The Role of Emotion-Related Abilities in the Quality of Life of Breast Cancer Survivors: A Systematic Review
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methods
Study Selection
3. Results
4. Discussion
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Random Sequence Generation | Allocation Concealment | Blinding of Participants and Personnel | Blinding of Outcome Data | Incomplete Outcome Data | Selective Reporting | Other Bias | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Guil et al., 2020 [30] | + | - | - | ? | ? | + | - |
Karademas et al., 2007 [45] | - | - | - | ? | ? | + | - |
Wen et al., 2017 [46] | - | - | ? | ? | - | - | - |
Low et al., 2006 [47] | - | - | - | ? | - | - | - |
Bellizzi et al., 2006 [48] | + | + | + | ? | + | + | - |
Cheng et al., 2019 [49] | - | - | - | ? | - | + | - |
Boehmer et al., 2013 [50] | - | - | - | ? | - | - | - |
Lu et al., 2018 [51] | + | + | + | ? | - | - | - |
Gall, 2000 [52] | - | - | - | ? | - | - | - |
Mishel et al., 2005 [53] | + | + | - | ? | - | + | - |
Johns et al., 2020 [54] | + | ? | - | ? | ? | + | - |
Chu et al., 2019 [55] | - | - | - | ? | - | + | - |
Carpenter et al., 2014 [56] | + | ? | - | ? | - | + | - |
Beatty et al., 2010 [57] | + | ? | - | ? | - | + | + |
Levkovich et al., 2018 [58] | - | - | - | ? | - | + | - |
McGinty et al., 2015 [59] | + | - | ? | ? | - | - | - |
Karademas et al., 2007 [60] | - | - | - | ? | - | - | - |
Fischer et al., 2013 [61] | - | - | - | ? | - | - | + |
Achimas-Cadariu et al., 2015 [62] | - | + | - | ? | - | - | - |
Charlier et al., 2012 [63] | - | - | - | ? | - | - | - |
Cohee et al., 2021 [64] | - | - | - | ? | ? | + | - |
Perez-Tejada et al., 2019 [65] | - | - | - | ? | ? | + | - |
Radin et al., 2021 [66] | - | - | - | ? | - | - | - |
Kolokotroni et al., 2018 [67] | - | - | - | ? | ? | + | - |
Lan et al., 2018 [68] | - | - | - | ? | - | + | - |
Romeo et al., 2019 [69] | - | - | - | ? | ? | + | - |
Lu et al., 2018 [70] | - | - | - | ? | - | - | + |
Ridner et al., 2020 [71] | + | - | - | ? | ? | + | - |
Lelorain et al., 2011 [72] | - | - | ? | ? | - | - | - |
Lyons et al., 2015 [73] | ? | ? | - | ? | - | - | + |
Wonghongkul, et al., 2006 [74] | - | - | - | ? | ? | + | - |
Raque-Bogdan, 2016 [75] | - | - | - | ? | - | - | - |
Arambasic et al., 2018 [76] | - | - | - | ? | - | - | - |
Author | Study Design | Sample | Study Aim | Outcomes of Interest | Quality of Life Area |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Guil et al., 2020 [30] | Cross sectional research | 167 breast cancer survivors | Correlational study to find the specific processes through which the dimensions of Perceived Emotional Intelligence (PEI) (Emotional Attention, Emotional Clarity, and Mood Repair) can act as a risk or protective factor in the development of resilience | Breast cancer survival and PEI predicted 28% of the variance of resilience. The direct effects showed that emotional clarity and mood repair increased resilience levels; emotional attention played a role in vulnerability, decreasing mood repair, and resilience | Emotional |
Karademas et al., 2007 [45] | Cross-sectional study | 92 breast cancer survivors who had undergone mastectomy | Path analysis on the predictive relationships between self-efficacy, coping, stress, time since diagnosis and since mastectomy, and optimism | Illness-related stress exerted influence on optimism through coping, whereas self-efficacy exerted influence both directly and through coping. Both main coping strategies predicted optimism (positive reappraisal positively and behavioral avoidance negatively) | Emotional |
Wen et al., 2017 [46] | Cross sectional study | 148 breast cancer survivors | To investigate the extent to which coping strategies, psychosocial distress (perceived stress and depression), and social support were associated with benefit finding | Active coping and depressive symptoms accounted for 20% of the variance in benefit finding | Emotional, Cognitive |
Low et al., 2006 [47] | Longitudinal design | 558 breast cancer survivors | - To examine emotional approach coping (EAC) strategies and other coping processes as predictors of adjustment over time in women who had recently completed medical treatment for breast cancer - To explore the effects of contextual stressful life events on adjustment over time To examine whether the context in which cancer occurs might influence the predictive value of coping processes on distress | - EAC and other approach-oriented strategies are associated with better general and cancer-specific adjustment, whereas avoidance-oriented coping (i.e., denial) is associated with adverse psychosocial outcome - Lower contextual life stress and