Evaluation of Heat Stress Levels Inside Greenhouses during Summer in Korea
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Design
2.2. Data Collection
2.2.1. Sampling Inside and Outside Greenhouses
2.2.2. Automated Synoptic Observing System (ASOS) Data
2.3. Data Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Comparison of ASOS Data and Dry-Bulb Temperatures Inside and Outside Greenhouses by Month
3.2. Comparison of WBGT Levels Inside and Outside Greenhouses and the Dry-Bulb Temperature from ASOS Data
3.2.1. WBGT Levels Inside and Outside Greenhouses
3.2.2. Time-Series Comparison between Greenhouse WBGT and the Dry-Bulb Temperature from ASOS Data
3.3. Greenhouse WBGT Levels by Time Period
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Sampling Date | Sampling Time (h) | Product | Task | Region (a) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Year | Month | Day | ||||
2020 | 6 | 10–12 | 50 | Zucchini | Harvesting, Packing | N |
16–18 | 52 | Cucumber | Harvesting | W | ||
22–24 | 47 | Zucchini | Plowing | N | ||
26–29 | 72 | Cucumber | Rowing | W | ||
7 | 1–3 | 48 | Zucchini | Vinyl removal | N | |
7–9 | 47 | Cucumber | Rowing | N | ||
10–13 | 71 | Zucchini | Spraying fertilizer | N | ||
15–17 | 50 | Cucumber | Harvesting | W | ||
21–23 | 51 | Zucchini | Installing shading net | N | ||
8 | 4–6 | 45 | Red pepper | Vinyl removal | N | |
12–14 | 45 | Cherry tomato | Harvesting | W | ||
19–21 | 49 | Red pepper | Suckering | N | ||
9 | 17–21 | 93 | Red pepper | Spraying pesticide | N | |
2021 | 6 | 18–21 | 71 | Cucumber | Planting | W |
23–25 | 43 | Zucchini | Harvesting | W | ||
7 | 13–15 | 47 | Zucchini | Harvesting | W | |
19–21 | 47 | Cucumber | Harvesting | W | ||
23–26 | 70 | Zucchini | Stem removal | W | ||
29–8/2 | 93 | Cucumber | Harvesting | W | ||
8 | 10–12 | 47 | Zucchini | Greenhouse maintenance | W | |
17–20 | 58 | Cucumber | Harvesting | W | ||
9 | 14–16 | 47 | Cucumber | Harvesting | W |
Year | Month | Greenhouse | ASOS (c) | p(b) | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Inside | Outside | |||||||||||||
Dry-Bulb Temperature (°C) | Dry-Bulb Temperature (°C) | Dry-Bulb Temperature (°C) | Relative Humidity (%) | |||||||||||
n (a) | AM ± SD | Min–Max | n(a) | AM ± SD | Min-Max | n | AM ± SD | Min-Max | n | AM ± SD | Min-Max | |||
2020 | 06 | 221 | 26.4 ± 6.0 | 17.6–46.2 | NA | NA | NA | 221 | 24.0 ± 3.1 | 18.7–31.5 | 221 | 77.2 ± 16.4 | 36.0–99.0 | <0.001 |
07 | 267 | 27.1 ± 5.8 | 17.6–43.3 | 219 | 24.0 ± 3.2 | 19.2–32.8 | 267 | 23.4 ± 2.6 | 19.0–30.0 | 267 | 86.7 ± 12.4 | 51.0–99.0 | <0.001 | |
08 | 139 | 30.3 ± 6.0 | 22.5–45.7 | 94 | 28.2 ± 4.1 | 21.5–35.3 | 139 | 28.2 ± 2.5 | 24.1–33.9 | 139 | 83.0 ± 12.9 | 51.0–99.0 | <0.001 | |
09 | 93 | 21.2 ± 5.8 | 12.8–34.1 | 93 | 19.4 ± 5.1 | 11.0–28.2 | 93 | 19.6 ± 3.2 | 14.1–25.7 | 93 | 84.1 ± 17.6 | 41.0–99.0 | <0.001 | |
2021 | 06 | 114 | 24.4 ± 5.7 | 16.9–38.1 | 114 | 23.2 ± 4.7 | 17.0–33.1 | 114 | 22.8 ± 3.2 | 17.6–30.6 | 114 | 72.5 ± 15.7 | 33.0–94.0 | <0.001 |
07 | 251 | 29.4 ± 5.9 | 20.8–43.6 | 251 | 28.1 ± 4.2 | 20.7–38.2 | 251 | 28.7 ± 2.8 | 23.3–34.0 | 251 | 69.3 ± 13.5 | 42.0–96.0 | <0.05 | |
08 | 108 | 28.0 ± 7.0 | 19.9–45.7 | 108 | 25.7 ± 4.6 | 20.2–37.0 | 108 | 25.8 ± 3.1 | 20.8–33.4 | 108 | 71.9 ± 12.1 | 38.0–92.0 | <0.001 | |
09 | 48 | 25.1 ± 7.6 | 15.6–37.8 | 48 | 22.8 ± 5.2 | 15.4–31.5 | 48 | 23.7 ± 3.3 | 18.3–29.9 | 48 | 59.2 ± 9.2 | 44.0–73.0 | <0.05 |
Year | Month | WBGT (°C) in Greenhouse | WBGT (°C) Outside Greenhouse | p(b) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n(a) | AM ± SD | Min–Max | n (a) | AM ± SD | Min–Max | |||
2020 | 6 | 221 | 25.3 ± 5.1 | 17.6–39.1 | NA | NA | NA | NA |
7 | 267 | 25.5 ± 4.7 | 17.3–36.0 | 219 | 22.7 ± 3.7 | 14.8–32.1 | <0.001 | |
8 | 139 | 29.1 ± 4.8 | 22.4–41.2 | 94 | 27.5 ± 3.7 | 21.4–35.5 | <0.001 | |
9 | 93 | 20.9 ± 5.6 | 12.8–34.2 | 93 | 18.4 ± 3.9 | 10.9–25.0 | <0.001 | |
2021 | 6 | 114 | 23.7 ± 4.9 | 16.8–34.0 | 114 | 21.6 ± 2.9 | 16.9–28.3 | <0.001 |
7 | 251 | 28.0 ± 4.5 | 20.7–42.5 | 251 | 26.4 ± 3.3 | 20.3–40.2 | <0.001 | |
8 | 108 | 25.6 ± 4.5 | 19.7–35.8 | 108 | 24.2 ± 3.1 | 19.8–34.0 | <0.001 | |
9 | 48 | 23.5 ± 6.2 | 15.6–34.1 | 48 | 21.1 ± 4.3 | 15.1–30.1 | <0.001 |
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Jung, W.; Kim, H. Evaluation of Heat Stress Levels Inside Greenhouses during Summer in Korea. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19, 12497. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191912497
Jung W, Kim H. Evaluation of Heat Stress Levels Inside Greenhouses during Summer in Korea. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2022; 19(19):12497. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191912497
Chicago/Turabian StyleJung, Wongeon, and Hyocher Kim. 2022. "Evaluation of Heat Stress Levels Inside Greenhouses during Summer in Korea" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 19: 12497. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191912497