Assessing the Impact of Marine Tourism and Protection on Cultural Ecosystem Services Using Integrated Approach: A Case Study of Gili Matra Islands
Abstract
:1. Introduction
- Use a hedonic approach to assess the monetary value of CES influenced by marine tourism and marine protection in the Gili Matra Islands.
- Use a eudaemonic approach to assess well-being values associated with CES in marine and coastal environments in Gili Matra Islands.
- Investigate the interrelations between CES-associated well-being value to marine tourism and marine protection in Gili Matra Islands.
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Area: Gili Matra Islands
2.2. Data
2.2.1. Questionnaire
2.2.2. Secondary Data
- Tourism accommodation property prices and locations from online markets.
- Marine protected area (MPA) zoning [25].
2.3. Methodology
2.3.1. Hedonic Approach to Assess the Monetary Value of CES Influenced by Marine Tourism and Marine Protection in the Gili Matra Islands
2.3.2. Eudaemonic Approach to Assess Well-Being Values Associated with CES in Marine and Coastal Environments in Gili Matra Islands
2.3.3. Interrelations between CES Associated Well-Being Value to Marine Tourism and Marine Protection in Gili Matra Islands
3. Results
3.1. Influence of Marine Tourism and Marine Protection on the Monetary Value Associated with CES
3.2. Eudaemonic Well-Being Values Associated with CES in Marine and Coastal Environments
3.3. Interrelations between CES Associated Well-Being and Marine Tourism and Protection
4. Discussion
4.1. Influence of Marine Tourism and Marine Protection on the Monetary Value Associated with CES
4.2. Eudaemonic Well-Being Values Associated with CES in Marine and Coastal Environment
4.3. Interrelations between CES Associated with Well-Being and Marine Tourism and Protection
5. Conclusions
5.1. Limitations and Future Research
5.2. Implications for Management and Policy
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
No. | Indicator Question | Well-Being Factors Associated with CES |
---|---|---|
1 | I feel more connected to my environment due to the natural places near where I live. | Engagement and interaction with nature (Eng) |
2 | I have learned more about the environment by visiting natural places near my residence. | |
3 | I believe I can contribute by taking care of natural places adjacent to my residence. | |
4 | The beauty of natural places near my residence has touched me. | |
5 | I get inspiration from natural places near my residence. | |
6 | I feel like the natural places near my residence are almost part of me. | Place identity (Plid) |
7 | I feel like the natural places near my residence belong to me. | |
8 | When I am away from my home for a long time, I miss those natural places. | |
9 | My head is relaxed when I am in the natural places near my residence. | Therapeutic value (Theu) |
10 | I feel healthier when I am in the natural places near my residence. | |
11 | I feel freedom when I am in the natural places near my residence. | |
12 | I believe there is something greater than me when I am in natural places near my residence. | Spiritual value (Spir) |
13 | I believe that I have the meaning of life given by natural places near where I live. | |
14 | I have deeper experience in my life because of the natural places near my residence. | |
