Experiences and Expectations of the Characteristics of Friendly Primary Health Services from the Perspective of Men: A Phenomenological Qualitative Study
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Design and Participants
2.2. Research Tool and Data Collection
2.3. Data Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Experiences with the Existing Primary Health Services
3.1.1. Provision of Health Services
Waiting Hours
“I see there are not many people, 2 to 3 patients only [waiting], after half an hour, and sometimes more than an hour; I still have to wait to be called. If I go (early) in the morning, the process is still not finished in the afternoon. It frequently happens to me.”(R10, 47 years old, laborer)
“When I go to a government health clinic, I go there in the morning, and yet in the afternoon [I am] still not finished. I do not know why; maybe too many patients.”(R5, 60 years old, retired)
“Out of the blue, my health card was lost [in the clinic card storage]. They will ask us back; when was the last time I came? For what [reason]? Then, the process of seeing doctors will be delayed due to [the] missing health card.”(R10, 47 years old, laborer)
Quality of Services
“There is no place to inform [about sexual health problems or issues]. Whom will people find? Consultant, the unqualified consultant who sells a product.”(R5, 60 years old, retiree)
Medication Supply
“Since a few years ago, I [have] occasionally had back pain. I noticed that with similar health complaints, different clinics may provide different types of medications, and I was not informed why I have been given different medication that for me [are] not as effective as [the] previous medication.”(R5, 60 years old, retired)
3.1.2. Health Promotion Delivery
Awareness
“For me, only when I feel severely ill will I go. If had a normal fever, maybe tomorrow [I will go]. If not, [maybe the] day after tomorrow; if bad, I will go.”(R14, 56 years old, fisherman)
“The problem is men, indeed. I know because I am a man. Only if we had it severe, at home or other places, collapsed, carried, then we will go.”(R12, 57 years old, government servant)
“There is none [sexual health services], there is none. That might be the reason why men do not want to go.”(R15, 55 years old, lorry driver)
“So far, I have not experienced [promotion]. What I saw, there is health promotion of female (sexual and reproductive) health services like cervical cancer. For men, I do not think so, but I am not sure if I did not notice of that.”(R10, 47 years old, laborer)
“It is not available, why? Because we, our culture, our people will not talk [about sexual health]… like a man with hemorrhoids (health issue involving perineum area), they will not show it unless there is no other way [due to severe bleeding or pain].”(R11, 65 years old, pensioner)
“At the clinic, I had not seen any [promotion on men’s health].”(R12, 57 years old, government servant)
Acceptance
“The program done was good enough, good enough, depends on [the] acceptance of men themselves.”(R9, 70 years old, pensioner)
“When the health program is done in a community hall, no one gathered there, maybe 3 to 4 persons go there. If [you] want to attract more, you can do it by collaborating with local small religious groups, for example.”(R11, 65 years old, pensioner)
“In general, negative health campaigns, such as on smoking habits, maybe he [smoker] will just take a quick glimpse at the advertisement and not read through because he already knows. It does not attract him, either to get treatment or to read the poster.”(R1, 39 years old, government servant)
3.1.3. Attributes of Healthcare Providers
Attitudes and Behavior
“Sometimes (staff are) in a bad mood when calling [patient to enter the room], ah, yes, I had experienced hearing a healthcare provider call a patient in [an] angry/stress tone, in Kelantanese described as ‘mechok’, for example, “Hey! Come here! Please hurry! Meaning with a little stress.”(R12, 57 years old, government servant)
“I had experienced, in a place, they are like, do not care much, do not come [to give early treatment] although the patient had a wound and [was] bleeding.”(R15, 55 years old, lorry driver)
“Fierce, not friendly, because this man (patient), sometimes they are old people, they walk slow, have poor hearing. When he was called once, he does not hear it, right? The staff was angry and raised their voices, and I have noticed that.”(R2, 59 years old, pensioner)
“When the healthcare provider calls elderly men, the elderly might not hear well or sit far away, [so] the patient [does] not arrive as soon as possible and is scolded by the healthcare provider like this: ‘Where did you go? Don’t you hear me calling?’ (in a loud and rude tone).”(R2, 59 years old, pensioner)
“When work involves (with) stress, we should already understand, understand (the situation). We just ignored it; sometimes they might get stressed… (they are) not angry, but their voice, high tone, haha.”(R8, 65 years old, retired)
“[At the] counter, the initial part, we take a number, usually [looked like] egoist… not sure [how to explain], [looked] like they do not want to entertain, ah, as we just pay RM 1 [one Ringgit Malaysia] at the clinic.”(R6, 42 years old, company manager)
“Ha! Less friendly, but at the children’s [health unit] a little different, more friendly, but in general [at the] health unit the services are lacking [in friendliness].”(R6, 42 years old, company manager)
