Research on the Influence of Non-Cognitive Ability and Social Support Perception on College Students’ Entrepreneurial Intention
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Theoretical Framework
2.1. Concept Definition
2.1.1. The Definition of Non-Cognitive Ability
2.1.2. The Definition of Entrepreneurial Intention
2.1.3. Definition of Social Support Perception
2.2. Theoretical Analysis
2.2.1. The Direct Influence of Various Dimensions of Non-Cognitive Ability on Entrepreneurial Intention
2.2.2. The Mediating Effect of Social Support Perception on Non-Cognitive Ability Dimensions and Entrepreneurial Intention
- 1.
- The direct influence of non-cognitive ability on social support perception
- 2.
- The direct impact of social support perception on entrepreneurial intention
- 3.
- Mediating effect between perception of social support and the influence of non-cognitive ability on entrepreneurial intention
3. Method
3.1. Participants
3.2. Instruments
3.2.1. Independent Variable: Non-Cognitive Ability
3.2.2. Mediating Variable: Perception of Social Support
3.2.3. Dependent Variable: College Students’ Entrepreneurial Intention
3.3. Procedure
3.4. Data Analysis
4. Empirical Test and Result Analysis
4.1. Analysis of Group Differences
4.1.1. Analysis of Variance
- 1.
- Differences in entrepreneurial intention of different grades
- 2.
- Differences in entrepreneurial intention with frequent participation in entrepreneurial forum lectures
4.1.2. T-test
- 1.
- Analysis of differences in entrepreneurial intention in different school types
- 2.
- Analysis of differences in entrepreneurial intention at the university level and above regarding participation in college student entrepreneurial competitions and winning awards
4.2. Reliability and Validity Test
4.2.1. Reliability Test
4.2.2. Validity Test
4.3. Correlation Analysis
4.4. Structural Equation Model Fitting Index
4.5. Analysis of Data Results
4.5.1. Path Analysis of the Impact of Various Dimensions of Non-Cognitive Ability on Entrepreneurial Intention
4.5.2. Analysis of the Impact Path of Each Dimension of Non-Cognitive Ability on Perception of Social Support
4.5.3. Path Analysis of the Impact of Social Support Perception on Entrepreneurial Intention
4.5.4. Analysis of the Mediating Effect of Social Support Perception
- 1.
- The mediating effect of social support perception on the effect of openness on entrepreneurial intention
- 2.
- The mediating effect of social support perception on the effect of conscientiousness on entrepreneurial intention
- 3.
- The mediating effect of social support perception between extraversion and entrepreneurial intention
- 4.
- The mediating effect of social support perception between agreeableness and entrepreneurial intention
- 5.
- The mediating effect of social support perception on the influence of emotional stability on entrepreneurial intention
5. Discussion
5.1. Openness, Conscientiousness, Extroversion, and Emotional Stability Have Significant Positive Effects on Entrepreneurial Intention
5.2. All Five Dimensions Have a Significant Positive Impact on Perception of Social Support
5.3. Perception of Social Support Has a Positive Impact on Entrepreneurial Intention
5.4. Social Support Perception Acts as a Mediator in the Influence of Non-Cognitive Ability on Entrepreneurial Intention
6. Conclusions
6.1. College Students Should Cultivate the Characteristics of Innovation and Entrepreneurship and Improve Their Entrepreneurial Ability
