Home Environment in Early-Life and Lifestyle Factors Associated with Asthma and Allergic Diseases among Inner-City Children from the REPRO_PL Birth Cohort
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Design and Population
2.2. Child Health Assessment
2.3. Allergic Sensitization
2.4. Allergic Morbidity
2.5. Assessment of Children’s Exposure to Environmental Factors
2.6. Cotinine Levels in Urine
2.7. Collection and Analysis of Dust Samples
2.8. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Description of the Study Cohort
3.1.1. Indoor Allergen Exposure and Health Outcomes
3.1.2. Association between Environmental Factors and Health Outcomes
3.1.3. Cluster Analysis
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Factor | No. of Patients/Mean | Percentage/SD |
---|---|---|
Domicile: | ||
Tower block | 18 | 17.48 |
Block of flats | 37 | 35.92 |
Tenement building | 11 | 10.68 |
Stand-alone house | 37 | 35.92 |
Window frames: | ||
New-type | 97 | 94.17 |
Old-type | 6 | 5.83 |
Domestic animals: | ||
None | 47 | 45.63 |
Dog | 25 | 24.27 |
Cat | 15 | 14.56 |
Dog and cat | 7 | 6.80 |
Rodents | 9 | 8.74 |
Cockroaches | 2 | 1.94 |
Dampness | 42 | 40.78 |
Fungus | 20 | 19.42 |
Male patients | 45 | 43.69 |
Mother’s age (years) | 29.27 | 4.49 |
Father’s age (years) | 30.91 | 5.22 |
Mother’s education: | ||
Primary | 4 | 3.92 |
Secondary | 32 | 31.37 |
Higher | 66 | 64.71 |
Father’s education: | ||
Primary | 4 | 3.92 |
Secondary | 61 | 59.81 |
Higher | 37 | 36.27 |
Childbirth: | ||
Natural spontaneous | 55 | 53.40 |
Natural induced | 6 | 5.82 |
Forceps or vacuum | 0 | 0.00 |
Caesarean section | 42 | 40.78 |
Birth weight (g) | 3343.11 | 380.23 |
Breast-feeding | 84 | 81.55 |
Familial atopy | 34 | 33.33 |
Smoking | 32 | 31.37 |
Building age (years) | 25.74 | 13.13 |
Heating system: | ||
Central, oil, or gas | 78 | 76.47 |
Coal, coke, tiled stove | 24 | 23.53 |
Carpet surfaces | 47 | 46.08 |
Cleaning: | ||
Less than once a week | 2 | 1.96 |
Once a week | 29 | 28.43 |
Twice a week | 27 | 26.47 |
More than twice a week | 44 | 43.14 |
Cotinine concentration in urine (pg/mL) | 1.91 | 2.59 |
Allergen | No. of Patients | Percentage | Geometric Mean | 95% CI |
---|---|---|---|---|
Alt a 1 | 55 | 53.40 | 0.0153 | 0.0102–0.0204 |
Bla g 2 | 5 | 4.85 | 0.11 | 0.04–0.28 |
Can f 1 | 103 | 100.00 | 36.41 | 25.78–51.41 |
Der f 1 | 86 | 83.50 | 0.70 | 0.50–0.97 |
Der p 1 | 93 | 90.29 | 1.60 | 1.16–2.21 |
Fel d 1 | 103 | 100.00 | 11.69 | 8.63–15.84 |
Mus m 1 | 102 | 99.03 | 0.56 | 0.42–0.74 |
Factor | Alt a 1 | Can f 1 | Der f 1 | Der p 1 | Fel d 1 | Mus m 1 | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Geometric Mean | 95% CI | Geometric Mean | 95% CI | Geometric Mean | 95% CI | Geometric Mean | 95% CI | Geometric Mean | 95% CI | Geometric Mean | 95% CI | |
Tower block | 0.0152 | 0.0074–0.0312 | 50.45 | 27.05–94.09 | 0.38 | 0.22–0.65 | 1.03 | 0.51–2.07 | 19.87 | 8.35–47.31 | 0.67 | 0.30–1.51 |
Block of flats | 0.0196 | 0.0139–0.0275 | 44.12 | 22.20–87.68 | 0.63 | 0.37–1.09 | 1.45 | 0.81–2.58 | 18.13 | 9.68–33.95 | 0.38 | 0.24–0.60 |
Tenement building | 0.0192 | 0.0031–0.1197 | 17.69 | 5.34–58.57 | 0.24 | 0.11–0.50 | 2.44 | 1.19–5.02 | 3.93 | 2.41–6.42 | 0.51 | 0.28–0.92 |
Stand-alone house | 0.0173 | 0.0102–0.0294 | 31.78 | 18.38–24.94 | 1.43 | 0.79–2.57 | 1.91 | 1.04–3.52 | 8.05 | 5.89–10.99 | 0.76 | 0.46–1.25 |
