Weight Gain during and after Pregnancy in Women with Gestational Diabetes Mellitus―A Preliminary Study
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
6. Limitations
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Sociodemographic and Obstetric Data | Whole Group n = 70 (%) | With GDM | Without GDM | p | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
n = 42 (%) | n = 28 (%) | ||||
Marital status | married | 49 (70.0) | 30 (71.43) | 19 (67.86) | 0.7494 |
single | 21 (30.0) | 12 (28.57) | 9 (32.14) | ||
Education | vocational | 3 (4.29) | 1 (2.38) | 2 (7.14) | 0.1159 |
secondary | 11 (15.71) | 4 (9.52) | 7 (25.00) | ||
third-level | 56 (80.0) | 37 (88.09) | 19 (67.86) | ||
Place of residence | the country | 6 (8.57) | 3 (7.14) | 3 (10.71) | 0.6010 |
city | 64 (91.43) | 39 (92.86) | 25 (89.29) | ||
Financial status | average | 8 (11.43) | 4 (9.52) | 4 (14.29) | 0.3561 |
good | 46 (65.71) | 26 (61.90) | 20 (71.43) | ||
very good | 16 (22.86) | 12 (28.57) | 4 (14.29) | ||
Employment status | employed | 55 (78.57) | 35 (83.33) | 20 (71.43) | 0.3032 |
unemployed | 15 (21.43) | 7 (16.67) | 8 (28.57) | ||
Number of births | 1 | 39 (55.71) | 21 (50.00) | 18 (64.29) | 0.3372 |
2 | 22 (31.43) | 16 (38.09) | 6 (21.43) | ||
3 or more | 9 (12.86) | 5 (11.90) | 4 (14.29) | ||
Pre-pregnancy BMI | <18.5 | 8 (11.43) | 2 (4.76) | 6 (21.43) | 0.2863 |
19.8–24.9 | 39 (55.71) | 26 (61.9) | 13 (46.43) | ||
25.0–29.9 | 16 (22.86) | 10 (23.81) | 6 (21.43) | ||
>30.0 | 7 (10.0) | 4 (9.52) | 3 (10.71) | ||
mean | 24.68 | 25.15 | 23.98 | ||
Time of pregnancy test | up to 25 weeks | 20 (28.57) | 14 (33.33) | 6 (21.43) | 0.4521 |
26–30 weeks | 23 (32.85) | 14 (33.33) | 9 (32.14) | ||
31–36 weeks | 27 (38.57) | 14 (33.33) | 13 (46.29) | ||
Sociodemographic and obstetrical data | mean ± SD | mean ± SD | p | ||
Age | mean ± SD | 31.61 ± 4.72 | 32.31 ± 4.51 | 30.57 ± 4.90 | 0.1319 |
Baby’s birth weight | mean ± SD | 3413.43 ± 444.76 | 3429.17 ± 376.33 | 3375.36 ± 537.27 | 0.6235 |
GWG up to the Time of Examination | Whole Group n = 70 | With GDM | Without GDM | p | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n = 42 (%) | n = 28 (%) | |||||
GWG | too low | 30 (42.86) | 19 (45.24%) | 11 (39.29%) | 0.7707 | |
appropriate | 16 (22.86) | 10 (23.81%) | 6 (21.43%) | |||
too high | 24 (34.28) | 13 (30.95%) | 11 (39.29%) | |||
Percentage of GWG | average | 88.86% | 86.87% | 91.86% | 0.7976 | |
min | −217.39% | −76.17% | −217.39% | |||
max | 371.43% | 371.43% | 275.36% | |||
SD | 0.7899 | 0.7334 | 0.8810 | |||
GWG by the time of examination and a pre-pregnancy BMI | <18.5 | average | 52.16% | 94.77% | 0.510248 | |
min | 52.16% | 25.84% | ||||
max | 52.16% | 136.09% | ||||
SD | 0.00 | 51.14% | ||||
18.5–24.9 | average | 72.08% | 96.23% | 0.194418 | ||
min | −76.17% | 7.76% | ||||
max | 144.23% | 173.01% | ||||
SD | 0.563626 | 0.576515 | ||||
25.0–29.9 | average | 102.24% | 156.90% | 0.543924 | ||
min | −22.22% | 32.43% | ||||
max | 245.61% | 371.43% | ||||
SD | 0.681290 | 1.495549 | ||||
>30.0 | average | 128.26% | −6.66% | 0.248956 | ||
min | 13.89% | −217.39% | ||||
max | 275.36% | 121.95% | ||||
SD | 1.001201 | 1.839757 |
Variable | The Percentage of GWG in Relation to a Pre-Pregnancy BMI | ||
---|---|---|---|
F | p | Power Observed (Alpha = 0.05) | |
Diabetes | 0.38758 | 0.535860 | 0.094032 |
Pre-pregnancy BMI | 0.75451 | 0.523928 | 0.202454 |
diabetes * pre-pregnancy BMI | 3.12724 | 0.031993 | 0.700893 * |
The LSD Test for Individual Study Groups with Regard to a BMI and the Presence of GDM | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
With GDM | Without GDM | |||||||||
1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | |||
Pre-Pregnancy BMI | below 18.5 | 18.5–24.9 | 25.0–29.9 | 30 or More | below 18.5 | 18.5–24.9 | 25.0–29.9 | 30 or More | ||
With GDM | 1 | below 18.5 | 0.799243 | 0.535252 | 0.225873 | 0.620533 | 0.579442 | 0.361139 | 0.508459 | |
2 | 18.5–24.9 | 0.291538 | 0.042900 * | 0.582328 | 0.331342 | 0.109148 | 0.096181 | |||
3 | 25.0–29.9 | 0.232262 | 0.869509 | 0.848123 | 0.512967 | 0.034646 * | ||||
