIA/ |
#13 | spondylosis.mp. |
#14 | lumbago.mp. |
#15 | 5 or 6 or 7 or 8 or 9 or 10 or 11 or 12 or 13 or 14 |
#16 | exercise*.mp. |
#17 | rehab*.mp. |
#18 | lumbar stabil*.mp. |
#19 | trunk stabil*.mp. |
#20 | core stabil*.mp. |
#21 | transverse abdomin*.mp. |
#22 | multifidus.mp. |
#23 | longissimus.mp. |
#24 | obliques.mp. |
#25 | endurance.mp. |
#26 | training.mp. |
#27 | 16 or 17 or 18 or 19 or 20 or 21 or 22 or 23 or 24 or 25 or 26 |
#28 | 4 and 15 and 27 |
#29 | limit 28 to human |
4896 results |
SPORTDiscus search strategy on 25 February 2021 | |
ID | Search Statement |
#1 | clinical trial |
#2 | randomised controlled trial or randomised controlled trial or RCT |
#3 | 1 or 2 |
#4 | low back pain or lumbar spine pain or non-specific low back pain or chronic low back pain |
#5 | back pain or lumbar pain or spinal pain or backache or lumbago or back injury |
#6 | 4 or 5 |
#7 | trunk control or postural control or core stability or trunk stability |
#8 | trunk endurance |
#9 | trunk exercises |
#10 | core stability exercises |
#11 | core training |
#12 | 7 or 8 or 9 or 10 or 11 |
#13 | 3 and 6 and 12 |
128 results |
CINAHL search strategy on 25 February 2021 | |
ID | Search Statement |
#1 | clinical trial |
#2 | randomised controlled trial or randomised controlled trial or RCT |
#3 | 1 or 2 |
#4 | low back pain or lumbar spine pain or non-specific low back pain or chronic low back pain |
#5 | back pain or lumbar pain or spinal pain or backache or lumbago or back injury |
#6 | 4 or 5 |
#7 | trunk control or postural control or core stability or trunk stability |
#8 | trunk endurance |
#9 | trunk exercises |
#10 | core stability exercises |
#11 | core training |
#12 | 7 or 8 or 9 or 10 or 11 |
#13 | 3 and 6 and 12 |
158 results |
Appendix B
First Author, Year, Country | Group Comparison | Participant Demographics | Inclusion Criteria | Time of Follow Up | Intervention | Adjusted Treatment Effects between Group Mean Change |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Aasa, 2015, Sweden | Low-load Motor Control (LMC) i.e., MC (n = 35) High Load Lifting (HLL) i.e., IM (n = 35) | MC: Age 42 ± 11 years, female n = 19 (54%), height 172 ± 10 cm, weight 78 ± 15 kg IM: Age 42 ± 10 years, female n = 20 (57%), height 174 ± 8 cm, weight 74 ± 13 kg | 65 subjects, male and female, recruited from clinics. Pain localised to the area of injury/ dysfunction; have a clear, proportionate mechanical nature to aggravating and easing factors; and be intermittent with movement/mechanical provocation | 8 weeks | LMC: Individual and home practice, progression to functional movement while maintaining pain free spine position. HLL: group training of deadlift exercise, progressive overload. Both group: 2 months intervention, Week 1–4 have twice/week, week 5–8 have once/week training | NPRS Pre: 43 ± 24 (22, 60), change: MC: −18.5 ± 26.7, IM: −19.0 ± 25.5 Sorensen test, Pre: MC: 75 (63, 87), IM: 87(72, 102); Post: MC: 87 (74, 99), IM: 101 (83, 119) RMDQ: Pre: IM: 7.2 ± 4.3, MC: 7.1 ± 3.9; Post: IM: 3.8 ± 4.0, MC: 3.6 ± 4.2 |
Akhtar, 2017, Pakistan | Core Stabilisation Exercise i.e., MC (n = 60) Routine Physiotherapy i.e., IT (n = 60) | Mixed gender with unknown ratio MC: Age 46.4 ± 7.4 years, height 162 ± 8 cm, weight 64 ± 10 kg, BMI 24.2 ± 2.4 IM: Age 45.5 ± 6.6 years, height 160 ± 8 cm, weight 63.7 ± 9 kg, BMI 24.8 ± 3 | Mechanical CLBP, 20–60 years, M & F, no major spine pathology, surgery, TB, no physio intervention within 6 month | 6 weeks | Ultrasound and TENS, twice/week home training, once per week physio training MC: motor control and dynamic surface and functional training Isotonic plus trunk and low limb stretching | MC: 7 discontinued. Isotonic: 5 discontinued NPRS: MC: pre 5.77 ± 1.08, post: 2.69 ± 0.93. Isotonic: pre: 5.40 ± 1.24, post: 3.69 ± 0.79 |
Areeudomwong, 2016, Thailand | IM (n = 21) Control (n = 21) | IM: Age 35.4 ± 10.3 years, female n = 15 (71.4%), height 162.5 ± 10.5 cm, weight 55.6 ± 7.3 kg Con: Age 36.2 ± 9.9 years, female n = 16 (76.2%), height 163.7 ± 9.4 cm, weight 55.8 ± 8.5 kg | Male or female (n = 42), CLBP, 18–50 years old, at least 2 on NRS Not pregnant, no previous history of spinal surgery, neurological deficits, specific LBP, Cancer, autoimmune disease | 4 weeks | IM: 5 times/week, 3 sets of 15 reps of PNF, 30 s rest between set, 60 s rest between posture Control: LBP booklet including home exercise prescription and logbook | NPRS: Pre: IM: 4.08 ± 1.19, Con: 4.15 ± 1.41; Post: 1.46 ± 1.20, Con: 3.08 ± 1.50 RMDQ: Pre: IM: 4.54 ± 0.78, Con: 4.85 ± 1.57; Post: IM: 1.69 ± 0.63, Con: 3.92 ± 1.26 |