greater use of EAC were each associated with greater vitality at baseline Greater EAC was significantly associated with lower CES–D scores at baseline - Greater use of EAC was related to higher PTGI scores as was Positive Reframing, Religious coping, and Problem-Focused coping - In the context of low life stress, the use of more EAC predicted an increase in vitality at 6-months, whereas lower EAC predicted lower vitality - At 12-months, significant cancer-specific EAC was significantly associated with vitality among women who had experienced lower levels of contextual life stress - Greater use of cancer-specific EAC at baseline was associated with a decrease in depressive symptoms, whereas lower EAC scores predicted more depressive symptoms - In the context of higher life stress, this effect was reversed. Greater denial was significantly associated with an increase in depressive symptoms at 6-months - At 12-months, EAC predicted a decrease in depressive symptoms when women had experienced relatively low levels of stressful life events - At 12-months, greater use of cancer-specific denial coping at baseline predicted more cancer-specific distress | Emotional, Social, Spiritual |
Bellizzi et al., 2006 [48] | Cross sectional study | 224 breast cancer survivors | To examine contextual, disease-related, and intraindividual predictors of posttraumatic growth | Age at diagnosis, marital status, employment, education, perceived intensity of disease, and active coping accounted for 34%, 35%, and 28% of the variance in growth in relationships with others, new possibilities, and appreciation for life. | Social, Emotional |
Cheng et al., 2019 [49] | A three-wave longitudinal study | 248 breast cancer survivors | Participants completed a package of psychological inventories to evaluate cancer coping style, psychological distress, anxiety and depression, and quality of life | Two cancer-coping classes were identified through LPA, namely adaptive and maladaptive cancer coping. The identified cancer-coping styles predicted survivors′ psychological symptoms, psychological well-being, and health-related quality of life | Emotional |
Boehmer et al., 2013 [50] | Cross sectional study | 180 lesbian and bisexual breast cancer survivors | To determine differences between lesbian and bisexual cancer survivors to examine whether sexual minority–specific issues contribute to these survivors′ adjustment | Preoccupation coping was associated with worse mental health, more social support, more fatalism, or fighting spirit coping and better future perspective was associated with lower depression. Hopelessness coping was associated with more depression symptoms. Fighting spirit coping and better future perspective related to less anxiety | Emotional |
Lu et al., 2018 [51] | Randomized controlled trial with three arms | 136 breast cancer survivors | To examine the impact of expressive writing on quality of life | The enhanced self-regulation condition had a large and statistically significant effect, and the self-regulation condition had a small effect on quality-of-life improvement compared with the cancer-fact group | Emotional, Social, Cognitive, Physical |
Gall, 2000 [52] | Cross sectional study | 52 breast cancer survivors | To explore the role of religious resources in long-term adjustment to breast cancer | Various experiences of relationship with God (e.g., presence) were related to more positive appraisals of the current cancer situation as well as to the greater use of the nonreligious coping behavior of focusing on the positive. The same coping behavior, for example religious avoidance, could be related to both positive and negative appraisals of the cancer situation. Religious resources, but not nonreligious resources predicted emotional and spiritual well-being for long-term breast cancer survivors | Emotional, Spiritual |
Mishel et al., 2005 [53] | Randomized controlled trial | 509 breast cancer survivors (360 Caucasian, 149 African–American women) | To test the efficacy of a “uncertainty management” intervention, focused on augmenting the usage of active vs. passive coping strategies | Training in active coping skills resulted in improvements in cognitive reframing, cancer knowledge, patient–health care provider communication, and coping skills | Cognitive, Social |
Johns et al., 2020 [54] | Evidence-based interventions | 91 breast cancer survivors | Intervention to examine the feasibility and preliminary efficacy of group-based acceptance commitment therapy (ACT, focused on coping strategies) for fear of recurrence and quality of life, compared with survivor education and usual care | All interventions improve fear of recurrence and quality of life but ACT obtained better results in the same constructs than both survivor education and usual care | Emotional |