6.2. Colleges and Universities Should Improve the Quality of Entrepreneurship Education and Promote Entrepreneurial Actions
6.3. Create a Good Entrepreneurial Environment for College Students to Start a Business and Improve Their Willingness to Start a Business
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Project | Category | Frequency | Percentage |
---|---|---|---|
Gender | Male | 234 | 52 |
Female | 216 | 48 | |
Grade | Freshman | 93 | 20.7 |
Sophomore | 105 | 23.3 | |
Junior year | 99 | 22 | |
Senior year | 153 | 34 | |
Type of School | Undergraduate | 354 | 78.7 |
Specialist | 96 | 21.3 |
Dimension | Subdimension | Index | Mean | Standard Deviation |
---|---|---|---|---|
Openness | Curiosity | C1: Interested in many different things | 3.69 | 1.118 |
C2: A thoughtful person | 3.78 | 1.145 | ||
C3: Hope to experience a new way of life | 3.75 | 1.052 | ||
Action force | C4: Likes to take on challenges | 3.74 | 1.049 | |
C5: Activities organized by participating units | 3.71 | 1.082 | ||
C6: Have their own hobbies and be able to stick to them | 3.73 | 1.055 | ||
Imagination | C7: Can find smart ways to do things | 3.68 | 1.073 | |
C8: Imaginative people | 3.69 | 1.023 | ||
C9: Be creative and come up with new ideas | 3.7 | 1.085 | ||
Conscientiousness | Sense of responsibility | C10: I can concentrate on completing the work | 3.88 | 0.929 |
C11: Trustworthy | 4.03 | 0.964 | ||
C12: People around me praise me for being responsible | 3.98 | 0.999 | ||
Organized | C13: Be organized | 4.05 | 1.087 | |
C14: Habit of keeping things neat and orderly | 3.98 | 0.947 | ||
C15: Have a plan | 3.94 | 0.915 | ||
Effort level | C16: At work, I try my best to do everything | 4.01 | 0.963 | |
C17: Efficient, work from beginning to end | 4.11 | 1.105 | ||
C18: Perseverance and perseverance to get things done | 3.97 | 0.964 | ||
C19: Work hard to achieve your goals | 4.03 | 0.971 | ||
C20: People who constantly demand improvement | 3.97 | 0.966 | ||
Extraversion | Social contact | C20: I like to make friends | 3.69 | 1.192 |
C21: Talkative | 3.62 | 1.021 | ||
C22: I will not reject attending gatherings with many people | 3.7 | 1.116 | ||
Decisive | C23: Dare to express one’s opinion | 3.67 | 1.131 | |
C24: Strong and confident character | 3.61 | 1.029 | ||
C25: Affect others | 3.69 | 1.105 | ||
Vitality | C26: When I’m around, I’m usually not cold | 3.67 | 1.088 | |
C27: Energetic | 3.65 | 1.105 | ||
C28: Passionate | 3.69 | 1.141 | ||
Agreeableness | Altruism | C29: Willing to pay time cost for others | 3.85 | 1.106 |
C30: Make people around you feel at ease | 3.79 | 1.089 | ||
C31: Do my best to help others | 3.71 | 1.01 | ||
Compliance | C32: Obey social order | 3.75 | 1.146 | |
C33: Willing to make friends with locals | 3.73 | 1.038 | ||
C34: Always be polite to others | 3.77 | 1.101 | ||
Trust | C35: If others have bad experiences, I will be very sympathetic | 3.72 | 1.079 | |
C36: Think of people in the best way | 3.78 | 1.085 | ||
C37: Easy to get close to others | 3.73 | 1.062 | ||
Emotional Stability | Anxiety | C38: Rarely feel anxious | 3.86 | 1.076 |
C39: Calm and good at dealing with pressure | 3.78 | 1.008 | ||
C40: Don’t worry too much | 3.73 | 0.97 | ||
Depression | C41: Be satisfied with yourself | 3.9 | 1.122 | |
C42: Feel safe in life | 3.79 | 1.077 | ||
C43: Rarely unhappy in life | 3.83 | 1.022 | ||