Areeudomwong, 2019, Thailand | MC (n = 15) IM (n = 15) IT (n = 15) | IM: Age 25 ± 8.5 years, female: n = 12 (80%), BMI 22.9 ± 5 MC: Age 24.1 ± 10 years, female: n = 11 (73%), BMI 21.9 ± 4 IM: Age 24.4 ± 10 years, female: n = 11 (73%), BMI 22.6 ± 4 | CLBP over 12 weeks, male or female, aged 18–50 No disc herniation, SI joint dysfunction, neurological compromise, surgery, pregnancy, use of other therapies | 4 weeks | MC: isolated progressing to functional MC with pressure and EMG biofeedback IM: PNF progressing to combined with upper limb movement IT: Ultrasound plus isolated isotonic training | NPRS: Pre: MC: 4.13 ± 0.92, IM: 4.40 ± 1.40, IT: 4.07 ± 1.28; Post: MC: 1.73 ± 0.96, IM: 2.07 ± 0.88, IT: 3.47 ± 1.55 RMDQ: Pre: MC: 4.53 ± 2.13, IM: 4.60 ± 2.17, IT: 4.47 ± 2.07; Post: MC: 1.47 ± 1.60, IM: 1.93 ± 1.79, IT: 3.93 ± 2.52 |
Bae, 2018, South Korea | CSE (n = 18) SUE i.e., IT (n = 18) | SUE: Age 32.7 ± 6.1 years, male: female = 9:9, BMI 22.5 ± 2.3 CSE: Age 32.4 ± 10.7 years, male: female 11:7, BMI 22.8 ± 2.2 | CLBP with no leg pain >3 months, M & F, NPRS 1–6, aged 20–60, past low back pain includes severe pain severely limiting work and daily activity for >2 days, at least 2×/year No infection, malignancy, inflammatory disease, structural deformity, neurologic sign, abdominal/spinal surgery, pregnancy | 4 weeks | CSE: MC progressing to functional movement. IT: machine assisted IT on trunk flexor Both: 30 min session daily exercise, plus 3 session/week | NPRS: Pre: IT: 3.0 ± 1.3, MC: 2.9 ± 0.8; Post: IT: 1.5 ± 1.3, MC: 2.1 ± 0.9 ODI: Pre: IT: 12.8 ± 8.2, MC: 14.2 ± 11.6; Post: IT: 8.0 ± 7.7, MC: 12.0 ± 10.1 RMDQ: Pre: IT: 2.4 ± 1.5, MC: 3.1 ± 2.9; Post: IT: 1.1 ± 1.5, MC: 2.4 ± 2.6 |
Barradas, 2015, Brazil | MC (n = 5) Con (n = 5) | MC: Age 28.2 ± 3.9 years, BMI 20.8 Con: Age 27.5 ± 3.3 years, BMI 21.1 | Female, 20–50 years Exclusion: radiating to lower limbs, acute low back pain, cognitive problem, previous lumbar surgery, cancer, other low back pain intervention | 6 weeks | Intervention: Progressive MC training twice/week Con: No detail | NPRS: Pre: MC: 7.2 ± 0.58, Con: 7.80 ± 0.49; Post: MC: 2.60 ± 1.08, Con: 7.30 ± 0.86 |
Bhadauria, 2017, India | Lumbar stabilisation i.e. MC (n = 12/15) Dynamic strengthening i.e. IT (n = 12/14) Pilates i.e. IM (n = 12/15) | MC: Age 32.8 ± 11 years, male: female = 50:50, BMI 21.8 ± 2.9 IT: Age 36.7 ± 11 years, male: female = 42:58, BMI 24.7 ± 4.6 IM: Age 24.4 ± 11 years, male: female = 42:58, BMI 26 ± 6.2 | CLBP > 3 months, male and female 20–60 years, Exclusions: fracture, osteoporosis, degenerative change, spine disc prolapse, bone disorder, arthritis, tumour, radiculopathy, myelopathy, past spine surgery, spine infection, severe psychiatric disorder | 6 weeks | All: hot packs, TENS, warm up stretching and cool down totalling 60 min. Lumbar stabilisation: ADIM focused MC training, also have bird dog Dynamic strengthening: IT focused trunk training, has bird dog and hip bridge Pilates: IM trunk muscle contraction in different positions, has hip bridge | NPRS: Pre: MC: 7.17 ± 1.27, IT: 6.67 ± 1.56, IM: 6.42 ± 1.00; Post: MC: 1.17 ± 0.72, IT: 2.00 ± 1.35, IM: 1.33 ± 0.98 ODI: Pre: MC: 39.75 ± 10.11, IT: 37.75 ± 9.27, IM: 28.17 ± 13.55; Post: MC: 6.92 ± 2.47, IT: 23.42 ± 11.01, IM: 8.42 ± 5.14 |
Cai, 2017, Singapore | LL (n = 28) LE (n = 28) LS (n = 28) | LL: Age 28.9 ± 5.3 years, BMI 21.7 ± 2.4 LE: Age 26.9 ± 6.4 years, BMI 21.8 ± 2.4 LS: Age 26.9 ± 6.4 years, BMI 21.9 ± 2.4 | 21–45 year old, M & F, 18–25 BMI, CLBP between 3–36 months, running 2–5×/week, 2 km min/session, min 6 month running history, pain intensity between 2–4, no specific spinal pathology, no spine surgery | 8 weeks | Both interventions: twice/week LE: progressive isometric extensor training LS: progressive functional MC | NPRS: LE: Pre: 3.44 ± 0.87, Post: 0.76 ± 0.78. LS: Pre: 3.62 ± 1.13, Post: 0.65 ± 0.56 |
Calatayud, 2020, Spain | IM (n = 42) MC (n = 43) | IM: Age 52 ± 11 years, height 164 ± 10 cm, weight 76 ± 19 kg MC: Age 50 ± 12 years, height 165 ± 7 cm, weight 72 ± 14 kg | NSLBP, aged 18–75, M & F Exclusion: severe somatic condition, psychiatric alteration, neurological disease, spine surgery, participation in other intervention program over past 6 months, exercise contra-indication | 8 weeks | IM: Progressive Strength: group based, isolated and functional IM trunk training, 3 times/week MC: 2×/week group training for 3 weeks, followed by home exercise for 5 weeks, ADIM in different position, lumbar and lower limb stretching | NPRS: Pre: MC: 6.3 ± 2, IM: 6.2 ± 2; Post: MC: 5.1 ± 3, IM: 4.3 ± 2 RMDQ: Pre: MC: 10.2 ± 5.52, IM: 7.75 ± 5.08; Post: MC:7.9 ± 5.35, IM: 4.97 ± 4.2 Sorensen Test: Pre: MC: 25.97 ± 29.93, IM: 34.61 ± 28.6; Post: 29.67 ± 28.06, IM: 79 ± 58.19 |