“Maybe the healthcare provider had a problem [at home], then he brought it to the workplace. Then, other people [patients] become the victims.”(R4, 45 years old, store assistant)
“Sometimes they are chit-chatting with each other, [but] the patient’s document was not yet taken [to be sent to doctor’s room]. After [they] finish chit-chatting, they take the health card. If they take it early, [I] suppose the patient will be called earlier.”(R5, 60 years old, retiree)
“There are many patients, but the healthcare providers chit-chat a lot, among them… chit-chatting, sometimes in the triage area, they are chit-chatting with each other while treating the patient.”(R6, 42 years old, company manager)
Communication
“The doctor’s [explanation] is ok, and the pharmacist’s explanation is also ok.”(R6, 42 years old, company manager)
“So far, I understand what the doctor explained. So far, no problem.”(R10, 47 years old, laborer)
“There was a time I went early, but my name was not called. I was confused as a patient after me had already been called. I think I came first, after about two hours, then my name was called, and I was not informed why my turn was late.”(R4, 45 years old, store assistant)
“I do not know the findings of my urine sample. The same goes for blood [investigation finding].”(R5, 60 years old, retiree)
“I hope healthcare providers will inform [about the results], but I am afraid to ask.”(R5, 60 years old, retiree)
“Between we [patients] and them [healthcare providers], there are many gaps, differences. We are not from their [level]. We are just normal people; we have different thoughts. Their thought is different. When we communicate with them, we do not want to talk like we know more than them. [I] suppose they know more.”(R5, 60 years old, retiree)
Favoring Male Providers
“Regarding getting treatment related to men’s problem or problem-related to male genitalia, itchiness, or other related symptoms, maybe [I] feel shy [to inform a] female doctor.”(R1, 39 years old, government servant)
“If possible, male [healthcare provider] for male [patients], female [healthcare provider] for female [patients], so if men want to seek treatment, he will not feel little shy.”(R3, 31 years old, technician)
3.1.4. Physical Environment of the Health Facilities
Cheerfulness
“I think cheerfulness of the clinic is acceptable for men.”(R6, 42 years old, company manager)
“For me, it is ok. As far as I look at this clinic, it seems cheerful.”(R7, 39 years old, clerk)
Comfortability of the Waiting Area
“Uncomfortable! Because it [waiting area] is mixed for men and women. The majority who sit are women. Men [who have a seat] can be counted [small number]. Rarely [found]. The majority [of men] wait outside the clinic. We felt very uncomfortable.”(R4, 45 years old, store assistant)
“Uncomfortable because… number one [reason] when, we, men, only two males [are] in the clinic, others are women, chit-chatting among them. We felt stressed. [Also], a child making noise/crying, we felt like, just get out and back home. It happened to me. After I had registered, I turned back.”(R5, 60 years old, retired)
Consultation Room
“The feeling while sharing the room to get this treatment is that we do not feel privacy to express or to know the problem because there are other people [in the room]… maybe we have to speak a quietly so that other people do not hear what our problem is.”(R1, 39 years old, government servant)
“The area [consultation room] is narrow. Sometimes another patient sits next to me. It is too near [between patients in a consultation room], and when we enter the room, I feel like [I am] in a tight situation.”(R5, 60 years old, retired)
“I do not want to ask or talk much because it stated outside [at the door] that the clinic is in a hurry because more people are waiting. On the outside [of the door], there is a picture/signage warning [us] not to take a long time [in the consultation room].”(R5, 60 years old, retiree)
Visitor-Friendly Amenities
“The problem is the parking problem, lack of parking space. The reason why people do not want to go [to the clinic] is due to [the need] to park far from the clinic.”(R12, 57 years old, government servant)
3.2. Expectations of the Characteristics of Friendly Primary Health Services from Men’s Perspective
3.2.1. Meeting Men’s Needs in Primary Health Services
Efficiency
“They need to categorize patients, (old) people with diabetes (for example). These people need to go early, to enter (the consultation room) early. [The have] no need to wait among other normal people; normal people they are not very ill.”(R5, 60 years old, retiree)
“In my opinion, the clinics already have many ‘waitress’. All [healthcare providers] are waitresses [that can assist patients].”(R12, 57 years old, government servant)
Clear Motto
“The most important thing, what is the clinic for? For what? For all? Or for certain diseases only; that is important.”(R15, 55 years old, lorry driver)
Monitoring
Appropriate Waiting Time
“Usually, the doctor has their estimation [on the time allotted for a consultation], about 10 min per patient, and if I go to the [registration] counter, they should [be] able to give [the] estimated time before my turn, for example, at 3:40 p.m., I should have met the doctor.”(R2, 59 years old, pensioner)
Extension of Services Time
General Health Services for Men