p-value | =0.268 | =0.259 | <0.001 | =0.019 | <0.001 | =0.175 | ||||||
New-type windows | 0.0172 | 0.0133–0.0222 | 37.50 | 26.25–53.57 | 0.71 | 0.51–0.99 | 1.59 | 1.14–2.23 | 12.32 | 8.97–16.91 | 0.53 | 0.43–0.77 |
Old-type windows | 0.0301 | 0.0019–0.4819 | 22.61 | 3.46–147.81 | 0.49 | 0.05–4.68 | 1.80 | 0.55–5.88 | 5.01 | 1.82–13.78 | 0.37 | 0.14–0.94 |
p-value | =0.031 | =0.124 | =0.992 | =0.190 | <0.001 | =0.024 | ||||||
Any pet | 0.0178 | 0.0124–0.0257 | 64.11 | 39.85–103.15 | 0.60 | 0.40–0.90 | 1.48 | 0.97–2.24 | 15.91 | 10.91–23.20 | 0.60 | 0.41–0.89 |
None pet | 0.0180 | 0.0120–0.0272 | 18.56 | 11.90–28.93 | 0.83 | 0.48–1.45 | 1.75 | 1.06–2.90 | 8.09 | 4.98–13.15 | 0.51 | 0.33–0.77 |
p-value | =0.946 | <0.001 | =0.056 | =0.283 | =0.030 | =0.219 | ||||||
Dog | 0.0152 | 0.0098–0.0237 | 153.72 | 76.27–309.81 | 0.69 | 0.38–1.24 | 1.53 | 0.73–3.20 | 8.40 | 6.39–11.04 | 0.52 | 0.30–0.90 |
Cat | 0.0258 | 0.0102–0.0650 | 17.07 | 8.65–33.68 | 0.44 | 0.19–1.05 | 1.98 | 0.84–4.64 | 44.09 | 18.31–106.13 | 1.20 | 0.48–3.01 |
Dog and cat | 0.0314 | 0.0054–0.1815 | 92.69 | 11.96–718.20 | 0.95 | 0.19–4.75 | 0.90 | 0.42–1.95 | 37.54 | 5.68–248.05 | 0.33 | 0.09–1.19 |
Rodents | 0.0066 | 0.0057–0.0076 | 38.48 | 20.84–71.05 | 0.40 | 0.11–1.49 | 1.23 | 0.34–4.39 | 8.80 | 5.02–15.43 | 0.50 | 0.16–1.53 |
p-value | =0.342 | =0.001 | =0.101 | =0.093 | <0.001 | =0.584 | ||||||
Dampness (+) | 0.0187 | 0.0125–0.0280 | 36.11 | 20.53–63.52 | 0.79 | 0.46–1.36 | 2.31 | 1.33–4.02 | 10.09 | 6.41–15.89 | 0.63 | 0.39–1.01 |
Dampness (–) | 0.0175 | 0.0122–0.0251 | 36.62 | 23.40–57.29 | 0.63 | 0.42–0.97 | 1.23 | 0.84–1.80 | 12.93 | 8.54–19.59 | 0.51 | 0.36–0.73 |
p-value | =0.639 | =0.620 | =0.381 | =0.030 | =0.207 | =0.256 | ||||||
Fungus (+) | 0.0102 | 0.0057–0.0181 | 40.47 | 19.10–85.74 | 1.41 | 0.53–3.75 | 4.76 | 1.90–11.91 | 9.38 | 4.14–21.23 | 0.87 | 0.41–1.83 |
Fungus (–) | 0.0207 | 0.0154–0.0277 | 35.49 | 23.90–52.71 | 0.59 | 0.42–0.81 | 1.24 | 0.90–1.69 | 12.33 | 8.86–17.14 | 0.50 | 0.37–0.68 |
p-value | =0.020 | =0.941 | =0.004 | =0.001 | =0.370 | =0.097 |
Factor | Alt a 1 | Can f 1 | Der f 1 | Der p 1 | Fel d 1 | Mus m 1 | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Geometric Mean | 95% CI | Geometric Mean | 95% CI | Geometric Mean | 95% CI | Geometric Mean | 95% CI | Geometric Mean | 95% CI | Geometric Mean | 95% CI | |
Asthma (+) | 0.0188 | 0.0096–0.0367 | 43.98 | 16.71–115.74 | 1.11 | 0.40–3.09 | 1.82 | 0.77–4.29 | 15.09 | 10.87–20.93 | 0.77 | 0.41–1.44 |
Asthma (–) | 0.0178 | 0.0132–0.0240 | 35.17 | 24.14–51.23 | 0.64 | 0.45–0.91 | 1.57 | 1.10–2.23 | 11.15 | 7.81–15.92 | 0.53 | 0.38–0.72 |
p-value | =0.608 | =0.423 | =0.416 | =0.266 | <0.001 | =0.255 | ||||||
Atopic dermatitis (+) | 0.0173 | 0.0094–0.0319 | 33.80 | 15.06–75.85 | 0.94 | 0.43–2.04 | 1.55 | 0.82–2.93 | 12.34 | 7.50–20.28 | 0.62 | 0.38–1.01 |
Atopic dermatitis (–) | 0.0181 | 0.0134–0.0246 | 37.49 | 25.77–54.55 | 0.62 | 0.44–0.88 | 1.63 | 1.12–2.37 | 11.44 | 7.81–16.77 | 0.54 | 0.38–0.76 |
p-value | =0.590 | =0.153 | =0.226 | =0.399 | =0.879 | =0.500 | ||||||
Allergic rhinitis (+) | 0.0199 | 0.0136–0.0290 | 37.54 | 20.64–68.28 | 0.69 | 0.44–1.10 | 1.74 | 1.08–2.82 | 11.83 | 8.02–17.45 | 0.53 | 0.35–0.80 |
