PM2.5 Concentrations Variability in North China Explored with a Multi-Scale Spatial Random Effect Model
Abstract
:1. Introduction
1.1. Classic Methods for Ground PM2.5 Concentrations
1.2. Scale-Dependent Variabilitie, and Spatial Correlation in an Integrated Model
2. Statistical Modelling
3. A Monte Carlo Simulation Experiment
4. Empirical Study
4.1. Study Area, Data Sources, and Variables
4.1.1. Study Area
4.1.2. Ground PM2.5 Concentrations
4.1.3. Independent Variables
4.2. Empirical Model Specification
4.3. Covariate Effects
4.4. Prediction Accuracy
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Data Domain | Variable | Content | Unit | Spatial Resolution | Data Source | Computing Method |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
PM2.5 | P | Particulate Matter ≤ 2.5 µm | µg m−3 | In Situ | AQICN | Denoising |
Meteorology | TEM | 2 m air temperature | K | 0.1° × 0.1° | CMA | Interpolation |
RLH | Relative humidity | % | 0.1° × 0.1° | CMA | Interpolation | |
CPP | Cumulative precipitation | Mm | 0.1° × 0.1° | CMA | Interpolation | |
WDS | 10 m wind speed | m s−1 | 0.1° × 0.1° | CMA | Interpolation | |
Land use | WGD | Woodland–grassland density | % | 0.1° × 0.1° | CNLUCC | Kernel Density |
CSD | Construction land density | % | 0.1° × 0.1° | CNLUCC | Kernel Density | |
UUD | Unused land density | % | 0.1° × 0.1° | CNLUCC | Kernel Density | |
CTD | Cultivated land density | % | 0.1° × 0.1° | CNLUCC | Kernel Density | |
Altitude | DEM | DEM | M | 0.1° × 0.1° | SRTM-V4.1 | Denoising |
Human activity | IED | Industry–enterprise density | % | 0.1° × 0.1° | Amap | Kernel Density |
RND | Road network density | % | 0.1° × 0.1° | Amap | Quadrat Sample | |
NTL | Night-time lights | W cm−2 sr−1 | 0.1° × 0.1° | NPP-VIIRS | Denoising |
DataDomain | Variables | Coefficients | Standard Error | t-Value * | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Meteorology | TEM | 0.287 | 0.011 | 26.534 | 0.000 |
RLH | −0.411 | 0.046 | 8.846 | 0.000 | |
CPP | −1.947 | 0.069 | 28.159 | 0.000 | |
WDS | −0.988 | 0.056 | 17.497 | 0.000 | |
Landuse | WGD | −10.840 | 1.854 | 5.846 | 0.000 |
CSD | −0.709 | 1.667 | 0.425 | 0.671 | |
UUD | −25.117 | 10.037 | 2.502 | 0.012 | |
CTD | −2.698 | 1.711 | 1.577 | 0.115 | |
Altitude | DEM | −0.010 | 0.001 | 17.001 | 0.000 |
Humanactivity | IED | −2.800 | 2.532 | 1.106 | 0.269 |
RND | 0.013 | 0.006 | 2.288 | 0.022 | |
NTL | −0.004 | 0.012 | 0.338 | 0.736 | |
Others | Intercept | 85.617 | 3.057 | 28.004 | 0.000 |
R2 | 0.855 | ||||
RMSE | 5.137 |
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Zhang, H.; Liu, Y.; Yang, D.; Dong, G. PM2.5 Concentrations Variability in North China Explored with a Multi-Scale Spatial Random Effect Model. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19, 10811. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191710811
Zhang H, Liu Y, Yang D, Dong G. PM2.5 Concentrations Variability in North China Explored with a Multi-Scale Spatial Random Effect Model. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2022; 19(17):10811. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191710811
Chicago/Turabian StyleZhang, Hang, Yong Liu, Dongyang Yang, and Guanpeng Dong. 2022. "PM2.5 Concentrations Variability in North China Explored with a Multi-Scale Spatial Random Effect Model" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 17: 10811. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191710811