“Best if we make the screening, like [as an example] blood taking for every three months for patients, meaning they need to do it, but it is not available for those without illness, if possible. [It is] good to have regular [health screenings].”(R12, 57 years old, government servant)
“Support for those without illness to come to the clinic to have health assessment [or screening]… now, if possible, young men also need to go to [the] clinic.”(R5, 60 years old, retiree)
“Just continue the medication! So there is no need to do things [repeating the lab investigation]; some might like it, but others might not, with the procedures.”(R9, 70 years old, pensioner)
Emergency Services
“Need for strict action and [to] be fast. Sometimes an individual come[s] due to skidding from a motorcycle. He comes to the clinic first. If [he] cannot be treated at [the] clinic level, the clinic should send [him] to [the] hospital… before that, [he] needs to be treated first, because he is in pain.”(R15, 55 years old, lorry driver)
Men’s Sexual Health Services
“This [the man’s sexual health problem] becomes like a secret [taboo]… while it should not be a secret and should be discussed with a doctor, but cannot. Because [it is] not available [the service].”(R5, 60 years old, retiree)
“When [there is] no place to discuss, whom do men meet? ‘Consultant’, the unqualified ‘consultant’ who sells [unregistered health] products.”(R5, 60 years old, retired)
3.2.2. Approaching Men through Effective Health Promotion Strategies
Content
“I think that health provider[s] should make an announcement on diseases related to men and when and where they can get treatment so that they get the treatment and not only stay at home.”(R1, 39 years old, government servant)
Location
“Can make at [the] local community mosque… some doctors like to do community activities, so can give a talk at the mosque.”(R6, 42 years old, company manager)
“Men like to hang out at the coffee shop, and many men are there, so [they] can do [promotion] there casually.”(R4, 45 years old, store assistant)
“Supermarket, boring, because many people walk there. Men will walk and take a quick look… sometimes he will smile only, not stopping, [thinking that] whatever men [are] at the place must have that problem.”(R9, 70 years old, pensioner)
Styles
“Need to be soft, like say, [focus on] what [is] important for men… we need to treat men like that, tell them like that. Do not say in two to three months you could die.”(R15, 55 years old, lorry driver)
“Show threatening words a little bit, then they will come. They will feel afraid and want to go to the clinic for a check-up.”(R6, 42 years, old company manager)
Approaches
“[It is] better to have a healthcare provider there, better a nurse… One staff, to give a talk, estimated about 20 min, 15 min.”(R11, 65 years old, pensioner)
“When many patients are waiting in the waiting area, [give a] talk, and [be] open for any question.”(R11, 65 years old, pensioner)
“In the clinic, we have [a] television, right? So make [health] programs [or videos] to be shown on the clinic’s television.”(R6, 42 years old, company manager)
Internet and Social Media
“The first thing is that [they] need to update the community, as nowadays people are more on the internet and use more social media, so the clinic should update the community. It needs to have its own social media account, so that it is easier for people to refer and see [the available programs and activities] and if they have any inquiries [they can reach the healthcare providers].”(R3, 31 years old, technician)
Local Men’s Community
“If we invite [the community] to join [the] health program just like that [without interesting activities], maybe people will not come. To make it easy [to understand], if we want to invite [them], [they] need to include [programs like] Dikir Barat. Then, many people will come… most people in every district [in Kelantan] will like that; it is our cultural art.”(R14, 56 years old, fisherman)
Acknowledgment
“They [healthcare providers] can attract regular patients to become the promoter of the clinic to attract men to go to clinic.”(R2, 59 years old, pensioner)
“We cannot call them directly to come without giving them responsibility. They will feel satisfied when given responsibility; they will feel satisfied.”(R9, 70 years old, pensioner)
3.2.3. Standards of a Healthcare Provider from Men’s Viewpoint
Dedication
“It is your responsibility [the doctor]. You become a doctor, we find you…. A person who wants to be a doctor, he must treat the patients well because the government pays your wages and takes care of you, so you need to take care of patients. People come, and you need to take care [of them], [you] need to discuss [communicate] well.”(R15, 55 years old, lorry driver)
Admirable Attitudes
Good Knowledge
“I think maybe staff also need to have exposure to problems related to men so that they can be able to help to give the best treatment for the disease.”(R1, 39 years old, government servant)
“Necessary, necessary, meaning that from any aspect if we [patients] ask, he or she [is] able to answer. Although not a doctor, he or she is a nurse [and] needs to have knowledge.”(R3, 31 years old, technician)
Professional Work Practice
“They need to take care, as [with] their relative, ah! Do not treat the patient like it is not their concern. Do not be like that; do not let the health problem [remain] not treated, and they should take care like your relative, like your parents, siblings.”(R15, 55 years old, lorry driver)