15 | I have bonds with the natural places near where I live. | Social bonds (Soc) |
16 | I am more connected to people because of the natural places near my residence. | |
17 | I have a better sense of community because of the natural places near my residence. | |
18 | I have plenty of great memories of the natural places near where I live. | Memory/Transformative value (Mem) |
19 | I have changed because of the natural places near where I live. | |
20 | I remember the time I had spent at the natural places near my residence. | |
21 | I have chances to challenge myself because of the natural places near my home. | Skill and challenge (Skill) |
22 | I have chances to test my skills and abilities because of the natural places near my residence. | |
23 | I have chances to enjoy myself in the natural places near my residence. |
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Variable | Description | Min. | Max. | Mean | Std. Dev. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Distance Beach spots | Distance (m) from property to the nearest beach spot | 75.21 | 1200.19 | 536.34 | 248.66 |
Visibility Beach spots | 0: no beach spot visible; 1: at least 1 beach spot visible | 0 | 1 | 0.04 | 0.19 |
Distance Coastline | Distance (m) from property to the nearest coastline | 22.93 | 810.49 | 309.11 | 146.50 |
Visibility Coastline | 0: no coastline visible; 1: at least 1 coastline visible | 0 | 1 | 0.22 | 0.42 |
Distance Coastline Sunset | Distance (m) from property to nearest sunset coastline | 22.93 | 1180.49 | 661.58 | 287.44 |
Visibility Coastline Sunset | 0: no sunset coastline visible; 1: at least 1 visible | 0 | 1 | 0.13 | 0.34 |
Distance Dive spot | Distance (m) from property to nearest dive spot | 240.08 | 1051.83 | 592.04 | 145.02 |
Visibility Dive spot | 0: no dive spot visible; 1: at least 1 dive spot visible | 0 | 1 | 0.13 | 0.34 |
Distance Core zone | Distance (m) from property to nearest MPA core zone | 60.49 | 1620.35 | 990.68 | 332.73 |
Visibility Core zone | 0: no core zone visible; 1: at least 1 core zone visible | 0 | 1 | 0.05 | 0.21 |
Distance Other zones | Distance (m) from property to nearest other zones | 17.99 | 813.19 | 308.43 | 142.59 |
Visibility Other zones | 0: no other zone visible; 1: at least 1 other zone visible | 0 | 1 | 0.33 | 0.47 |
Distance Facilities | Distance (m) from property to nearest public amenities | 20.73 | 1252.66 | 288.51 | 303.01 |
Visibility Facilities | 0: no amenities visible; 1: at least 1 amenity visible | 0 | 1 | 0.48 | 0.50 |
Distance Road | Distance (m) from property to nearest road | 0.97 | 171.86 | 28.09 | 27.07 |
Visibility Road | 0: no road visible; 1: at least 1 road visible | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 |
Residential Properties Prices | in Indonesian Rupiah (IDR) million per are (100 m2) | 75.00 | 1000.00 | 228.87 | 158.42 |
Quartile | Case Example | Location |
---|---|---|
1ST QUARTILE (<25%, <IDR 133.3 MILLION PER ARE) | IDR 75 million per are. Gili Meno. | |
2ND QUARTILE (25–50%, IDR 133.33–175 MILLION PER ARE) | IDR 170 million per are. Gili Air. | |
3RD QUARTILE (50–75%, IDR 175–266.67 MILLION PER ARE) | IDR 263 million per are. Gili Air. | |
4TH QUARTILE (75–100%, IDR 266.67–1000.00 MILLION PER ARE) | IDR 1000 million per are. Gili Trawangan. |