C44: Stay positive despite setbacks | 3.8 | 0.986 | ||
Vulnerability | C45: Mood is not easy to swing | 3.81 | 1.106 | |
C46: Rarely gets angry with others | 3.78 | 1.133 | ||
C47: Can control one’s emotions | 3.8 | 1.038 |
Dimension | Index | Mean | Standard Deviation |
---|---|---|---|
Family Support | B1: My family can help me in a concrete way | 3.69 | 1.118 |
B2: I am able to get emotional help and support from my family when needed | 3.78 | 1.145 | |
B3: I can talk to my family about my problems | 3.75 | 1.052 | |
B4: My family is willing to help me make decisions | 3.74 | 1.049 | |
Friends Support | B5: My friends can really help me | 3.88 | 0.929 |
B6: I can count on my friends in times of trouble | 4.03 | 0.964 | |
B7: My friends can share happiness and sadness with me | 3.98 | 0.999 | |
B8: I can discuss my problems with my friends | 4.05 | 1.087 | |
Other Support | B9: Some people (teachers, relatives, classmates) will be by my side when I have a problem | 3.69 | 1.192 |
B10: I can share happiness and sadness with some people (teachers, relatives, classmates) | 3.62 | 1.021 | |
B11: Some people (teachers, relatives, classmates) are a real source of comfort when I’m in trouble | 3.7 | 1.116 | |
B12: There are people in my life (teachers, relatives, classmates) who care about my feelings | 3.67 | 1.131 |
Dimension | Index | Mean | Standard Deviation |
---|---|---|---|
Entrepreneurial Feasibility | A1: I started a business because it gave me the opportunity to make a difference | 3.69 | 1.118 |
A2: I already have the interpersonal skills needed to start a business | 3.78 | 1.145 | |
A3: I feel energized when working in a creative, passionate and dynamic environment | 3.75 | 1.052 | |
A4: I have the self-confidence needed to start a business | 3.74 | 1.049 | |
A5: I already have the organizational and management skills needed to start a business | 3.71 | 1.082 | |
A6: I already have the ideas needed to start a business | 3.73 | 1.055 | |
Entrepreneurial Propensity | A7: I like to do challenging work | 3.88 | 0.929 |
A8: I think my experience can meet the needs of future work | 4.03 | 0.964 | |
A9: I have now started to prepare to start a business | 3.98 | 0.999 | |
A10: The current entrepreneurial environment is suitable for me to start a business | 4.05 | 1.087 | |
A11: I am excited when there are unusual solutions to work problems | 3.98 | 0.947 | |
Entrepreneurial Desirability | A12: I have communicated my intention to start a business with my family or friends | 3.69 | 1.192 |
A13: I already have the teamwork skills needed to start a business | 3.62 | 1.021 | |
A14: I’m already spending time learning about entrepreneurship | 3.7 | 1.116 | |
A15: I already have the perseverance needed to start a business | 3.67 | 1.131 | |
A16: I already have the financial conditions needed to start a business | 3.61 | 1.029 | |
A17: I already have the learning skills needed to start a business | 3.69 | 1.105 |
Variable | Category | N | Mean | Standard Deviation | F | Salience |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Entrepreneurial Intention | Freshman | 93 | 3.262 | 0.588 | 4.687 | 0.003 |
Sophomore | 105 | 3.355 | 0.557 | |||
Junior year | 99 | 3.356 | 0.578 | |||
Senior year | 153 | 3.520 | 0.519 |
Variable | Category | N | Mean | Standard Deviation | F | Salience |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Entrepreneurial Intention | Never participate | 88 | 3.283 | 0.604 | 3.362 | 0.01 |
