Psychosocial Outcomes of Age Integration Status: Do Age-Integrated Social Networks Benefit Older Adults?
Abstract
:1. Introduction
1.1. Social Networks, Well-Being, and Social Engagement
1.2. Age Integration and Psychosocial Outcomes
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Participants and Procedure
2.2. Study Measures
2.3. Analysis Plan
3. Results
3.1. Descriptive Analyses
3.2. Ordinary Least Squares Regression Analyses
4. Discussion
Limitations and Future Directions
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
Peer-Only | Intergenerational-Only | Age-Integrated | |
---|---|---|---|
Marital Status | |||
Married/Partnered | 66.76 | 5.12 | 28.11 |
Divorced/Separated | 39.64 | 47.95 | 12.41 |
Widowed | 28.87 | 49.99 | 21.14 |
Never married | 65.34 | 22.52 | 12.14 |
Parental Status | |||
Non-Parent | 98.44 | 1.56 | 0.00 |
Parent | 52.98 | 21.50 | 25.52 |
Living Arrangement | |||
Lives alone | 30.61 | 49.57 | 19.82 |
Lives with spouse | 67.45 | 4.80 | 27.75 |
Lives with others | 66.00 | 5.67 | 28.33 |
Lives with spouse + others | 38.01 | 44.81 | 17.19 |
Appendix B
Well-Being | Social Engagement | Age Integration Status | Age | Gender | Race | Education | Self-Care Help | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Dependent Variables | ||||||||
Well-Being | - | |||||||
Social Engagement | 0.26 | - | ||||||
Independent Variable | ||||||||
Age Integration Status | −0.03 | 0.02 | - | |||||
Covariates | ||||||||
Age | −0.10 | −0.10 | 0.18 | - | ||||
Gender | −0.08 | 0.05 | 0.07 | 0.08 | - | |||
Race | 0.03 | −0.14 | 0.00 | −0.04 | 0.00 | - | ||
Education | 0.14 | 0.26 | 0.01 | −0.14 | −0.09 | −0.16 | - | |
Self-Care Help | −0.19 | −0.15 | 0.03 | 0.15 | 0.06 | 0.03 | −0.07 | - |
Health Conditions | −0.22 | −0.17 | 0.03 | 0.15 | 0.17 | 0.07 | −0.14 | 0.28 |
Appendix C
Peer-Only n = 1768 RRR [95% CI] | Intergenerational-Only n = 890 RRR [95% CI] | |
---|---|---|
Independent Variable | ||
Well-Being | 1.01 [0.98, 1.04] | 0.97 [0.93, 1.01] |
Covariates | ||
Age (67–101) | 0.95 [0.93, 0.96] *** | 1.06 [1.04, 1.07] *** |
Female * | 0.73 [0.59, 0.89] ** | 1.60 [1.24, 2.05] *** |
Race/Ethnicity | ||
Black, non-Hispanic | 1.09 [0.81, 1.46] | 2.02 [1.46, 2.80] *** |
Hispanic | 0.82 [0.52, 1.30] | 1.89 [1.13, 3.16] * |
Other | 0.61 [0.32, 1.15] | 1.63 [0.79, 3.34] |
More than HS Education | 0.82 [0.67, 1.02] | 1.15 [0.90, 1.49] |
Self-Care Help | 0.98 [0.74, 1.29] | 0.57 [0.41, 0.78] *** |
Health Conditions | 1.04 [0.96, 1.13] | 1.01 [0.92, 1.10] |
Peer-Only n = 1768 RRR [95% CI] | Intergenerational-Only n = 890 RRR [95% CI] | |
Independent Variable | ||
Social Engagement | 0.93 [0.86, 1.01] | 0.81 [0.73, 0.89] *** |
Covariates | ||
Age (67–101) | 0.95 [0.93, 0.96] *** | 1.06 [1.04, 1.07] *** |
Female * | 0.74 [0.60, 0.91] ** | 1.72 [1.33, 2.21] *** |
Race/Ethnicity | ||
Black, non-Hispanic | 1.09 [0.81, 1.46] | 1.94 [1.40, 2.69] *** |
Hispanic | 0.80 [0.50, 1.27] | 1.70 [1.01, 2.85] * |
Other | 0.60 [0.32, 1.12] | 1.49 [0.72, 3.07] |
More than HS Education | 0.86 [0.69, 1.07] | 1.28 [0.98, 1.66] |