Variable | Description | Min. | Max. | Mean | Std. Dev. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Distance Beach spots | Distance from the property to the nearest beach spot | 112.40 | 1053.84 | 474.91 | 248.44 |
Visibility Beach spots | 0: no beach spot visible; 1: at least 1 beach spot visible | 0 | 1 | 0.07 | 0.25 |
Distance Coastline | Distance from the property to the nearest coastline | 23.60 | 819.65 | 258.93 | 208.16 |
Visibility Coastline | 0: no coastline visible; 1: at least 1 coastline visible | 0 | 1 | 0.33 | 0.47 |
Distance Coastline Sunset | Distance from the property to the nearest sunset coastline | 23.60 | 1025.43 | 481.11 | 310.41 |
Visibility Coastline Sunset | 0: no sunset coastline visible; 1: at least 1 visible | 0 | 1 | 0.26 | 0.44 |
Distance Dive spot | Distance from the property to the nearest dive spot | 165.71 | 1072.44 | 551.93 | 221.63 |
Visibility Dive spot | 0: no dive spot visible; 1: at least 1 dive spot visible | 0 | 1 | 0.37 | 0.49 |
Distance Core zone | Distance from the property to the nearest MPA core zone | 35.78 | 1585.74 | 969.14 | 380.69 |
Visibility Core zone | 0: no core zone visible; 1: at least 1 core zone visible | 0 | 1 | 0.13 | 0.34 |
Distance Other zones | Distance from the property to nearest other zones | 17.14 | 849.42 | 264.88 | 207.41 |
Visibility Other zones | 0: no other zone visible; 1: at least 1 other zone visible | 0 | 1 | 0.48 | 0.51 |
Distance Facilities | Distance from the property to nearest public amenities | 41.97 | 1694.95 | 750.77 | 490.14 |
Visibility Facilities | 0: no amenities visible; 1: at least 1 amenity visible | 0 | 1 | 0.13 | 0.34 |
Distance Road | Distance from the property to the nearest road | 5.87 | 141.44 | 41.29 | 35.88 |
Visibility Road | 0: no road visible; 1: at least 1 road visible | 0 | 1 | 0.96 | 0.21 |
Bedroom Number | Bedroom number | 1 | 60 | 10.41 | 12.03 |
Tourism Accommodation Properties Prices | Tourism accommodation properties prices in Indonesian Rupiah (IDR) million | 650.00 | 266,864.00 | 18,341.98 | 41,342.32 |
Independent Variables | SKILL | MEM | SOC | SPIR | THEU | PLID | ENG | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Coef (SD.) | Sig. | Coef (SD.) | Sig. | Coef (SD.) | Sig. | Coef (SD.) | Sig. | Coef (SD.) | Sig. | Coef (SD.) | Sig. | Coef (SD.) | Sig. | |
Constant | 3.914 (0.320) | 0.000 | 5.766 (0.473) | 0.000 | 5.975 (0.379) | 0.000 | 7.434 (0.497) | 0.000 | 5.463 (0.416) | 0.000 | 5.728 (0.477) | 0.000 | 4.042 (0.284) | 0.000 |
Distance to the nearest beach spot | 0.000 (0.000) | 0.450 | 0.000 (0.000) | 0.223 | 0.000 (0.000) | 0.113 | −0.001 (0.000) | 0.009 | 0.000 (0.000) | 0.438 | 0.000 (0.000) | 0.478 | 0.000 (0.000) | 0.312 |
Visibility of at least 1 beach spot | 0.164 (0.265) | 0.537 | −0.085 (0.391) | 0.828 | −0.227 (0.314) | 0.472 | −0.257 (0.411) | 0.533 | −0.163 (0.344) | 0.636 | −0.082 (0.395) | 0.837 | 0.158 (0.235) | 0.503 |
Distance to the nearest coastline | 0.002 (0.001) | 0.005 | 0.002 (0.001) | 0.012 | 0.002 (0.001) | 0.003 | 0.002 (0.001) | 0.021 | 0.001 (0.001) | 0.050 | 0.003 (0.001) | 0.004 | 0.002 (0.001) | 0.004 |
Visibility of coastline | 0.132 (0.155) | 0.399 | 0.239 (0.229) | 0.299 | 0.315 (0.184) | 0.090 | 0.481 (0.241) | 0.048 | 0.308 (0.202) | 0.129 | 0.265 (0.232) | 0.254 | 0.133 (0.138) | 0.337 |