Participate occasionally | 198 | 3.358 | 0.545 | |||
Uncertain | 45 | 3.366 | 0.504 | |||
Participate often | 63 | 3.493 | 0.602 | |||
Always participate | 56 | 3.591 | 0.508 |
Category | N | Mean | Standard Deviation | t | p | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Entrepreneurial Intention | Undergraduate | 354 | 3.3544 | 0.56121 | −2.741 | 0.006 |
Specialist | 96 | 3.5306 | 0.5491 |
Category | N | Mean | Standard Deviation | t | p | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Entrepreneurial Intention | Yes | 164 | 3.487 | 0.546 | 2.733 | 0.007 |
NO | 286 | 3.338 | 0.566 |
Variable/Dimension | Number of Items | Cronbach’s Alpha |
---|---|---|
Entrepreneurial Intention | 17 | 0.88 |
Entrepreneurial Feasibility | 6 | 0.904 |
Entrepreneurial Propensity | 5 | 0.883 |
Entrepreneurial Desirability | 6 | 0.914 |
Social Support | 12 | 0.921 |
Family Support | 4 | 0.882 |
Friends Support | 4 | 0.9 |
Other Support | 4 | 0.877 |
Non-Cognitive Abilities | 48 | 0.956 |
Openness | 9 | 0.944 |
Conscientiousness | 11 | 0.943 |
Extraversion | 9 | 0.915 |
Agreeableness | 9 | 0.928 |
Emotional Stability | 10 | 0.948 |
Variable | KMO | Bartlett’s Sphericity Test | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Approximate Chi-Square | df | Sig. | ||
Entrepreneurial Intention | 0.917 | 4434.751 | 136 | 0.000 |
Social Support | 0.921 | 3502.37 | 66 | 0.000 |
Non-Cognitive Abilities | 0.961 | 15285.919 | 1128 | 0.000 |
Overall Questionnaire | 0.952 | 24583.693 | 2926 | 0.000 |
Measurement Item | Ingredients | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | |
A1 | 0.778 | ||||||||||
A2 | 0.791 | ||||||||||
A3 | 0.8 | ||||||||||
A4 | 0.745 | ||||||||||
A5 | 0.786 | ||||||||||
A6 | 0.775 | ||||||||||
A7 | 0.703 | ||||||||||
A8 | 0.747 | ||||||||||
A9 | 0.745 | ||||||||||
A10 | 0.759 | ||||||||||
A11 | 0.751 | ||||||||||
A12 | 0.757 | ||||||||||
A13 | 0.78 | ||||||||||
A14 | 0.755 | ||||||||||
A15 | 0.784 | ||||||||||
A16 | 0.801 | ||||||||||
A17 | 0.802 | ||||||||||
B1 | 0.714 | ||||||||||
B2 | 0.75 | ||||||||||
B3 | 0.753 | ||||||||||
B4 | 0.773 | ||||||||||
B5 | 0.741 | ||||||||||
B6 | 0.686 | ||||||||||
B7 | 0.748 | ||||||||||
B8 | 0.748 | ||||||||||
B9 | 0.708 | ||||||||||
B10 | 0.734 | ||||||||||
B11 | 0.703 | ||||||||||
B12 | 0.724 | ||||||||||
C1 | 0.795 | ||||||||||
C2 | 0.79 | ||||||||||
C3 | 0.773 | ||||||||||
C4 | 0.769 | ||||||||||
C5 | 0.764 | ||||||||||
C6 | 0.778 | ||||||||||
C7 | 0.817 | ||||||||||
C8 | 0.785 | ||||||||||
C9 | 0.81 | ||||||||||
C10 | 0.736 | ||||||||||
C11 | 0.723 | ||||||||||
C12 | 0.716 | ||||||||||
C13 | 0.719 | ||||||||||
C14 | 0.696 | ||||||||||
C15 | 0.729 | ||||||||||
C16 | 0.734 | ||||||||||
C17 | 0.755 | ||||||||||
C18 | 0.748 | ||||||||||
C19 | 0.727 | ||||||||||
C20 | 0.743 | ||||||||||
C21 | 0.772 | ||||||||||
C22 | 0.757 | ||||||||||
C23 | 0.706 | ||||||||||
C24 | 0.723 | ||||||||||
C25 | 0.682 | ||||||||||
C26 | 0.761 | ||||||||||
C27 | 0.731 | ||||||||||
C28 | 0.731 | ||||||||||
C29 | 0.792 | ||||||||||
C30 | 0.74 | ||||||||||
C31 | 0.714 | ||||||||||
C32 | 0.661 | ||||||||||
C33 | 0.707 | ||||||||||
C34 | 0.717 | ||||||||||
C35 | 0.709 | ||||||||||
C36 | 0.682 | ||||||||||
C37 | 0.727 | ||||||||||
C38 | 0.783 | ||||||||||
C39 | 0.776 | ||||||||||
C40 | 0.782 | ||||||||||
C41 | 0.757 | ||||||||||
C42 | 0.748 | ||||||||||
C43 | 0.758 | ||||||||||
C44 | 0.732 | ||||||||||