Cho, 2015, South Korea | Lumbar Stabilisation Exercise i.e., IM (n = 15) Conservative treatment (n = 15) | IM: Age 48.1 ± 6.9 years, height 160.8 ± 6.3 cm, weight 61.9 ± 9.3 kg Con: Age 44 ± 6.7 years, height 163.6 ± 8.2 cm, weight 60.5 ± 12.2 kg | Males and females with CLBP | 6 weeks | IM: Side bridge, dead-bug, bird-dog, 3 times/week Con: hot packs (20 min), TENS (15 min), Ultrasound (5 min) | ODI: Pre: IM: 30.1 ± 12.4, Con: 30.4 ± 11.7; Post: IM: 18.4 ± 8.3, Con: 26.2 ± 11.9 |
Choopani, 2019, Iran | Stabilisation exercise i.e., MC (n = 12) General exercise i.e., IT (n = 12) | MC: Age 48.1 ± 14.5 years, height 161.2 cm, weight 74.9 ± 7.6 kg IT: Age 51.4 ± 6.7 years, height 158.1 cm, weight 77.4 ± 11.6 kg | LBP with or without lower extremities pain >3 months, grade 1 or 2 spondylolisthesis as confirmed with radiology, 20–60 years, M & F, Exclusion: spine surgery, LBP therapy in past 3 months, pregnancy, nervous system disorder, vestibular disorder. | 8 weeks | IT: twice/week, daily home exercise, 20 min TENS and hot pack each session Stabilisation group: MC progression to functional movement General group: standard IT trunk training and stretching | NPRS: Pre: MC: 5.16 ± 2.36, IT: 5.5 ± 1.67; Post: MC: 2.07 ± 1.1, 2.73 ± 0.86 ODI: Pre: MC: 48.1 ± 25.5, IT: 29.9 ± 22.47; MC: 44.45 ± 14.36, IT: 25.45 ± 9.3 |
Cortell-tormo, 2018, Spain | IM (n = 12) Con (n = 12) | IM: Age 35.6 ± 7.9 years, BMI 23.8 ± 2.3 Con: Age 35.6 ± 9.7 years, BMI 24.3 ± 2.4 | Women aged 20–55 years, CLBP, no leg pain, pain ≥3 months, ≥3 days/week Exclusion: formal training history, tumour, inflammatory disease, spine or lower limb surgery, spine fracture/deformity, exercise contraindication | 12 week | IM: twice/week. 3–4 ppl/group, isolated isometric progressing to functional training Con: no detail | NPRS: Pre: IM: 4 ± 1.8, Con: 4.5 ± 1.6; Post: IM: 1.5 ± 1.5, Con: 4.4 ± 1.4 ODI: Pre: IM: 15.5 ± 8.4, Con: 14 ± 12; Post: IM: 6 ± 6.1, 14.5 ± 11.1 Sorensen: Pre: IM: 81.6 ± 23.6, Con: 66.7 ± 26.7; Post: IM: 136 ± 38.9, Con: 70.1 ± 31.9 |
Costa 2009, Australia | MC (n = 77) Con (n = 77) | MC: Age 54.6 ± 13 years, female n = 45 (58%), height 165 ± 0.1 cm, weight 74.5 ± 17.5 kg Con: Age 52.8 ± 12.7 years, female n = 48 (62%), height 164 ± 0.1 cm, weight 75.9 ± 15.3 kg | CLBP at least 3 months, 18–80 years, does simple trunk test, not pregnant, not serious spine pathology, no nerve root compromise, no exercise contraindication, M & F | 6 weeks | twice/week, 30 min session MC: progressive MC training to functional movement. Placebo: detuned ultrasound at same frequency. | NPRS: MC: Pre: 6.8 ± 2.1, Post: 4.6 ± 2.8. Placebo: Pre: 6.6 ± 2.0, Post: 5.6 ± 2.6 RMDQ: MC: Pre: 13.3 ± 5.0, Post: 9.6 ± 6.5. Placebo: Pre: 13.4 ± 4.9, Post: 11.9 ± 5.9 |
Farajzadeh, 2017, Iran | IM (n−15) MC (n = 15) | IM: Age 23.8 ± 3.5 years. height 171.8 ± 8 cm, weight 70.5 ± 10.9 kg MC: Age 20.9 ± 1.2 years, height 171.2 ± 7 cm, weight 69.7 ± 12.7 kg | CLBP >3 months, male and female 20–40 years, BMI 20–25, VAS < 4. No pain on lower limb, spinal, abdominal and limb surgery, postural problem due to muscular weakness, limb weakness or pain, neurological defects, cardiovascular disease, professional athlete | 6 weeks | IM: 3 times/week, every other day, 30 reps of 10 s of IM trunk training. MC: standard MC exercises, same frequency as IM | NPRS Pre: IM: 2.953 ± 0.485, MC: 2.826 ± 0.654; Post: IM: 2.5 ± 0.49, MC: 2.653 ± 0.787 ODI: Pre: IM: 25.6 ± 9.69, MC: 30.07 ± 11.65; Post: IM: 22.4 ± 9.03, MC: 28 ± 10.16 |
Franca, 2010, Brazil | SS (n = 15) ST (n = 15) | SS: Age 42.1 ± 8.2 years, BMI 26.4 ± 4.5 SS: Age 41.7 ± 6.4 years, BMI 26.9 ± 3.6 | CLBP more than 3 months, no cognitive impairment, no back surgery, spine infection and rheumatologic disorder. No spine exercise within 3 months | 6 weeks | twice/week, 30 min sessions. No other exercise. SS: MC training ST: isotonic | NPRS SS: Pre: 5.94 ± 1.56, Post: 0.06 ± 0.16. ST: Pre: 6.49 ± 1.48, Post: 2.89 ± 1.45 ODI: SS: Pre: 17.07 ± 3.99, Post: 1.80 ± 1.26. ST: Pre: 17.27 ± 3.84, Post: 8.40 ± 3.13 |
Franca, 2019, Brazil | MC (n = 20) TENS (n = 20) | MC: Age 43.1 ± 8.7 years, BMI 26.5 ± 3.7, male: female = 8:12 Con: Age 46.8 ± 7.7 years, BMI 26.5 ± 2.7, male: female = 7:13 | 18–60 years, with lumbar disc herniation as confirmed via MRI or CT, with or without leg pain no past lumbar surgery, carcinoma, rheumatological disease, stenosis and spondylolisthesis | 8 weeks | twice/week, no other physical activity or exercise. | NPRS: Pre: MC:6.4 ± 1.2, Con: 6.3 ± 2.3; Post: MC: 1.5 ± 1.2, Con: 4.8 ± 2.1 ODI (0–45): Pre: MC: 12.3 ± 3.4, Con: 18.0 ± 4.7; Post: MC: 5.1 ± 3.0, Con: 16.2 ± 7.6 |