Chu et al., 2019 [55] | Experimental study | 96 breast cancer survivors | Participants were involved in expressive writing, three groups: writing about stress coping and finding benefits vs. emotional disclosure vs. objective cancer facts | Coping and cancer facts writing groups had fewer PTSD symptoms than emotional disclosure group | Emotional |
Carpenter et al., 2014 [56] | Randomized waitlist-controlled trial | 132 breast cancer survivors | To develop an online cognitive behavioral stress management intervention for early-stage breast cancer survivors and evaluate its effectiveness | Higher self-efficacy for coping with cancer and for regulating negative mood and lower levels of cancer-related post-traumatic symptoms were found in the experimental group | Emotional |
Beatty et al., 2010 [57] | Randomized controlled trial; intervention and control group tested at baseline and at 3 and 6 months after | 40 breast cancer survivors | To test the effect of an intervention based on a self-help workbook for improving adjustment for breast cancer survivors | Control participants used less venting coping than workbook ones. Reliable change indices showed a trend towards a protective effect across all coping measures for workbook participants | Emotional |
Levkovich et al., 2018 [58] | Cross sectional study | 170 breast cancer survivors, stages I–III, 1–12 months post-chemotherapy | - To examine the nature of the symptom cluster of emotional distress, fatigue, and cognitive difficulties. (BCS); - To assess the mediating role of subjective stress and coping strategies (emotional control and meaning-focused coping) in the association between age and symptom cluster | Emotional control was negatively associated with distress and meaning-focused coping was negatively associated with distress and fatigue | Emotional, Physical |
McGinty et al., 2015 [59] | Longitudinal study | 161 breast cancer survivors | To assess and predict fear of cancer recurrence during a critical event in cancer survivorship | Cognitive Behavioral Model variables, including risk, severity, coping self-efficacy beliefs, and reassurance-seeking behaviors, were significant predictors of lower fear of recurrence | Emotional, Cognitive |
Karademas et al., 2007 [60] | Cross sectional study | 103 Greek breast cancer survivors and 100 comparison group | To investigate the association of cancer-related stress and coping with psychological health (and especially with those aspects of psychological health exhibiting a significant difference between breast cancer survivors and healthy controls) | Cancer-related stress and coping explained an additional 26% of the somatic symptom variance, 25% of the anxiety variance, 24% of the social dysfunction variance, as well as 29% of the depression variance. They also explained an additional 32% of the overall GHQ score variance. Depressive symptoms were positively predicted by stress and behavioural avoidance, and negatively by the use of social support. Behavioural avoidance was positively predicted by stress | Social, Emotional |
Fischer et al., 2013 [61] | Cross sectional and longitudinal study | 57 breast cancer survivors | - To analyze to what degree illness perceptions and coping are associated with psychological distress in women who wish to participate in a psycho-educational group intervention for breast cancer survivor -To examine how participants′ illness perceptions, coping style, and distress change after participating in the intervention. To investigate to what extent distress at follow-up is related to baseline values and changes in illness perceptions and coping style | - Distress was positively related to beliefs about the consequences of breast cancer, chronic timeline, cyclical timeline, and emotional representations. An inverse association was observed between distress and illness coherence - Problem-focused coping was related to higher scores for support seeking/venting of emotions and acceptance - Greater use of avoidance as a coping strategy was strongly related to higher distress scores, whereas acceptance was inversely related to distress - A linear trend was observed for social support seeking/venting of emotions for which mean scores declined steadily over time. Avoidance and acceptance showed a quadratic trend in that they were used more often directly after the programme, but less frequently after 1 year. Problem-focused coping scores did not change between the three assessment points - Greater use of avoidance at baseline was associated with higher distress at T2. Interestingly, whereas the use of acceptance as coping strategy at baseline was related to lower distress 1-year after start of the course (T3), an increase in the use of acceptance over time (change score) was related to greater distress at T3 | Emotional, Cognitive |