Allergic rhinitis (–) | 0.0162 | 0.0110–0.0240 | 35.41 | 23.91–52.45 | 0.70 | 0.43–1.13 | 1.49 | 0.96–2.31 | 11.56 | 7.21–18.53 | 0.58 | 0.40–0.86 |
p-value | =0.591 | =0.069 | =0.645 | =0.437 | =0.960 | =0.670 |
Cluster 1 Lower HDM | Cluster 2 Higher HDM | Total | P(chi2) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Domicile: | 0.6825 | ||||||
Tower block | 11 | 16% | 7 | 21% | 18 | 17% | |
Block of flats | 24 | 35% | 13 | 38% | 37 | 36% | |
Tenement building | 9 | 13% | 2 | 6% | 11 | 11% | |
Stand-alone house | 25 | 36% | 12 | 35% | 37 | 36% | |
Window frames: | 0.0314 | ||||||
new-type | 63 | 91% | 34 | 100% | 97 | 94% | |
old-type | 6 | 9% | 0 | 0% | 6 | 6% | |
Domestic animals: | 0.0338 | ||||||
none | 26 | 38% | 21 | 62% | 47 | 46% | |
dog | 18 | 26% | 7 | 21% | 25 | 24% | |
vat | 13 | 19% | 2 | 6% | 15 | 15% | |
dog and cat | 7 | 10% | 0 | 0% | 7 | 7% | |
rodents | 5 | 7% | 4 | 12% | 9 | 9% | |
Dampness | 10 | 14% | 32 | 94% | 42 | 41% | <0.0001 |
Fungus | 0 | 0% | 20 | 59% | 20 | 19% | <0.0001 |
ETS | 25 | 37% | 6 | 18% | 31 | 30% | 0.1420 |
Heating system: | 0.2926 | ||||||
central, oil, or gas | 49 | 72% | 29 | 85% | 78 | 76% | |
coal, coke, tiled stove | 19 | 28% | 5 | 15% | 24 | 24% | |
Carpet surfaces | 28 | 41% | 19 | 56% | 47 | 46% | 0.1306 |
Cleaning: | 0.0022 | ||||||
less than once a week | 0 | 0% | 1 | 3% | 1 | 1% | |
once a week | 16 | 24% | 13 | 39% | 29 | 29% | |
twice a week | 15 | 22% | 12 | 36% | 27 | 27% | |
more than twice a week | 37 | 54% | 7 | 21% | 44 | 44% | |
Atopic dermatitis | 17 | 24.6% | 12 | 35.3% | 29 | 28.2% | p = 0.35147 |
Asthma | 8 | 11.6% | 8 | 23.5% | 16 | 15.5% | p = 0.10147 |
Atopy | 32 | 46.4% | 17 | 50.0% | 49 | 47.6% | p = 0.83444 |
grass | 28 | 87.5% | 15 | 88.2% | 43 | 87.8% | p = 1.0000 |
dog | 4 | 12.5% | 6 | 35.3% | 10 | 20.4% | p = 0.07531 |
cat | 13 | 40.6% | 2 | 11.8% | 15 | 30.6% | p = 0.05220 |
HDM | 16 | 50.0% | 10 | 58.8% | 26 | 53.1% | p = 0.38749 |
molds | 4 | 12.5% | 4 | 23.5% | 8 | 16.3% | p = 0.42308 |
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Kapszewicz, K.; Podlecka, D.; Polańska, K.; Stelmach, I.; Majak, P.; Majkowska-Wojciechowska, B.; Tymoniuk, B.; Jerzyńska, J.; Brzozowska, A. Home Environment in Early-Life and Lifestyle Factors Associated with Asthma and Allergic Diseases among Inner-City Children from the REPRO_PL Birth Cohort. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19, 11884. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191911884
Kapszewicz K, Podlecka D, Polańska K, Stelmach I, Majak P, Majkowska-Wojciechowska B, Tymoniuk B, Jerzyńska J, Brzozowska A. Home Environment in Early-Life and Lifestyle Factors Associated with Asthma and Allergic Diseases among Inner-City Children from the REPRO_PL Birth Cohort. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2022; 19(19):11884. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191911884
Chicago/Turabian StyleKapszewicz, Katarzyna, Daniela Podlecka, Kinga Polańska, Iwona Stelmach, Pawel Majak, Barbara Majkowska-Wojciechowska, Bogusław Tymoniuk, Joanna Jerzyńska, and Agnieszka Brzozowska. 2022. "Home Environment in Early-Life and Lifestyle Factors Associated with Asthma and Allergic Diseases among Inner-City Children from the REPRO_PL Birth Cohort" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 19: 11884. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191911884