“Between we [patients] and them [healthcare providers], have many gaps, differences… our thinking and theirs are not same. [We] feel afraid to communicate with them… suppose they [should] try to understand patients’ concerns and give a proper explanation.”(R5, 60 years old, retired)
Preference for Male Healthcare Providers
“I think, if common diseases like cough, runny nose, there is no problem if [men see a] female doctor. But if, for example, to get treatment for men’s problem or problem-related to genitalia, itchiness, or other [complaint], may feel shy to discuss [the problem] with a female doctor.”(R1, 39 years old, government servant)
“To attract men… the clinic that has more female healthcare providers, men must go there, not due to sensual, it is different, it is like the mind, mind becomes calm when men go there. The way female healthcare providers treat men, he will tell other men to go to the clinics due to [the] gentle services of the female healthcare providers.”(R15, 55 years old, lorry driver)
Older and Experienced Healthcare Providers
“[Men’s clinics] need to handled by veteran staff, senior, that can keep secret, at the registration counter.”(R2, 59 years, old pensioner)
3.2.4. Comfortable Physical Environment for Men
Cheerfulness
“It should be colorful, colors that enliven the atmosphere. This color can give good vibes to our soul.”(R5, 60 years old, retired)
“I think cheerfulness of the clinic is acceptable for men.”(R6, 42 years old, company manager)
“For me, it is ok. As far as I look at this clinic, it seems cheerful.”(R7, 39 years old, clerk)
Placement of Health Support Services
Comfortable Waiting Area
“Clinics should have drinking water point or place for long waiting, [to] drink water.”(R7, 39 years old, clerk)
“[I] want to sit, drink something, chit-chat while waiting.”(R13, 41 years old, government servant)
Men-Only Waiting Area
“Like say, females, children, should not sit together with men. Please sit in another place. Please do not scream, [it] feels irritating.”(R5, 60 years old, retiree)
Privacy-Protected and Comfortable Consultation Room
“Sometimes shared with other doctors, so how does it feel to share? Truly uncomfortable because we do not know the other person, so like me, a lot of privacy problems… afraid to share.”(R13, 41 years old, government servant)
Specific Men’s Sexual Health Service Setting
“The room should be a specific room that can ensure the privacy of the patients so that they can express their sexual health problem without feeling shy.”(R1, 39 years old, government servant)
Visitor-Friendly Amenities
4. Discussion
Reflexivity and Study Rigor
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
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No. | Interview Topic | Grand Tour Questions | Probing Questions |
---|---|---|---|
1 | Experiences with primary health services |
|
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2 | Expectations of friendly primary health services |
|
|
Variable | Total (n = 15) | |
---|---|---|
Age (years) | Young adult (18–35) | 1 |
Adult (36–55) | 7 | |
Senior (56 and above) | 7 | |
Ethnic group | Malay | 13 |
Chinese | 1 | |
Indian | 1 | |
Marital status | Married | 13 |
Widower/divorced | 1 | |
Single | 1 | |
Education level | Primary | 1 |
Secondary | 6 | |
Tertiary | 8 | |
Employment status | Government employee | 3 |
Private sector worker | 7 | |
Unemployed/pensioner | 5 | |
Household income | <RM 4850 | 9 |
RM 4850–RM 10,959 | 5 | |
RM 10,960 and above | 1 | |
Chronic medical illness | No known medical illness | 4 |
Single medical illness | 6 | |
Multiple medical illnesses | 5 |
Subthemes | Themes |
---|---|
Provision of health services | Experiences with the existing primary health services |
Health promotion delivery | |
Attributes of healthcare providers | |
The physical environment of the health facilities | |
Meeting men’s needs in primary health services | Expectations of the characteristics of friendly primary health services from a men’s perspective |
Approaching men through effective health promotion strategies | |
Standards of a healthcare provider from a men’s viewpoint | |
A comfortable physical environment for men |
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Ab Aziz, M.Z.; Tengku Ismail, T.A.; Ibrahim, M.I.; Yaacob, N.M.; Mohd Said, Z. Experiences and Expectations of the Characteristics of Friendly Primary Health Services from the Perspective of Men: A Phenomenological Qualitative Study. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19, 12428. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191912428
Ab Aziz MZ, Tengku Ismail TA, Ibrahim MI, Yaacob NM, Mohd Said Z. Experiences and Expectations of the Characteristics of Friendly Primary Health Services from the Perspective of Men: A Phenomenological Qualitative Study. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2022; 19(19):12428. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191912428
Chicago/Turabian StyleAb Aziz, Muhammad Zikri, Tengku Alina Tengku Ismail, Mohd Ismail Ibrahim, Najib Majdi Yaacob, and Zakiah Mohd Said. 2022. "Experiences and Expectations of the Characteristics of Friendly Primary Health Services from the Perspective of Men: A Phenomenological Qualitative Study" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 19: 12428. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191912428