4 | 30 or more | 0.255652 | 0.164189 | 0.564527 | 0.006877 * | |||||
Without GDM | 5 | below 18.5 | 0.973059 | 0.500545 | 0.087902 | |||||
6 | 18.5–24.9 | 0.389839 | 0.037660 * | |||||||
7 | 25.0–29.9 | 0.015413 * | ||||||||
8 | 30 or more |
Percentage of Total GWG | Whole Group n = 70 (%) | With GDM | Without GDM | p Student’s t-Test | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
n = 42 (%) | n = 28 (%) | ||||
Whole group | average | 37.71% | 41.83% | 31.53% | 0.4111 |
min | −74% | −100.0% | |||
max | 190.91% | 126.1% | |||
SD | 0.7025 | 0.6771 | |||
Pre-pregnancy BMI < 18.5 | average | 17.28% | −12.0% | 24.6% | 0.851630 |
min | −12.0% | −52.0% | |||
max | −12.0% | 54.4% | |||
SD | 0.00 | 0.4361 | |||
Pre-pregnancy BMI 18.5–24.9 | average | 28.98% | 24.57% | 36.93% | 0.546313 |
min | −74.0% | −56.5% | |||
max | 75.0% | 62.5% | |||
SD | 0.6626 | 0.5672 | |||
Pre-pregnancy BMI 25.0–29.9 | average | 59.78% | 53.97% | 69.46% | 0.624101 |
min | −42.9% | −57.14% | |||
max | 79.9% | 126.1% | |||
SD | 0.5697 | 0.7060 | |||
Pre-pregnancy BMI > 30.0 | average | 54.22% | 141.48% | −62.12% | 0.005016 * |
min | 100.0% | −100.0% | |||
max | 190.91% | 13.64% | |||
SD | 0.4833 | 0.6561 | |||
Total GWG [kg] | Whole Group n = 70 | With GDM | Without GDM | ||
n = 42 (%) | n = 28 (%) | ||||
Whole group | too low | 25 (35.71) | 16 (38.09) | 9 (32.14) | |
appropriate | 25 (35.71) | 17 (40.48) | 8 (28.57) | ||
too high | 20 (28.57) | 9 (21.43) | 11 (39.29) | ||
Pre-pregnancy BMI < 18.5 | too low | 3 (60.0) | 1 (100.0) | 2 (50.0) | |
appropriate | 1 (20.0) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (25.0) | ||
too high | 1 (20.0) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (25.0) | ||
Pre-pregnancy BMI 18.5–24.9 | too low | 17 (40.48) | 13 (48.15) | 4 (26.67) | |
appropriate | 15 (35.71) | 10 (37.01) | 5 (33.33) | ||
too high | 10 (23.81) | 4 (14.81) | 6 (40.0) | ||
Pre-pregnancy BMI 25.0–29.9 | too low | 3 (18.75) | 2 (20.0) | 1 (16.67) | |
appropriate | 7 (43.75) | 5 (50.0) | 2 (33.33) | ||
too high | 6 (37.5) | 3 (30.0) | 3 (50.0) | ||
Pre-pregnancy BMI > 30.0 | too low | 2 (28.56) | 0 (0.0) | 2 (66.67) | |
appropriate | 2 (28.56) | 2 (50.0) | 0 (0.0) | ||
too high | 3 (42.86) | 2 (50.0) | 1 (33.33) | ||
p–test | 0.2511 | 0.2742 | 0.3977 | ||
Total GWG [kg] | Whole Group n = 70 | With GDM | Without GDM | p Student’s t-Test | |
n = 42 (%) | n = 28 (%) | ||||
Whole group | average | 12.45 | 11.47 | 13.91 | 0.1541 |
min | 3 | −2 | |||
max | 30 | 27.8 | |||
SD | 6.0744 | 8.0979 | |||
Pre-pregnancy BMI < 18.5 | average | 14.72 | 11.0 | 15.64 | 0.682741 |
min | 11.0 | 6.0 | |||
max | 11.0 | 27.8 | |||
SD | 0.00 | 9.2266 | |||
Pre-pregnancy BMI 18.5–24.9 | average | 13.12 | 11.86 | 15.37 | 0.074679 |
min | 3.0 | 5.0 | |||
max | 28.0 | 26.0 | |||
SD | 5.715 | 6.3821 | |||
Pre-pregnancy BMI 25.0–29.9 | average | 11.79 | 10.27 | 14.33 | 0.258597 |
min | 4.0 | 3.0 | |||
max | 20.0 | 26.0 | |||
SD | 4.3939 | 9.5009 | |||
Pre-pregnancy BMI > 30.0 | average | 8.36 | 12.0 | 3.5 | 0.353876 |
min | 3.0 | −2.0 | |||
max | 30.0 | 12.5 | |||
SD | 12.5167 | 7.8581 |
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Ćwiek, D.; Lubkowska, A.; Zimny, M.; Szymoniak, K.; Sipak-Szmigiel, O. Weight Gain during and after Pregnancy in Women with Gestational Diabetes Mellitus―A Preliminary Study. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19, 11959. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191911959
Ćwiek D, Lubkowska A, Zimny M, Szymoniak K, Sipak-Szmigiel O. Weight Gain during and after Pregnancy in Women with Gestational Diabetes Mellitus―A Preliminary Study. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2022; 19(19):11959. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191911959
Chicago/Turabian StyleĆwiek, Dorota, Anna Lubkowska, Małgorzata Zimny, Katarzyna Szymoniak, and Olimpia Sipak-Szmigiel. 2022. "Weight Gain during and after Pregnancy in Women with Gestational Diabetes Mellitus―A Preliminary Study" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 19: 11959. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191911959