Achimas-Cadariu et al., 2015 [62] | Cross sectional study | 51 breast cancer survivors and 59 control group | - To compare multidimensional constructs of quality of life, emotional distress, anxiety, and cognitive coping status of women with premalignant and malignant breast disease during the survival stage and healthy control group; - To identify the potential effect of breast cancer and psychosocial predictors on quality of life, effects adjusted for covariates | Statistically significant negative effect of emotional distress and of the catastrophizing coping strategy on quality of life | Emotional, Social, Cognitive, Physical |
Charlier et al., 2012 [63] | Cross sectional study | 440 breast cancer survivors | To cluster cancer survivors according to their symptoms and psychosocial variables with the aim to identify survivors with a homogenous psychosocial profile. To look for differences in physical activity level and supportive care needs for physical activity among the resulting clusters | - Women in cluster 1 (low distress-active approach) were using more problem-oriented coping - Women in cluster 4 (high distress-emotional approach) used emotional coping more than the other clusters - Women in cluster 2 (low distress-resigned approach) reported significant lower levels of problem-oriented and avoidance coping, but were using significant less emotional coping - Women from cluster 3 (high distress-active approach) were frequently using problem-oriented and avoidance coping strategies -Women in cluster 1 and 2 had significantly less quality-of-life issues than the other two clusters in several areas such as fatigue, body image, self-esteem, and personal and treatment control | Cognitive, Emotional |
Cohee et al., 2021 [64] | Cross sectional study | 1127 breast cancer survivors who were 3 to 8 years post-diagnosis | Multiple mediation analyses were conducted to determine whether avoidant coping mediated the relationship between each distress variable and each well-being variable | Avoidant coping significantly mediated the relationship between each well-being variable and each distress indicator. Avoidant coping mediated 19–54% of the effects of the contributing factors on the distress variables | Emotional |
Perez-Tejada et al., 2019 [65] | Cross-sectional descriptive design | 54 breast cancer survivors | Pilot study to determine whether different coping strategies are associated with differences in psychological distress, cortisol, and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-a) levels in breast cancer survivors | Passive coping strategies were associated with higher psychological distress, cortisol, and TNF-a levels | Physical, Emotional |
Radin et al., 2021 [66] | Cross sectional study | 171 breast cancer survivors | To examine correlations between executive functions (EF), coping, and depressive symptoms in breast cancer survivors. To longitudinally test the hypothesis that coping mediates the relationship between EF and depressive symptoms | EFs were correlated with avoidant coping. In longitudinal analyses, use of the avoidant strategy behavioral disengagement at 1-year mediated the association between objective and subjective EFs at 6 months and depressive symptoms at 2 years | Emotional |
Kolokotroni et al., 2018 [67] | Cross sectional study | 125 breast cancer survivors | Investigated the mediating psychological pathways through which social constraints on cancer-related disclosure, low optimism, disengagement-oriented coping, and brooding could be associated with low levels of psychosocial adjustment | Disengagement-oriented coping and brooding (indicator of rumination thinking), partially mediated the relationship between social constraints and adjustment | Emotional, Cognitive, Social |
Lan et al., 2018 [68] | Cross-sectional study | 124 breast cancer survivors | Survey to assess the relationship between illness perception, coping style, functional exercise adherence, and demographic and illness-related characteristics | Dysfunctional coping strategies were negatively associated with treatment control | Physical (adherence to treatment and exercise) |