Goldby, 2006, United Kingdom | spine stabilisation i.e., MC (n = 84) Manual Therapy (n = 89) Control (n = 40) | MC: Age 43.4 ± 10.7 years, female n = 57 (68%) Con: Age 41.5 ± 13 years, female n = 27 (67.5%) | Mechanical CLBP lasting at least 12 weeks, 18–65 years old, not (pregnant, had back surgery, significant spinal pathology, exercise contra-indication) | 10 week | MC: Isolated trunk muscle focused training, patient education Control: patient education | Over 3 months intervention 6 drop out in MC, 4 drop out in MT, 3 drop out in Control NPRS SS: Pre: 4.575 ± 2.754, Post: 2.881 ± 2.814. Control: Pre: 3.76 ± 3.643, Post 3.44 ± 3.643. ODI: SS: Pre: 40.47 ± 15.62, Post: 31.00 ± 17.07. Control: Pre: 33.54 ± 12.21, Post: 28.1 ± 17.34 |
Gunay 2014, Turkey | Classical strength exercise (CSE) i.e., IT (n = 32) Muscular endurance training (MET) i.e., IM (n = 31) | IT: Age 39.2 ± 7.4 years, BMI 25.2 ± 4.5, female 87.1% IM: Age 40.2 ± 8.0 years, BMI 25.5 ± 3.9, female 81.3% | Age 20–55 years, male and female, over 3 months of CLBP Exclude: spine surgery history, structural deformity, tumour, exercise contraindication | 6 week | CSE: trunk, shoulder and hip stretching, dynamic trunk strength training and bird-dog MET: 5 min walk, stretching, short duration, and multiple set and rep isometric hold. Patient posture education, 3 times/week | ODI: Pre MET 32.42 ± 6.49 and CSE 33.59 ± 6.28, p = 0.46. Post MET 18.29 ± 5.21 and CSE 21.09 ± 5.79, p = 0.04 NPRS: Pre MET 5.5 ± 81.36 and CSE 5.4 ± 10.95, p = 0.55. Post MET 2.26 ± 1.12 and CSE 2.56 ± 1.01, p = 0.26 Sorensen: pre MET 49.13 ± 21.92 and CSE 46.6 ± 23.31, p = 0.66. Post MET 98.33 ± 30.11 and CSE 77.03 ± 29.81, p = 0.01 |
Harts, 2008, Netherlands | High Intensity Training (HIT) i.e., IT (n = 31) Wait List Control (WLC) (n = 21) | HIT: Age: 44 ± 10 years, Con: Age: 41 ± 9 years | 18–54 year old male Dutch army over 12 week LBP Exclude: spine surgery within 2 years, severe pain while doing isometric trunk contraction, and nerve root symptoms | 8 weeks | HIT: 2 weeks of twice/week, then 6 week of once/week, high intensity dynamic trunk training WLC: wait list | 1 missed training from HIT RMDQ (0–24): Pre: HIT: 6.2 ± 4.4, HIT-WLC: −1.4 (−4.0 to 1.1), LIT-WLC: 0.3 (−2.3 to 2.8 for post–pre intervention |
Kankaanpaa, 1999, Finland | Active (n = 30) Passive (n = 24) | IT male age: 40.7 ± 8.6 years, BMI: 26.3 ± 2.9. Female age: 38.9 ± 8.2 years, BMI: 25.7 ± 4.3 Con male age: 38.0 ± 6.9 years, BMI: 24.5 ± 3.0. Female age: 40.6 ± 8.1 years, BMI: 25.7 ± 3.2 | NSCLBP with moderate functional disability more than 3 months. No previous back surgery or serious spinal pathology. No limb neurological issue. M & F | 12 weeks | Active: 24 session, each session 90 min. Group training 4–5 per session. IT trunk training. Passive: thermal and massage therapy 1×/week for 1 month. | 2 men and 1 woman drop out of active, 2 men and 5 women drop out of passive therapy Men NPRS: Active: Pre: 5.41 ± 1.96, Post: 3.68 ± 2.88. Passive: Pre: 4.28 ± 2.84, Post: 4.49 ± 2.67 Women NPRS: Active: Pre: 5.61 ± 2.98, Post 2.88 ± 1.88. Passive: Pre: 5.55 ± 3.11, Post 4.18 ± 2.27 |
Kim 2015, South Korea | CORE (n = 37) Control (n = 37) | CORE: Age 29.7 ± 3.9 years. height 161.3 ± 6.2 cm, weight 56.6 ± 7.1 kg Con: Age 28.6 ± 3.2 years, height 162.8.2 ± 7.8 cm, weight 54.3 ± 7.6 kg | Female office workers with CLBP for over 3 months, 20–40 years, Can move w/o aid Exclude: history of spine or lower limb surgery, spine abnormality, pregnant, no prior exercise intervention | 8 weeks | Both: TENS 20 min and hot packs 15 min CORE: 30 min, 5x/week, MC Control: TENS and hot pack | CORE drop out 10 due to pharmacotherapy, surgery and pregnancy. Control drop out 11 due to same reason. NPRS pre: CORE: 5.6 ± 7.9, change at rest CORE: 3.56 ± 0.59, Control 0.58 ± 0.52 |
Kim, 2020, South Korea | Stretch (n = 25) IM (n = 25) Con (n = 25) | IM: Age 47.0 ± 9.5 years, male: female = 11:11, BMI 23.7 ± 1.5 MC: Age 47.8 ± 8.5 years, male: female = 12:8, BMI 24.0 ± 1.1 | CLBP as diagnosed by orthopaedist, pain over 3 months. NPRS ≥ 3. Aged 30–65. Exclude: spinal surgery, ankylosing spondylitis or rheumatoid arthritis, spondylolisthesis or spondylolysis, spine/pelvis fracture, osteoporosis, continuous pain medication, smoking, respiratory/heart disease | 6 weeks | IM: hip stretch and strengthening with isometric trunk contraction for 30 min. Con: gentle, sham skin palpitation | NPRS: Pre: IM: 6.12 ± 1.02, Con: 5.85 ± 1.16; Post: IM: 2.37 ± 0.69, Con: 2.92 ± 0.61 ODI: Pre: IM: 56.91 ± 6.92, Con: 58.20 ± 5.27; Post: IM: 30.18 ± 7.66, Con: 36.70 ± 5.12 RMDQ: Pre: IM:11.23 ± 2.62, Con: 11.40 ± 2.28; Post: 3.54 ± 1.59, Con: 5.55 ± 1.82 |
