Vulnerable Factors Affecting Urinary N-Methylformamide Concentration among Migrant Workers in Manufacturing Industries in Comparison with Native Workers in the Republic of Korea (2012–2019)
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Data Source
2.2. Study Design
2.3. Measurements
2.4. Statistical Analysis
2.5. Ethical Considerations
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Characteristics | Native Workers | Migrant Workers | p * |
---|---|---|---|
(N = 9259) | (N = 504) | ||
Sex, n (%) | 0.794 | ||
Male | 7629 (82.4) | 413 (81.9) | |
Female | 1630 (17.6) | 91 (18.1) | |
Age group, n (%) | <0.001 | ||
20–29 years | 2868 (31.0) | 214 (42.5) | |
30–39 years | 2681 (29.0) | 197 (39.1) | |
40–49 years | 2041(22.0) | 64 (12.7) | |
≥50 years | 1669 (18.0) | 29 (5.8) | |
Number of workers, n (%) | <0.001 | ||
<5 | 112 (1.2) | 23 (4.6) | |
5–50 | 1702 (18.4) | 282 (56.0) | |
≥50 | 7447 (80.4) | 199 (39.5) | |
Types of industries/Manufacturers of, n (%) | <0.001 | ||
Rubber and plastic products | 1034 (11.2) | 125 (24.8) | |
Wearing apparel | 230 (2.5) | 71 (14.1) | |
Textiles | 406 (4.4) | 58 (11.5) | |
Chemicals and chemical products | 3549 (38.3) | 58 (11.5) | |
Leather and related products | 236 (2.5) | 46 (9.1) | |
Other manufacturing | 3804 (41.1) | 146 (29.0) | |
TWA of DMF, n (%) ǁ | <0.001 | ||
Low | 5439 (58.8) | 134 (26.6) | |
Moderate | 3233 (34.9) | 261 (51.8) | |
High | 580 (6.3) | 109 (21.6) | |
Urine concentration of NMF, n (%) ǁ | <0.001 | ||
Low | 3013 (32.5) | 90 (17.9) | |
Moderate | 6151 (66.4) | 386 (76.6) | |
High | 95 (2.2) | 28 (5.6) | |
Years of employment, years (SD) | 7.78 (9.02) | 1.61 (2.06) | <0.001 |
Characteristics | Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
OR | (95% CI) | OR | (95% CI) | OR | (95% CI) | ||||
Group | |||||||||
Native workers | Reference | Reference | Reference | ||||||
Migrant workers | 7.31 | (4.66–11.45) | 1.72 | (1.01–2.94) | 1.12 | (0.65–1.94) | |||
Sex | |||||||||
Male | 0.94 | (0.59–1.50) | 1.52 | (0.92–2.50) | 1.64 | (0.97–2.76) | |||
Female | Reference | Reference | Reference | ||||||
Age group | |||||||||
20–29 years | Reference | Reference | Reference | ||||||
30–39 years | 0.69 | (0.4–1.2) | 0.53 | (0.30–0.94) | 0.54 | (0.30–0.97) | |||
40–49 years | 1.46 | (0.88–2.45) | 0.80 | (0.45–1.42) | 0.73 | (0.39–1.34) | |||
≥50 years | 2.74 | (1.70–4.42) | .89 | (0.50–1.60) | 1.06 | (0.57–1.96) | |||
Number of workers | |||||||||
<5 | 8.50 | (3.77–19.15) | 11.44 | (5.00–26.18) | |||||
5–50 | 4.52 | (2.87–7.13) | 3.39 | (2.13–5.38) | |||||
≥50 | Reference | Reference | |||||||
Types of industries/Manufacturer of | |||||||||
Rubber and plastic products | 2.06 | (1.07–3.99) | 0.93 | (0.48–1.83) | |||||
Wearing apparel | 3.64 | (1.57–8.44) | 1.77 | (0.76–4.11) | |||||
Textiles | 3.51 | (1.81–6.82) | 1.71 | (0.87–3.38) | |||||
Chemicals and chemical products | 0.58 | (0.27–1.23) | 0.88 | (0.41–1.89) | |||||
Leather and related products | 18.10 | (9.87–33.21) | 7.32 | (3.95–13.56) | |||||
Other manufacturing | Reference | Reference | |||||||
TWA of DMF | |||||||||
Not detected or 0 | Reference | ||||||||
≤5 ppm | 7.65 | (3.19–18.35) | |||||||
>5 ppm | 36.03 | (14.61–88.83) | |||||||
Years of employment | 0.92 | (0.88–0.96) |
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Lee, K.-E.; Park, K.; Park, D.J.; Park, S. Vulnerable Factors Affecting Urinary N-Methylformamide Concentration among Migrant Workers in Manufacturing Industries in Comparison with Native Workers in the Republic of Korea (2012–2019). Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19, 13450. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192013450
Lee K-E, Park K, Park DJ, Park S. Vulnerable Factors Affecting Urinary N-Methylformamide Concentration among Migrant Workers in Manufacturing Industries in Comparison with Native Workers in the Republic of Korea (2012–2019). International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2022; 19(20):13450. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192013450
Chicago/Turabian StyleLee, Kyung-Eun, Kayoung Park, Dong Joon Park, and Sungkyun Park. 2022. "Vulnerable Factors Affecting Urinary N-Methylformamide Concentration among Migrant Workers in Manufacturing Industries in Comparison with Native Workers in the Republic of Korea (2012–2019)" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 20: 13450. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192013450