Romeo et al., 2019 [69] | Cross sectional study | 123 breast cancer survivors | To analyze both positive and negative outcomes after cancer diagnosis, through an extensive analysis of different potentially relating factors, which can be deeply associated with the patients′ ability to manage the disease | “Fatalism” coping strategy and perceived social support were two significant predictors of post traumatic growth. The “Helpless-Hopeless” and “Anxious Preoccupation” coping strategies, as well as an insecure attachment style, were significant predictors of depression, while the “Anxious Preoccupation” coping strategy and an insecure attachment style were significant predictors of anxiety | Emotional |
Lu et al., 2018 [70] | Cross sectional study | 103 breast cancer survivors | To examine the longitudinal effects of expressive suppression, ambivalence over emotional expression (i.e., inner conflict over emotional expression), and cognitive reappraisal on quality of life | Ambivalence over emotional expression was associated with lower follow-up quality of life above and beyond the effect of expressive suppression. Cognitive reappraisal moderated the relations between expressive suppression and follow-up quality of life | Emotional, Social, Cognitive, Physical |
Ridner et al., 2020 [71] | Experimental study | 160 breast cancer survivors with lymphedema | To compare a web-multimedia intervention that included information on coping strategies with an informational pamphlet to improve well-being | No significant differences between the groups; the role of coping strategies is unclear as they were one of multiple contents of the web-based intervention | / |
Lelorain et al., 2011 [72] | Cross sectional study | 298 breast cancer survivors and 132 comparison group | To explore this issue by comparing quality-of-life prediction between cancer survivors and a comparison group | -Substance abuse and active coping lead to decreased quality of life - Although not significant, a negative relation between active coping and mental quality of life is reported; authors speculate that active coping may sometimes be exhausting | Emotional, Social, Cognitive, Physical |
Lyons et al., 2015 [73] | Two experimental studies | 31 breast cancer survivors | To develop and pilot test an intervention to optimize functional recovery for breast cancer survivors | Reductions in self-blame were associated with reductions in depression. The change scores for the other three coping styles were not correlated with changes in quality of life, depression, or anxiety | Emotional |
Wonghongkul, et al., 2006 [74] | Cross sectional study | 150 breast cancer survivors | -To explore the levels of uncertainty in illness, types of stress appraisal, types of coping, and levels of quality of life in breast cancer survivors - To examine predictors of quality of life in breast cancer survivors including uncertainty in illness, stress appraisal, and coping | Distancing coping predict quality of life; seeking social support reduces stress among breast cancer survivors | Social, Emotional |
Raque-Bogdan, 2016 [75] | Cross sectional study | 275 breast cancer survivors | To test a model of well-being recovery. Structural equation modeling was used to examine relationships between affect, loneliness, self-compassion, self-efficacy for coping with cancer, well-being, and life satisfaction | Coping efficacy was a consistent mediator in the path sequences from positive affect, negative affect, and loneliness to emotional well-being and life satisfaction | Emotional |
Arambasic et al., 2018 [76] | Cross sectional research | 82 breast cancer survivors | To extend the association between attachment styles and psychological adjustment to the context of long-term breast cancer survivors and to determine whether lower self-compassion underlies this association | Higher attachment anxiety and attachment avoidance were significantly and positively associated with stress and perceived negative impact of cancer. Significant indirect effects of attachment anxiety and attachment avoidance (on both stress and perceived negative impact of cancer) through lower self-compassion | Emotional |
Author | Quality of Life or Related Variables′ Tools |
---|---|
Guil et al., 2020 [30] | - Wagnild and Young Resilience Scale (range = 25–175; Non-resilience (25–74); Low resilience (75–100); Average resilience (101–125); High resilience (126–150), and Very high resilience (151–175) |
Karademas et al., 2007 [45] | - Personal Optimism Scale from the Questionnaire for the Assessment of Personal Optimism and Social Optimism-Extended, range = 8–32 with higher scores indicating higher optimism |
Wen et al., 2017 [46] | - The Perceived Stress Scale (range = 0–56, with higher scores indicating greater overall stress) - A scale for benefit finding with range = 1–5 and higher score indicating higher benefit finding - The Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ), score 0–27 with higher score indicating higher depression |