C45 | 0.748 | ||||||||||
C46 | 0.774 | ||||||||||
C47 | 0.779 | ||||||||||
C48 | 0.771 | ||||||||||
Eigenvalues | 21.93 | 4.71 | 4.61 | 4.12 | 3.61 | 3.50 | 3.0 | 2.42 | 1.98 | 1.55 | 1.06 |
Variance Explained Rate | 28.48% | 6.11% | 5.99% | 5.35% | 4.68% | 4.54% | 3.89% | 3.15% | 2.57% | 2.01% | 1.38% |
Total Explanation Rate | 68.16% |
1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Openness | 1 | ||||||
Conscientiousness | 0.389 ** | 1 | |||||
Extraversion | 0.226 ** | 0.337 ** | 1 | ||||
Agreeableness | 0.412 ** | 0.527 ** | 0.313 ** | 1 | |||
Emotional Stability | 0.341 ** | 0.457 ** | 0.287 ** | 0.464 ** | 1 | ||
Social Support Perception | 0.373 ** | 0.438 ** | 0.349 ** | 0.466 ** | 0.444 ** | 1 | |
Entrepreneurial Intention | 0.398 ** | 0.497 ** | 0.422 ** | 0.441 ** | 0.496 ** | 0.563 ** | 1 |
Way | Standardized Path Coefficient | S.E. | C.R. | p | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Social Support Perception | <--- | Openness | 0.142 | 0.043 | 2.738 | 0.006 ** |
Social Support Perception | <--- | Conscientiousness | 0.148 | 0.052 | 2.478 | 0.013 * |
Social Support Perception | <--- | Extraversion | 0.17 | 0.041 | 3.362 | *** |
Social Support Perception | <--- | Agreeableness | 0.214 | 0.055 | 3.493 | *** |
Social Support Perception | <--- | Emotional Stability | 0.212 | 0.045 | 3.799 | *** |
Entrepreneurial Intention | <--- | Openness | 0.176 | 0.028 | 2.941 | 0.003 ** |
Entrepreneurial Intention | <--- | Conscientiousness | 0.185 | 0.033 | 2.707 | 0.007 ** |
Entrepreneurial Intention | <--- | Extraversion | 0.28 | 0.028 | 4.548 | *** |
Entrepreneurial Intention | <--- | Agreeableness | 0.018 | 0.034 | 0.266 | 0.79 * |
Entrepreneurial Intention | <--- | Emotional Stability | 0.216 | 0.03 | 3.318 | *** |
Entrepreneurial Intention | <--- | Social Support Perception | 0.446 | 0.048 | 5.24 | *** |
Parameter | Estimate | Lower | Upper | p |
---|---|---|---|---|
Openness-Social Support Perception-Entrepreneurial Intention | 0.063 | 0.018 | 0.12 | 0.004 |
Conscientiousness-Social Support Perception-Entrepreneurial Intention | 0.066 | 0.012 | 0.129 | 0.01 |
Extraversion-Social Support Perception-Entrepreneurial Intention | 0.076 | 0.032 | 0.145 | 0.001 |
Agreeableness-Social Support Perception-Entrepreneurial Intention | 0.095 | 0.037 | 0.176 | 0.001 |
Emotional Stability-Social Support Perception-Entrepreneurial Intention | 0.094 | 0.047 | 0.171 | 0.000 |
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Si, W.; Yan, Q.; Wang, W.; Meng, L.; Zhang, M. Research on the Influence of Non-Cognitive Ability and Social Support Perception on College Students’ Entrepreneurial Intention. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19, 11981. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191911981
Si W, Yan Q, Wang W, Meng L, Zhang M. Research on the Influence of Non-Cognitive Ability and Social Support Perception on College Students’ Entrepreneurial Intention. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2022; 19(19):11981. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191911981
Chicago/Turabian StyleSi, Wentao, Qi Yan, Wenshu Wang, Lin Meng, and Maocong Zhang. 2022. "Research on the Influence of Non-Cognitive Ability and Social Support Perception on College Students’ Entrepreneurial Intention" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 19: 11981. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191911981