Kofotolis, 2006, Greece | RST (n = 28) COI (n = 28) Control (n = 30) | RST: age 40.6 ± 6.4 years, BMI 23.7 ± 1.5. COI age: 41.8 ± 7.7 years, BMI 23.7 ± 1.5. Con age: 42.1 ± 8.4 years, BMI: 24.0 ± 1.1 | Women. Screening for patients with known mechanical nature of LBP Over 24 weeks CLBP during or after activity No additional physical therapy during intervention | 4 weeks | Both groups: 5 times per week, 7–10 min cycling and stretching warm up. RST: isometric contraction, 3 sets of 15 reps COI: alternating eccentric and concentric contraction, 3 sets of 15 reps Con: Active daily living minus exercise | ODI: Pre: RST: 34.8 ± 4.0, COI 36.4 ± 4.4, con 34.2 ± 4.0. Post: RST: 24.6 ± 5.8, COI 24.8 ± 6.4, con 30.8 ± 7.0 NPRS: Pre: RST: 2.2 ± 0.8, COI: 2.3 ± 0.5, Con: 1.9 ± 0.6; Post: RST: 1.4 ± 0.4, COI: 1.4 ± 0.5, Con: 1.6 ± 0.4 Sorensen test score only shown in graphic form |
Kofotolis, 2008, Greece | Rhythmic Stabilisation (RS) (n = 23) RS + TENS (n = 23) TENS (n = 23) Con (n = 21) | RST: age 41.0 ± 5.5 years, BMI 24.9 ± 1.2. Con age: 42.2 ± 7.8 years, BMI 23.8 ± 1.7. | 92 women, CLBP, pain during or after activity, sitting or climbing stairs, No previous back surgery or serious spinal pathology. No limb neurological issue. No past experience with TENS or RS therapy | 4 weeks | RS: Isometric trunk training Placebo: sham TENS | ODI: RS: Pre: 17.1 ± 2.5, Post: 12.6 ± 3.1. Placebo: Pre: 15.7 ± 4.7, Post: 16.7 ± 4.7 NPRS: RS: Pre: 2.1 ± 0.8, Post: 1.6 ± 0.4. Placebo: Pre: 2.1 ± 0.7, Post: 2.0 ± 0.4 Sorensen: RS: Pre: 80.5 ± 6.0, post: 137.0 ± 6.9. Placebo: Pre: 79.0 ± 9.3, Post: 79.0 ± 6.8 |
Kofotolis, 2016, Greece | Pilates (n = 40) General Strengthening (GS) (n = 40) Control (n = 40) | Con: age 42.7 ± 6.1 years, BMI 24.7 ± 3.8. Pilates age: 41.2 ± 8.5 years, BMI 26.6 ± 3.2. GS 39.1 ± 8.7 years, BMI 23.0 ± 3.7 | Female, 25–65 years old, CLBP over 12 weeks, unable to resume daily activity over past 3 weeks. Exclusion: acute low back pain, spinal stenosis or surgery, inflammation affecting spine, fracture, spondylolysis or spondylolisthesis, genetic spinal abnormality, pregnancy, cardiovascular problem, pelvic girdle pain | 8 weeks | Both therapy: No additional physiotherapy intervention, 24× 1 h session, 3 times/week, warm up, stretching General Strengthening: Isometric trunk training Pilates: mixed stretch isometric and isotonic Control: No training | 37 completed Pilates, 36 completed general strengthening, 28 completed control group. Completed number used in analysis RMDQ: GS: Pre: 12.41 ± 3.69, Post 4.88 ± 1.60. Control: Pre: 11.28 ± 5.40, Post: 10.09 ± 4.55 |
Koumantakis, 2005, UK | MC (n = 29) IM (n = 26) | MC: 39.2 ± 11.4 years, BMI 26.2 ± 4.2. IM: 35.2 ± 9.7 years, BMI 26.4 ± 3.2 | Recurrent CLBP lasting <6 months within past year, confirmed with radiograph or MRI. Onset of current pain >6 weeks, no description on subject gender No past spine surgery, red flags as defined by Clinical Standards Advisory Group (CSAG), spondylolysis, spondylolisthesis | 8 week | Both: stretching and stationary bike cycling for 10–15 min. 2×/week class, total 45–60 min/session, total exercise of both group are equalised, home training 30 min, 3 times/week, received patient education booklet MC: progressive ADIM training, 30–45 min, individual followed by home exercise IM: progressive IM training | NPRS: Pre: MC: 2.69 ± 2.06, IM: 4.02 ± 2.46; Post: MC: 1.23 ± 1.37, IM: 2.13 ± 1.73 RMDQ: Pre: MC: 9.2 ± 4.6, IM: 11.3 ± 5.2; Post: MC: 5.1 ± 4.0, IM: 4.7 ± 3.5 |
Lee, 2016, South Korea | SEG i.e., IM (n = 15) CEG i.e., IM + lower body (n = 15) Con (n = 6) | SEG: 42.7 ± 13.4 years, BMI 24.3 ± 3.1. CEG age 46 ± 8.1 years, BMI 24.1 ± 2.6. Con age 43.3 ± 9.9 years, BMI 27.9 ± 4.4 | BMI >23, CLBP, no regular exercise participation in past 6 months. Gender: Not described Subject demographics: | 12 weeks | SEG: 2 times/week, 50 min/session Intensity 11–16 Con: No detail | NPRS: Pre: IM: 3.23 ± 1.49, Con: 2.42 ± 0.92; Post: IM: 2.20 ± 1.13, Con: 3.58 ± 1.72 RMDQ: Pre: IM: 3.8 ± 3.7, Con: 0.8 ± 1.2; Post: IM: 1.1 ± 0.9, Con: 1.7 ± 1.6 |
Majiwala, 2017, India | IM (A) (n = 20) IT (B) (n = 20) | No detail | 40 subjects, 20–35 years at physiotherapy department. Patients may be screened for mechanical nature of CLBP, CLBP more than 3 months Exclude: back surgery, injury and trunk training within last 6 months | 4 weeks | Both groups: TENS and hot pack A: isometric flexor, extensor and lateral training B: isotonic flexor, extensor and lateral training | NPRS pre-treatment A 7.05 ± 1.317, B 7.3 ± 0.979, p = 0.577. Post treatment A 1.7 ± 0.657, B 1.65 ± 0.745, p = 0.753 Sorensen test pre-treatment A 2.05 ± 0.510, B 2 ± 0.726. Post treatment A 4 ± 0.562, B 3.55 ± 0.510, p = 0.036 ODI pre-treatment A 23.25 ± 2.245, B 27.75 ± 5.884, post-treatment A 7.5 ± 1.573, B 8.8 ± 3.002, p = 0.159 |