Low et al., 2006 [47] | - Vitality subscale from the Medical Outcomes Study Short Form (SF–36). range = 0–100 with higher scores indicating lower vitality issues - The Center for Epidemiologic Studies–Depression Scale (CES–D), range = 0–88 with higher scores indicating higher depression - The Revised Impact of Event Scale (IES–R), range = 0–88 with higher scores indicating more distressing cancer-specific intrusive thoughts, avoidance, and hyperarousal - Post-Traumatic Growth Inventory (PTGI), (range = 0–105, with high scores indicating positive growth) |
Bellizzi et al., 2006 [48] | - Post-traumatic Growth Inventory (range = 0–105, with high scores indicating positive growth) |
Cheng et al., 2019 [49] | - Distress Thermometer - Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (range = 0–21, with a score of 8 or more suggesting a clinically significant level of depression/anxiety symptoms) - 36-Item Short Form Survey (Health) (range = 0–10, with higher score indicating better health) |
Boehmer et al., 2013 [50] | The European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer, Quality of Life Questionnaire-Breast Cancer (EORTC QoL-BR23) (range = 0–100; a high score for functional scales and for Global Health Status/QoL represent better functioning ability or HRQoL, whereas a high score for symptom scales and single items represents significant symptomatology) |
Lu et al., 2018 [51] | - Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy general scale (FACT-G), range = 0–108 with higher scores indicating higher quality of life |
Gall, 2000 [52] | - Spiritual Well-Being Scale (SWBS) (ranges = 20–120, with a higher score representing greater spiritual well-being) - Brief Symptom Inventory (BSI) (range = 0–212 as a global index was used, with higher scores indicating higher psychological distress) - Life Satisfaction Questionnaire (LSQ) (unclear source, but an average score of 9 items) |
Mishel et al., 2005 [53] | - Self-control schedule (two subscales used both with range = 10–100 with higher scores indicating higher cognitive reframing and problems solving, respectively) - Patient/Provider Communication Scale (range = 5–25, with higher scores indicating a greater degree of communication) |
Johns et al., 2020 [54] | - Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS) Global Health Scale—eight items were used, two subscales both range = 4–20 with higher scores indicating higher physical and mental health, respectively - Fear of Cancer Recurrence Inventory–Short Form (range = 0–36, with higher scores indicating greater fear of cancer recurrence) |
Chu et al., 2019 [55] | - Symptom Scale—Self report (range = 0–51, with high score indicating more severe symptoms) |
Carpenter et al., 2014 [56] | - Cancer Behavior Inventory v2.0 (range = 33–297, higher score indicates more confidence the patient had in his or her ability to perform a specific behavior related to coping with cancer now or some time in the near future’) - Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy-Breast (range = 0–28, higher score indicates better social and functional well-being) - The Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS), range of both scales = 10–50 with higher scores indicating more positive affect for the first scale and more negative affect for the second scale - The Revised Impact of Event Scale (IES–R) (range = 0–88, with higher scores indicating more distressing cancer-specific intrusive thoughts, avoidance, and hyperarousal) - Benefit Finding Scale (range = 17–85, with higher score indicating a higher degree of benefit finding) |
Beatty et al., 2010 [57] | - Posttraumatic Stress Scale-Self Report (range = 0–51, with higher scores indicating better functioning - European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer Quality of Life Core Questionnaire (range = 0–100; a high score for functional scales and for Global Health Status/QoL represents better functioning ability or HRQoL, whereas a high score for symptom scales and single items represents significant symptomatology) |
Levkovich et al., 2018 [58] | - Subjective Stress Scale (range = 0–10, with higher score indicating higher stress) - Fatigue Symptom Inventory (range = 0–140, higher scores indicate a higher level of fatigue) - Brief Symptom Inventory—two scales were used, both with range = 0–24 with higher scores indicating higher anxiety and depression respectively - EORTC quality of life questionnaire (range = 0–100; with a high score for functional scales and for Global Health Status/QoL represents better functioning ability or HRQoL, whereas a high score for symptom scales and single items represents significant symptomatology) |
