Lower-Limb Muscle Power Is Negatively Associated with Protein Intake in Older Adults: A Cross-Sectional Study
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Participants
2.2. Anthropometric Measures
2.3. The 5 Times Sit-to-Stand Test
- (1)
- Absolute muscle power: ([Body weight × 0.9 × g × (height × 0.5 − chair height)])/(5STS (s) × 0.1);
- (2)
- Allometric muscle power: Absolute muscle power/height2;
- (3)
- Relative muscle power: Allometric muscle power/BMI.
2.4. Dietary Assessment
2.5. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Study Participants
3.2. Pearson’s Correlation Analysis
3.3. Linear Regression Analysis
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variables | Mean, Absolute Number | SD, Percentage | Min | Max |
---|---|---|---|---|
Age, y | 68.3 | 6.8 | 60 | 99 |
Female n (%) | 163 | 83 | ||
Weight, kg | 68.9 | 12.0 | 40.8 | 108.0 |
Height, m | 154.7 | 8.1 | 139.0 | 184.0 |
Educational level | ||||
Primary school (4 years) | 36 | 18.3 | ||
Middle school (8 years) | 56 | 28.4 | ||
Secondary school (11 years) | 42 | 21.3 | ||
Undergraduate (14–15 years) | 48 | 24.4 | ||
Graduate (18–21 years) | 15 | 7.6 | ||
BMI, kg/m2 | 28.7 | 5.0 | 15.2 | 43.1 |
Underweight, n (%) | 17 | 9 | ||
Normal weight, n (%) | 52 | 26 | ||
Overweight, n (%) | 128 | 65 | ||
5STS, s | 14.3 | 6.5 | 3.0 | 70.0 |
Absolute muscle power, W | 154.9 | 67.0 | 18.0 | 648.0 |
Relative muscle power, W/BMI | 0.02 | 0.008 | 0.000 | 0.10 |
Allometric muscle power, W/m2 | 0.64 | 0.26 | 0.09 | 2.70 |
Energy intake, kcal | 1846.1 | 545.1 | 636.6 | 4490.1 |
Protein, g | 106.1 | 40.9 | 30.7 | 228.2 |
Protein, g/kg | 1.58 | 0.65 | 0.4 | 4.0 |
Protein at breakfast, g/kg | 0.18 | 0.11 | 0 | 0.6 |
Protein at lunch, g/kg | 0.83 | 0.42 | 0 | 2.3 |
Protein at dinner, g/kg | 0.35 | 0.41 | 0 | 1.8 |
Valine, g/kg | 5.3 | 2.1 | 1.6 | 11.4 |
Isoleucine, g/kg | 4.7 | 2.3 | 0.2 | 10.9 |
Leucine, g/kg | 8.0 | 3.1 | 2.3 | 17.3 |
Variables | Absolute Muscle Power | Relative Muscle Power | Allometric Muscle Power |
---|---|---|---|
Kilocalories | −0.039 | −0.049 | −0.055 |
Protein | −0.011 | −0.031 | −0.028 |
Protein/kg body weight | −0.241 * | −0.120 | −0.233 * |
Protein at breakfast | −0.134 | −0.111 | −0.132 |
Protein at lunch | −0.210 * | −0.092 | −0.201 * |
Protein at dinner | −0.044 | 0.018 | −0.047 |
Valine | 0.010 | −0.009 | −0.008 |
Isoleucine | 0.003 | −0.016 | 0.004 |
Leucine | 0.004 | −0.015 | −0.014 |
Absolute Muscle Power | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Unadjusted | Adjusted * | |||||
Variables | Unstandardized Coefficients | p Value | 95% CI | Unstandardized Coefficients | p Value | 95% CI |
Protein intake/body weight | −23.2 | 0.005 | −39.2, −7.2 | −27.8 | 0.01 | −50.0, −5.5 |
Lunch protein intake | −25.7 | 0.04 | −50.3, −1.0 | −12.3 | 0.37 | −39.8, 15.1 |
Allometric Muscle Power | ||||||
Unadjusted | Adjusted * | |||||
Variables | Unstandardized Coefficients | pValue | 95% CI | Unstandardized Coefficients | pValue | 95% CI |
Protein intake/body weight | −0.08 | 0.007 | −0.151, −0.024 | −0.08 | 0.05 | −0.174, 0.01 |
Lunch protein intake | −0.09 | 0.06 | −0.191, 0.004 | −0.03 | 0.48 | −0.14, 0.96 |
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Coelho-Júnior, H.J.; Azzolino, D.; Calvani, R.; Gonçalves, I.d.O.; Tosato, M.; Landi, F.; Cesari, M.; Picca, A.; Marzetti, E. Lower-Limb Muscle Power Is Negatively Associated with Protein Intake in Older Adults: A Cross-Sectional Study. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19, 14579. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192114579
Coelho-Júnior HJ, Azzolino D, Calvani R, Gonçalves IdO, Tosato M, Landi F, Cesari M, Picca A, Marzetti E. Lower-Limb Muscle Power Is Negatively Associated with Protein Intake in Older Adults: A Cross-Sectional Study. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2022; 19(21):14579. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192114579
Chicago/Turabian StyleCoelho-Júnior, Hélio José, Domenico Azzolino, Riccardo Calvani, Ivan de Oliveira Gonçalves, Matteo Tosato, Francesco Landi, Matteo Cesari, Anna Picca, and Emanuele Marzetti. 2022. "Lower-Limb Muscle Power Is Negatively Associated with Protein Intake in Older Adults: A Cross-Sectional Study" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 21: 14579. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192114579