Masharawi 2013, Israel | Intervention (n = 20) Control (n = 20) | MC: 52.5 ± 10.6 years, BMI 27.2 ± 5. Con: 53.6 ± 9.5 years, BMI 26.2 ± 5.5 | Female, 45–65 years, with min 12 week CLBP Exclude: obvious structural pathology, overt neurological signs, or joint inflammatory disease | 4 week | Intervention: MC (based on paper in reference), bi-weekly intervention. Con: ADL guidance only | NPRS: Pre: MC: 4.0 ± 1.43, Con: 3.91 ± 1.64; Post: MC: 1.68 ± 0.82, Con: 3.88 ± 1.54 RMDQ: Pre: MC: 14.21 ± 5.22, Con: 14.93 ± 5.96, Post: MC: 9.31 ± 5.80, Con: 14.37 ± 5.77 |
Minobes-Molina, 2020, Spain | TTEP (n = 20) SSEP (n = 20) | TTEP: Age 50.9 ± 11 years, height: 160 ± 10 cm, weight 66.8 ± 9.4 kg, BMI 26.3, SSEP: Age: 50.1 ± 9.8 years, height 160 ± 10 cm, weight 70.9 ± 10 kg, BMI 27.5 ± 3.7 | Females aged 18–70, CLBP >6 week confirmed with MRI, CT or radiographic imaging Exclusions: use painkiller, have other spinal disorder, serious co-morbidity, cognitive impairment, exercise contra-indication, recent training participation | 6 weeks | Both: First 5 sessions: IR and TENS, no exercise, exercise 3 times/week, TTEP: 30 min IT exercise, 10 movement, 10 repetitions SSEP: 30 min MC exercise, 10 movement, 10 repetitions | NPRS: Pre: IT: 6.4 ± 1.2, MC: 6.5 ± 1.6; Post: IT: 1.9 ± 1.7, MC: 2.2 ± 1.9 RMDQ: Pre: IT: 9.2 ± 3.9, MC: 8.9 ± 4.1, Post: IT: 3.8 ± 3.3, MC: 3.4 ± 2.2 |
Moon 2013, South Korea | MC (n = 12) IT (n = 12) | IT age: 28.6 ± 4.9 years, male: female = 6:4, height 172.3 ± 6.3 cm, weight 68.2 ± 14.3 kg MC: age: 28.4 ± 5 years, male: female: 8:3, height 171.4 ± 5.1, weight 67.4 ± 12.9 kg | More than 3 months pain No structural or neuropsychological cause, no infectious and systemic disease, fracture, kyphosis, back surgery and other therapy | 8 weeks | 2 times/week | NPRS Pre: IT: 3.42 ± 1.71, MC: 3.35 ± 1.84, change: IT: 1.41 ± 0.82, MC: 1.67 ± 0.70 ODI Pre: IT: 15.5 ± 4.3, MC: 14.7 ± 2.9 change: IT: 3.6 ± 1.5, MC: 6.1 ± 1.9 |
Moreira 2019, Brazil | IM (n = 42) Con (n = 42) | No detail on subject demographics | No details on the subjects’ inclusion and exclusion criteria | 12 weeks | IM: Functional training Con: No Detail | NPRS: Pre: IM: 6.2 ± 1.3, Con: 6.0 ± 1.7; Post: IM: 2.3 ± 1.9, Con: 5.5 ± 1.8 ODI: Pre: IM: 20.7 ± 10.8, Con: 25.5 ± 11.3; Post: IM: 9.5 ± 6.3, Con: 22.5 ± 10.5 RMDQ: Pre: IM: 6.9 ± 5.0, Con: 8.4 ± 5.3; Post: IM: 2.8 ± 2.6, Con: 7.3 ± 4.7 |
Steele, 2013, United Kingdom | FullROM (n = 12) Control (n = 9) | FullROM age: 46 ± 12.4 years, BMI: 25.2 ± 3.15 Con age: 41.7 ± 15.1, BMI: 25.94 ± 4.4 | Male and female with CLBP for over 12 weeks No contraindication for exercise, acute LBP, pregnancy, disc herniation or neuromuscular complication | 12 week | All group: continued medication, avoid other exercise. FullROM: once/week, repetitive 72° lumbar extension with resistance Control: Do nothing | Discontinued: FullROM: 1 for pregnancy, 1 for poor attendance. NPRS change: FullROM −3.03 ± 2.576, Control 0.671 ± 1.489, p < 0.05 ODI: FullROM −18.2 ± 6.63, LimROM −12 ± 5.16, Control −3 ± 6.87, p < 0.05 |
Shaughnessy, 2004, Ireland | MC (n = 23) Control (n = 22) | Age: MC: 43 ± 9 Con: 46 ± 11 no other demographic details | Inclusion: male and female age 20–60 years, CLBP for min 12 weeks. Exclusion: systemic or structural pathology, inflammatory joint disease, overt neurological signs. | 10 weeks | MC: progressive MC to adding limb movement, 2 times/week, Con: Wait list | MC: 3 drop out, Control 1 drop out. ODI: MC: Pre: 37 ± 13, Post: 26 ± 14. Control: Pre: 41 ± 15, Post: 44 ± 16 RMDQ: MC: Pre: 10.0 ± 4.1, Post: 5.1 ± 2.8. Control: Pre: 10.7 ± 5.6, Post: 11.3 ± 5.6 |
Unsgaard-Tondel, 2010, Norway | Low load MC (n = 36) High load Sling Exercise (n = 36) General Exercise (n = 37) | MC: Age: 40.9 ± 11.5 years, male: female = 7:29, BMI: 24.9 ± 3.1 SE: 43.4 ± 10.2 years, male: female = 13:23, BMI: 24.9 ± 3.1 GE: 36.0 ± 10.3 years, male: female = 13:24, BMI: 24.3 ± 2.8 | Male and female, 19–60 years, 3 months min of CLBP, 2–10 score on NPRS (0–10) Exclude: previous back surgery, neurological complication, overweight, pregnancy | 8 weeks | MC Exercise (MCE): individualised, 1 on 1, 40 min, n = 36 Sling Exercise (SE): static trunk hold in neutral pose with limb in suspension, 1 on 1, individualised suspended in sling, 40 min, n = 36 Once/weeks, plus home exercise and patient education | MCE: 1 treatment nonadherence, 4 lost on follow up SE: 3 withdrew from study, 3 lost on follow up GE: 7 treatment non-adherence, 3 lost on follow up, 1 withdrew NPRS: MCE: 3.31 ± 1.42, SE 3.61 ± 1.75, GE 3.30 ± 1.74. post: MCE 1.76 ± 1.54, SE 2.34 ± 2.26, GE 2.73 ± 2.32, p = 0.19 ODI: Pre: MCE: 19.44 ± 8.38, SE 22.28 ± 11.22, GE 20.84 ± 9.34. Post: MCE 12.78 ± 7.62, SE 16.18 ± 10.88, GE 17.75 ± 9.63. p = 0.21 |