McGinty et al., 2015 [59] | - Consequences subscale of the Revised Illness Perception Questionnaire (range = 6–30 with higher score meaning more serious expected consequences of the illness) - Brief Cancer Behavior Inventory (range = 9–126 with higher score meaning higher ability to cope with cancer)- Behavior subscale of the Health Anxiety Questionnaire (range = 4–12 with higher score meaning higher reassurance-seeking behavior) - Visual analogue scale (VASs) - The CancerWorry Scale (CWS) (range = 8–32, higher scores indicate more frequent worries about cancer) |
Karademas et al., 2007 [60] | - Personal Optimism Scale from the Questionnaire for the Assessment of Personal Optimism and Social Optimism-Extended, range = 8–32 with higher scores indicating higher optimism - Resilience Self-efficacy Scale (range = 7–28 with higher scores indicating higher resilience self-efficacy) |
Fischer et al., 2013 [61] | - The 25-item Hopkins Symptom Check List (HSCL-25), range 1–4 with higher scores indicating higher distress related to one’s illness and a cut-off of 1.75 indicating clinically relevant distress (in the reviewed paper, the authors used sum of the items and a cut-off of 39 for “elevated distress”) - The Illness Perception Questionnaire-Revised (IPQ-R) (eight subscales used)—all subscales have range = 1–5 besides the Illness identity subscale that has range = 0–14. Higher scores indicate stronger perception of specific aspects of one’s illness, e.g., self-efficacy to manage it, variability and predictability of symptoms, negative emotions, etc. |
Achimas-Cadariu et al., 2015 [62] | - Beck Depression Inventory-Second Edition (BDI-II) (range = 0–63, with higher score indicating severe depression) - The Endler Multidimensional Anxiety Scales (EMAS), composed by three scales each composed by other subscales; EMAS-S for state anxiety and EMAS-T for trait anxiety (range of any subscale = 1–75 with higher scores indicating lower anxiety) and EMAS-P for anxiety towards specific threats (ranges = 0–5 with higher scores indicating higher anxiety) - Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy-Breast (FACT-B) (range = 0–164, with higher scores indicating better quality of life). |
Charlier et al., 2012 [63] | - The European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer, Quality of Life Questionnaire-Breast Cancer (EORTC QoL-BR23) (range = 0–100; a high score for functional scales and for Global Health Status/QoL represent better functioning ability or HRQoL, whereas a high score for symptom scales and single items represents significant symptomatology) - Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy—Fatigue questionnaire, range = 13–65 with higher score indicating increased fatigue - Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS), (range = 0–21, with a score of 8 or more suggesting a clinically significant level of depression/anxiety symptoms - The Illness Perception Questionnaire-Revised (IPQ-R); all subscales have range = 1–5 besides the Illness identity subscale that has range = 0–14. Higher scores indicate stronger perception of specific aspects of one’s illness, e.g., self-efficacy to manage it, variability and predictability of symptoms, negative emotions, etc. |
Cohee et al., 2021 [64] | - Center for Epidemiological Studies–Depression scale (range = 0–60, with higher scores indicating more serious symptoms. A cut-off score of 16 suggests that individuals are at risk for clinical depression) |
Perez-Tejada et al., 2019 [65] | - Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) (range = 0–21, with a score of 8 or more suggesting a clinically/significant level of depression/anxiety symptoms) - Cortisol (stress level) |
Radin et al., 2021 [66] | - Higher level cognitive complaints subscale of the Patient’s Assessment of Own Functioning Inventory (PAOFI), range = 1–6 with higher scores indicating more complaints related to executive functioning - The Beck Depression Inventory (BDI-II), with the subsequent cut offs: 0–13, mini- mal depression; 14–19, mild depression; 20–28, moderate depression; and 29–63, severe depression |
Kolokotroni et al., 2018 [67] | -.Psychosocial Adjustment to Illness Scale–Self-Report, a total score was computed with -range = 0–100 with higher scores indicating higher psychosocial adjustment - Social Constraints Scale (range = 15–60, where the higher the score, the more the social constraints) |