Distance to nearest sunset coastline | 0.000 (0.000) | 0.809 | 0.000 (0.000) | 0.862 | 0.000 (0.000) | 0.216 | 0.001 (0.000) | 0.075 | 0.000 (0.000) | 0.640 | 0.000 (0.000) | 0.127 | 0.000 (0.000) | 0.254 |
Visibility of coastline facing the sunset | −0.257 (0.225) | 0.256 | −0.394 (0.332) | 0.238 | −0.387 (0.266) | 0.149 | −0.225 (0.349) | 0.521 | −0.313 (0.292) | 0.286 | −0.656 (0.335) | 0.053 | −0.263 (0.200) | 0.190 |
Distance to the nearest dive spot | 0.000 (0.000) | 0.451 | 0.000 (0.001) | 0.935 | 0.000 (0.000) | 0.752 | 0.000 (0.001) | 0.473 | 0.000 (0.001) | 0.440 | 0.000 (0.001) | 0.458 | 0.000 (0.000) | 0.949 |
Visibility of at least 1 dive spot | 0.009 (0.204) | 0.965 | −0.074 (0.301) | 0.807 | 0.010 (0.241) | 0.968 | −0.142 (0.316) | 0.653 | −0.158 (0.264) | 0.552 | 0.376 (0.303) | 0.218 | 0.151 (0.181) | 0.406 |
Distance to nearest MPA core zone | 0.000 (0.000) | 0.324 | 0.000 (0.000) | 0.167 | 0.000 (0.000) | 0.041 | −0.001 (0.000) | 0.005 | 0.000 (0.000) | 0.278 | 0.000 (0.000) | 0.144 | 0.000 (0.000) | 0.248 |
Visibility of at least 1 core zone | −0.010 (0.254) | 0.970 | 0.324 (0.375) | 0.390 | 0.277 (0.301) | 0.360 | 0.274 (0.395) | 0.490 | 0.261 (0.330) | 0.431 | 0.044 (0.379) | 0.907 | −0.182 (0.226) | 0.423 |
Distance to nearest other zones | −0.002 (0.001) | 0.002 | −0.002 (0.001) | 0.018 | −0.002 (0.001) | 0.003 | −0.002 (0.001) | 0.031 | −0.002 (0.001) | 0.029 | −0.003 (0.001) | 0.006 | −0.002 (0.001) | 0.002 |
Visibility of at least 1 other zones | 0.024 (0.110) | 0.828 | 0.102 (0.163) | 0.531 | −0.079 (0.131) | 0.545 | −0.193 (0.171) | 0.261 | 0.023 (0.143) | 0.874 | −0.097 (0.164) | 0.557 | −0.048 (0.098) | 0.628 |
Distance to nearest public amenities | 0.000 (0.000) | 0.075 | 0.000 (0.000) | 0.186 | 0.000 (0.000) | 0.017 | 0.001 (0.000) | 0.026 | 0.000 (0.000) | 0.136 | 0.001 (0.000) | 0.028 | 0.000 (0.000) | 0.061 |
Visibility of at least 1 amenity | 0.075 (0.083) | 0.369 | 0.094 (0.122) | 0.446 | 0.168 (0.098) | 0.090 | 0.130 (0.129) | 0.315 | 0.084 (0.108) | 0.436 | 0.270 (0.124) | 0.031 | 0.086 (0.074) | 0.243 |
Distance to the nearest road | 0.000 (0.001) | 0.993 | −0.001 (0.002) | 0.662 | −0.001 (0.002) | 0.453 | −0.003 (0.002) | 0.235 | −0.001 (0.002) | 0.523 | 0.000 (0.002) | 0.851 | 0.000 (0.001) | 0.885 |
R Square | 0.164 | 0.133 | 0.151 | 0.155 | 0.148 | 0.128 | 0.123 |
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Banarsyadhimi, U.R.A.M.F.; Dargusch, P.; Kurniawan, F. Assessing the Impact of Marine Tourism and Protection on Cultural Ecosystem Services Using Integrated Approach: A Case Study of Gili Matra Islands. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19, 12078. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191912078
Banarsyadhimi URAMF, Dargusch P, Kurniawan F. Assessing the Impact of Marine Tourism and Protection on Cultural Ecosystem Services Using Integrated Approach: A Case Study of Gili Matra Islands. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2022; 19(19):12078. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191912078
Chicago/Turabian StyleBanarsyadhimi, Urai Ridho A. M. F., Paul Dargusch, and Fery Kurniawan. 2022. "Assessing the Impact of Marine Tourism and Protection on Cultural Ecosystem Services Using Integrated Approach: A Case Study of Gili Matra Islands" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 19: 12078. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191912078