You, 2015, Taiwan | Sling exercise (n = 9) Control (n = 7) | Sling: age: 27.6 ± 6.7 years, height 165 ± 7 cm, weight 57.6 ± 12.2 kg. Con: age: 27.6 ± 5.6, height 160 ± 4, weight 57 ± 9.9 kg. | CLBP over 3 months. Exclude: spondylolisthesis and disc herniation | 6 weeks | 3 times/week, 10 min warm up and 30 min Sling exercise Con: No exercise | 2 drop out in sling and 2 drop out in control due to personal reasons NPRS: Control: Pre 3.75 ± 0.87, post 2.38 ± 1.03. Training: Pre 4.29 ± 1.44, post 1.33 ± 1.17 ODI: Control: Pre 19.00 ± 16.20 post 18.50 ± 11.82. Training Pre 14.29 ± 3.90 post 8.86 ± 6.41 |
Sousa, 2009, Brazil | MC (n = 30) Control (n = 30) | MC: age 45.3 years, male: female = 10:20. Con age 47.5, male: female = 7:23 | Male and female, mechanical pain in lumbar spine >3 month Exclude: disc herniation, tumours, infections, osteoarticular inflammatory diseases, fibromyalgia syndrome, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, or vertebral fracture | 8 weeks | Twice/week for, MC with biofeedback Use of 500 mg paracetamol every 6 hrs as necessary on both group Control: No treatment | NPRS: Pre: MC: 4.79 ± 2.73, Control: 5.88 ± 2.99; Post: MC:3.35 ± 2.48, Control: 4.76 ± 2.80 RMDQ: Pre: MC: 9.97 ± 6.00, Control: 12.57 ± 7.30; Post: MC: 5.31 ± 4.79, Control: 8.16 ± 6.20 |
Oh, 2015, South Korea | Sling SEG (n = 10) Swiss Ball SBEG (n = 10) Control (n = 10) | SEG age 46.2 ± 3.22 years, height 170.1 ± 4.5 cm, weight 71.0 ± 10.5 kg. SBEG age: 46.0 ± 3.4 years, height 172.0 ± 3.2 cm, weight 69.3 ± 9.2 kg Con age: 44.7 ± 2.7 years, height 169.9 ± 4.9 cm, weight 69.2 ± 7.8 kg | Working aged men with normal BMI with CLBP | 12 week | SBEG and SEG: isometric trunk holding with limb in various poses. 30 min/session, 5 times/week. Con: active daily living | NPRS: Pre: SBEG: 7.0 ± 0.9, SEG: 7.1 ± 1.6, Con: 6.0 ± 0.9; Post: SBEG: 5.2 ± 1.0, SEG: 4.5 ± 1.3, Con: 5.4 ± 0.9 ODI (out of 100): Pre: SBEG: 28.0 ± 6.3, SEG: 32.4 ± 6.7, Con: 18.9 ± 7.0. Post: 13.8 ± 6.3, SEG: 10.4 ± 4.2, Con: 14.5 ± 4.7 |
Yi, 2008, South Korea | IM (n = 20) IT (n = 20) IM + IT (n = 20) | IM age 51.6 ± 9.4 years, male: female = 2:12. IT age 50.2 ± 10.5 years, male: female = 2:15 | CLBP >6 months, 20–60 years old Exclude: lower limb radiating pain, pregnant, artificial joint | 8 weeks | No details | ODI: Pre: IM: 27.9 ± 15.5, IT: 29.5 ± 12.6; Post: IM: 14.1 ± 8.9, IT: 16.6 ± 11.7 NPRS: Pre: IM: 5.01 ± 2.92, IT: 5.39 ± 2.90; Post: IM: 1.46 ± 1.45, IT: 1.75 ± 1.63 |
Shamsi 2015, Iran | MC (n = 19) IM (n = 20) | MC: age 38.5 ± 11.9 years, male: female = 6:13, height 166.7 ± 8.6 cm, weight 68.9 ± 15.7 kg IM: age 47.7 ± 10.4 years, male: female = 6:14, height 163.7 ± 8.3 cm, weight 73.1 ± 8.9 kg | Male and female with CLBP >3 months, aged 18–60 years, NPRS 3–6 Exclude: lower limb pathology or anomaly, inflammatory diseases, osteoporosis, arthritis, bone disease | 6 weeks | 3 times/week intensity equalised | NPRS: Pre: MC: 5.24 ± 0.92, IM: 5.30 ± 0.92; Post: MC: 1.59 ± 1.24, IM: 1.49 ± 1.41 ODI: Pre: MC: 51.1 ± 12.7, IM: 49.8 ± 10.8; Post: MC: 33.3 ± 11.0, IM: 37.4 ± 11.1 |
Segal-Snir 2016, Israel | Intervention (n = 25) Control (n = 20) | IT: age 57.2 ± 8.4 years, BMI 27.6 ± 4.5 Con: age 54.7 ± 6.5 years, BMI 28.5 ± 5.5 | 45 female aged 40–70 years, CLBP >12 weeks. Exclude: systemic or structural pathology, inflammatory joint disease or neurological signs. | Control: Wait list Intervention: 40 min/session, 2 times/week, 4 week duration, 10 person/group max, 5 position IT exercises. | NPRS: Pre: IT: 7 ± 2.3, Con: 8 ± 1.4; Post: IT: 7 ± 3, Con: 7 ± 1.9 RMDQ: Pre: IT: 13 ± 6.2, Con: 14 ± 6.3; Post: IT: 11 ± 6.4, Con: 14 ± 6.3 | |
Noormohammadpour 2018, Iran | Intervention (n = 18) Control (n = 18) | MC age 43.3 ± 7.5 years, BMI 24.0 ± 1.7 Con age 41.3 ± 6.4 years, BMI 24.3 ± 2.1 | Female nurses with CLBP >3 months in past 6 months, aged 18–55, Exclude: spine/abdominal trauma/surgery, systemic disease, spine deformity, abdominal wall hernia, participation in core stability intervention | 8 weeks | Intervention: 2 floor and 2 swiss ball exercises, ADIM focused, progressing to functional movement, home exercise 3 times/day for 10 reps Con: Wait list | NRPS: Pre: MC: 5.18 ± 2.41, Con: 4.42 ± 2.65; Post: MC: 1.24 ± 1.35, Con: 3.94 ± 2.09 RMDQ: Pre: MC: 7.8 ± 3.4, Con: 9.5 ± 4.9; Post: MC: 1.7 ± 2.4, Con: 7.9 ± 3.3 |
Rathod 2015, Pakistan | MC (n = 20) IM (n = 20) | No demographic data | Male and female clerks with CLBP >3 months, age 30–45 years Exclude: lumbar spondylolysis, spondylolisthesis, acute disc prolapse, neurological disorders, other muscoskeletal disorders, hypertension and ischaemic heart disease | 4 week | Both: 20 min ultrasound first 10 days, MC: Progressive trunk training with ADIM with help of biofeedback unit IM: IM trunk training, 5–10 s hold, 5–20 reps | NPRS: Pre: MC: 7.30 ± 0.97, IM: 6.80 ± 1.36; Post: MC: 0.25 ± 0.78, IM: 1.20 ± 1.10 ODI (0–100): Pre: MC: 45.76 ± 7.81, IM: 46.67 ± 6.55; Post: MC: 8.21 ± 7.94, IM: 24.86 ± 7.20 |