Self-Care Help | 0.95 [0.72, 1.25] | 0.55 [0.40, 0.75] *** |
Health Conditions | 1.03 [0.95, 1.11] | 1.00 [0.92, 1.09] |
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All Participants n = 3564 M (SE) or % | |
---|---|
Dependent Variables | |
Well-Being (10–32) | 26.97 (0.08) |
Social Engagement (0–5) | 3.02 (0.03) |
Independent Variable | |
Age Integration Status | |
Peer | 54.76 |
Intergenerational | 20.72 |
Age-Integrated | 24.52 |
Covariates | |
Age (67–101) | 75.95 (0.12) |
Female | 52.00 |
Race/Ethnicity | |
White, non-Hispanic | 83.38 |
Black, non-Hispanic | 6.12 |
Hispanic | 6.82 |
Other (American Indian/Asian/Native Hawaiian) | 3.68 |
More than HS Education | 62.10 |
Self-Care Help | 16.14 |
Number of Health Conditions (0–9) | 2.40 (0.03) |
Peer-Only n = 1768 M (SE) or % | Intergenerational-Only n = 890 M (SE) or % | Age-Integrated n = 906 M (SE) or % | |
---|---|---|---|
Dependent Variables | |||
Well-Being (10–32) | 27.09 (0.11) | 26.65 (0.17) | 26.99 (0.12) |
Social Engagement (0–5) | 3.03 (0.04) | 2.85 (0.07) | 3.15 (0.04) |
Covariates | |||
Age (67–101) | 74.50 (0.14) | 79.03 (0.39) | 76.60 (0.29) |
Female * | 46.22 | 65.03 | 53.89 |
Race/Ethnicity ** | |||
White, non-Hispanic | 85.23 | 77.16 | 84.50 |
Black, non-Hispanic | 5.91 | 8.04 | 4.98 |
Hispanic | 6.08 | 9.29 | 6.38 |
Other | 2.78 | 5.51 | 4.15 |
More than HS Education | 62.18 | 60.57 | 63.20 |
Self-Care Help | 16.27 | 13.99 | 17.66 |
Number of Health Conditions (0–9) | 2.35 (0.04) | 2.52 (0.05) | 2.39 (0.06) |
Well-Being Coefficient (SE) | Social Engagement Coefficient (SE) | |
---|---|---|
Independent Variable | ||
Age Integration Status | ||
Peer-Only | 0.07 (0.16) | −0.10 (0.06) |
Intergenerational-Only | −0.33 (0.21) | −0.30 (0.07) *** |
Covariates | ||
Age (67–101) | −0.01 (0.01) | 0.00 (0.00) |
Female | 0.01 (0.14) | 0.32 (0.05) *** |
Race/Ethnicity | ||
Black, non-Hispanic | 0.81 (0.17) *** | −0.06 (0.07) |
Hispanic | 0.48 (0.32) | −0.46 (0.11) *** |
Other | 0.54 (0.36) | −0.38 (0.15) * |
More than HS Education | 0.72 (0.15) *** | 0.58 (0.05) *** |
Self-Care Help | −1.32 (0.20) *** | −0.24 (0.07) ** |
Number of Health Conditions (0–9) | −0.41 (0.05) *** | −0.12 (0.02) *** |
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Roman, C.; Beam, C.R.; Zelinski, E. Psychosocial Outcomes of Age Integration Status: Do Age-Integrated Social Networks Benefit Older Adults? Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19, 12322. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191912322
Roman C, Beam CR, Zelinski E. Psychosocial Outcomes of Age Integration Status: Do Age-Integrated Social Networks Benefit Older Adults? International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2022; 19(19):12322. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191912322
Chicago/Turabian StyleRoman, Carly, Christopher R. Beam, and Elizabeth Zelinski. 2022. "Psychosocial Outcomes of Age Integration Status: Do Age-Integrated Social Networks Benefit Older Adults?" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 19: 12322. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191912322