Lan et al., 2018 [68] | - Functional Exercise Adherence Scale (FEAS) for Postoperative Breast Cancer Survivors composed by three subscales: “adherence to physical exercise”, range = 9–45; “adherence to seeking advice”, range = 4–20; “adherence to following precautions”, range 5–25, all with higher scores indicating higher adherence - The Illness Perception Questionnaire-Revised (IPQ-R); all subscales have range = 1–5 besides the Illness identity subscale that has range = 0–14. Higher scores indicate stronger perception of specific aspects of one’s illness, e.g., self-efficacy to manage it, variability and predictability of symptoms, negative emotions, etc. |
Romeo et al., 2019 [69] | - Post-Traumatic Growth Inventory (range = 0–105, with high scores indicating positive growth) - Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (range = 0–21, with a score of 8 or more suggesting a clinically significant level of depression/anxiety symptoms) |
Lu et al., 2018 [70] | - Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy (FACT-G) - Emotional Expressivity Questionnaire (AEQ) (range = 22–154, with higher scores indicating higher tendency to express emotions) |
Ridner et al., 2020 [71] | Lymphedema Symptom Intensity and Distress Scale–Arm (LSIDS-A) (range 1–100), in which individual weighted values are subsequently average to reach an overall index of symptom burden Profile of Mood States-Short Form (POMS-SF) (range 0–100); responses are summed to provide a total mood disturbance score Perceived Medical Condition Self-Management Scale (range = 8–40 with higher scores indicating higher health competence) 19-item Medical Outcomes Study Social Support Survey (MOS Social Support Survey) (range 1–95), with higher scores indicating greater levels of social support |
Lelorain et al., 2011 [72] | - Visual analogue scale (VASs) - Bruchon-Schweitzer social support questionnaire (source unclear on exact range; 16 items and four subscales with higher scores indicating higher social support; only the total score was used) - Medical Outcome Study Short Form-36 (MOS SF-36) (multiple scales with multiple response types on different areas related to patient reported outcomes; higher scores in a given area indicate higher issues for the patient) |
Lyons et al., 2015 [73] | - The Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy-Breast Cancer + Arm Morbidity (FACT-B+4), (range = 0–164, with higher scores indicating better quality of life). - The Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS), (range = 0–21, with a score of 8 or more suggesting a clinically significant level of depression/anxiety symptoms) |
Wonghongkul, et al., 2006 [74] | - Stress Appraisal Index composed by three scales all with range 0–10 with higher scores indicating higher appraisal of stress in terms of harm, threat, and challenge, respectively - Quality of Life: Breast Cancer Version Questionnaire (range = 0–460; a higher score indicates higher quality of life) |
Raque-Bogdan, 2016 [75] | - The Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS), range of both scales = 10–50 with higher scores indicating more positive affect for the first scale and more negative affect for the second scale - Cancer Behavior Inventory—Brief Version (CBI-B), range = 9–126 with higher score meaning higher ability to cope with cancer - The emotional well-being subscale of Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy—Breast Cancer Version (FACT-B), range = 0–20 with higher scores indicating higher emotional well-being - Satisfaction with Life Scale (SWLS), range = 5–35 with higher scores indicating higher satisfaction with life |
Arambasic et al., 2018 [76] | - 20-item Negative Impact Summary scale of the Impact of Cancer scale Version 2 (negative IOC), range = 1–5 with higher scores indicating a more negative impact of cancer |
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Durosini, I.; Triberti, S.; Savioni, L.; Sebri, V.; Pravettoni, G. The Role of Emotion-Related Abilities in the Quality of Life of Breast Cancer Survivors: A Systematic Review. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19, 12704. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191912704
Durosini I, Triberti S, Savioni L, Sebri V, Pravettoni G. The Role of Emotion-Related Abilities in the Quality of Life of Breast Cancer Survivors: A Systematic Review. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2022; 19(19):12704. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191912704
Chicago/Turabian StyleDurosini, Ilaria, Stefano Triberti, Lucrezia Savioni, Valeria Sebri, and Gabriella Pravettoni. 2022. "The Role of Emotion-Related Abilities in the Quality of Life of Breast Cancer Survivors: A Systematic Review" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 19: 12704. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191912704