Shamsi 2016, Iran | MC (n = 24) IM (n = 24) | MC age 39.2 ± 11.7 years, male: female = 7:15, height 166.4 ± 9.1 cm, weight 70.1 ± 15.1 kg IM age 47.9 ± 10.2 years, male: female = 6:15, height 163.7 ± 8.1 cm, weight 74.3 ± 10.5 kg | CLBP >3 months, VAS 3–6, 18–60 years. Exclude: lumbar radicular pain, lower limb pathology or anomaly | 6 weeks | Both: stretching 8 min, stationary cycling 5 min, progressive exercise, group training, 3× per week MC: 20 min trunk training, focused on ADIM IM: 14 min trunk training, focused on extensor and flexor muscles | NPRS: Pre: MC: 5.14 ± 0.98, IM: 5.07 ± 1.13; Post: MC: 1.51 ± 1.18, IM: 1.51 ± 1.38 ODI (0–100): Pre: MC: 50.5 ± 12.1, IM: 50.7 ± 11.3; Post: MC: 32.8 ± 10.5, IM: 37.6 ± 10.9 Sorensen: Pre: MC: 70.6 ± 57.1, IM: 80.9 ± 48.6; Post: MC: 117.2 ± 60.2, IM: 113.2 ± 52.0 |
Shamsi, 2020, Iran | Core Stability i.e., MC (n = 28) General Exercise i.e., IM (n = 28) | MC age 38.9 ± 12.2 years, male: female = 11:16, height 167.6 ± 8.8 cm, weight 71.9 ± 14.2 kg IM age 47.0 ± 9.9 years, male: female = 7:17, height 164.0 ± 9.1 cm, weight 74.2 ± 10.7 | Male and female, CLBP based on imaging and pain provocation, duration >3 months, NPRS = 3–6, aged 18–60, M & F Exclude: spine and lower limb pathology or anomaly | 6 week | Both: 8 min stretching and 5 min stationary cycling, 3×/week Core Stability: MC training, focused on ADIM and isolated deep muscle contraction General Exercise: Isolated floor IM trunk training based on description of (Shamsi 2015) | ODI (0–100): Pre: MC: 50.55 ± 12.08, IM: 50.67 ± 10.41; Post: MC: 32.77 ± 11.0, IM: 37.62 ± 10.87 NPRS: Pre: MC: 5.136 ± 0.902, IM: 5.286 ± 0.902; Post: MC: 1.509 ± 1.24, IM: 1.510 ± 1.380 |
Cruz-Diaz 2017, Spain | Mat Pilates group i.e., MC (n = 34) Con (n = 30) | MC age 36.9 ± 12.5 years, male: female = 11:23, height 167.6 ± 8.8 cm, weight 71.9 ± 14.2 kg Con age 36.3 ± 10.7 years, male: female = 13:21, height 164.0 ± 9.1 cm, weight 74.2 ± 10.7 kg | CLBP >12 weeks, age 18–50, NPRS 3–7 Exclude: radiculopathy, fracture, stenosis, tumour, Pilates or physical therapy training over past 6 months. Not pregnant. | 12 weeks | Pilates Mat Group: warm up, training and cool down. Focus on pelvic tilt and ADIM, joint mobility drills. Training in group of 4. Control: Not described | NPRS: Pre: MC: 4.64 ± 1.22, Con: 4.84 ± 1.04; Post: MC: 2.1 ± 1.36, Con: 4.96 ± 1.31 RMDQ: Pre: MC: 11.38 ± 5.02, Con: 10.50 ± 4.89; Post: MC: 6.35 ± 5.3, Con: 10.41 ± 5.6 |
Kim 2017, South Korea | PNF i.e., IM (n = 15) Con (n = 15) | IM age 39.8 ± 5.5 years, male: female = 8:7, height 168.7 ± 7.3 cm, weight 67.6 ± 9.5 kg. Con age 39.4 ± 5.7 years, male: female 9:6, height 168.7 ± 8.0 cm, weight 67.1 ± 9.7 kg. | CLBP >12 weeks, age 30–40 years, no exercise/mental problem, neurologic sensation, muscular paralysis. | 6 weeks | PNF: isometric holding in different position, resisting force in different direction while maintaining normal breathing. Control: no description 5 times/weeks | NPRS: Pre: IM: 6.6 ± 1.12, Con: 6.5 ± 1.11; Post: IM: 2.4 ± 0.54, Con: 4.6 ± 0.90. ODI: Pre: IM: 33.3 ± 6.8, Con: 33.5 ± 4.8; Post: IM: 21.3 ± 3.4, Con: 28.9 ± 4.6 |
Appendix C
Appendix C.1. Sensitivity Analysis of the Pairwise Meta-Analyses with the Removal of Randomised Controlled Trials with a High Risk of Bias
Appendix C.2. Subgroup Analysis of Isometric and Motor Control Interventions Based on Training Duration
Appendix C.3. Subgroup Analysis of Isometric and Motor Control Interventions Based on Mean Age
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Sutanto, D.; Ho, R.S.T.; Poon, E.T.C.; Yang, Y.; Wong, S.H.S. Effects of Different Trunk Training Methods for Chronic Low Back Pain: A Meta-Analysis. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19, 2863. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19052863
Sutanto D, Ho RST, Poon ETC, Yang Y, Wong SHS. Effects of Different Trunk Training Methods for Chronic Low Back Pain: A Meta-Analysis. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2022; 19(5):2863. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19052863
Chicago/Turabian StyleSutanto, Dhananjaya, Robin S. T. Ho, Eric T. C. Poon, Yijian Yang, and Stephen H. S. Wong. 2022. "Effects of Different Trunk Training Methods for Chronic Low Back Pain: A Meta-Analysis" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 5: 2863. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19052863