Depressive Symptoms in Fathers during the First Postpartum Year: The Influence of Severity of Preterm Birth, Parenting Stress and Partners’ Depression
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Design and Participants
2.2. Procedure
2.3. Measures
2.4. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Sociodemographic and Clinical Characteristics
3.2. Fathers’ Depressive Symptoms
3.3. Fathers’ Parenting Stress
3.4. Predictors of Fathers’ Depressive Symptoms at 12 Months
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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ELBW Group (n = 33) | VLBW Group (n = 42) | FT Group (n = 78) | F/X2 | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Father characteristics | ||||
Paternal age in years a | 36.85 (5.2) | 37.29 (5.3) | 35.63 (5.5) | 1.45 |
Level of education b | 7.47 * | |||
Primary/secondary school | 15 (45) | 9 (21) | 17 (22) | |
High school/university | 18 (55) | 33 (79) | 61 (78) | |
Marital status b | 3.66 | |||
Married/cohabit | 33 (100) | 39 (93) | 70 (90) | |
Other | 0 (0) | 3 (7) | 8 (10) | |
Parity b | 30.85 ** | |||
Nulliparous | 21 (70) b | 16 (41) | 69 (90) | |
Multiparous | 9 (30) | 23 (59) | 8 (10) | |
Infant characteristics | ||||
Gender b | 4.39 | |||
Male | 16 (49) | 28 (67) | 37 (47) | |
Female | 17 (51) | 14 (33) | 41 (53) | |
Gestational age in weeks a | 27.55 (2.2) | 29.87 (1.5) | 40.33 (1.5) | 937.63 ** |
Type of delivery b | 48.41 ** | |||
Spontaneous | 9 (28) | 10 (26) | 65 (83) | |
Cesarean section | 23 (72) | 29 (74) b | 13 (17) | |
Multiple birth b | 26.78 ** | |||
Yes | 6 (18) | 15 (36) | 1 (1) | |
Not | 27 (82) | 27 (64) | 77 (99) |
Birth Weight | Birth Weight × Time of Assessment | F | ||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
ELBW | VLBW | FT | ||||||||||||
ELBW (n = 33) | VLBW (n = 42) | FT (n = 78) | T1 | T2 | T3 | T1 | T2 | T3 | T1 | T2 | T3 | Birth Weight | Birth Weight × Time of Assessment | |
EPDS | 4.62 ±0.49 | 4.88 ±0.61 | 4.35 ±0.56 | 6.38 ±0.77 | 4.76 ±0.69 | 3.49 ±0.62 | 5.01 ±0.70 | 4.03 ±0.63 | 4.00 ±0.57 | 5.20 ±0.62 | 4.50 ±0.56 | 4.15 ±0.50 | 0.20 | 4.40 * |
Parental distress (PD) | 22.34 ±1.10 | 21.00 ±0.99 | 22.62 ±0.88 | 25.01 ±1.27 | 20.96 ±1.24 | 21.04 ±1.33 | 20.70 ±1.15 | 21.82 ±1.12 | 20.48 ±1.20 | 22.30 ±1.02 | 23.68 ±1.00 | 21.89 ±1.06 | 0.81 | 3.39 * |
Parent–child dysfunctional interaction (PCDI) | 17.13 ±0.77 | 16.74 ±0.70 | 17.17 ±0.2 | 19.22 ±0.97 | 15.99 ±0.88 | 16.18 ±0.98 | 17.07 ±0.87 | 16.48 ±0.80 | 16.69 ±0.89 | 17.49 ±0.77 | 16.89 ±0.71 | 17.14 ±0.79 | 0.12 | 2.65 |
Difficult child (DC) | 20.08 ±0.95 | 19.88 ±0.86 | 20.24 ±0.76 | 21.65 ±1.14 | 19.26 ±1.09 | 19.34 ±1.07 | 20.20 ±1.03 | 19.80 ±0.99 | 19.65 ±0.97 | 20.17 ±0.91 | 20.55 ±0.87 | 20.00 ±0.86 | 0.05 | 1.54 |
PSI total score | 60.04 ±2.45 | 57.60 ±2.24 | 59.70 ±1.98 | 66.54 ±2.80 | 56.99 ±2.69 | 56.59 ±2.95 | 57.89 ±2.56 | 58.01 ±2.46 | 56.91 ±2.70 | 59.72 ±2.26 | 60.80 ±2.18 | 58.59 ±2.39 | 0.33 | 4.56 * |
T | β | t | p | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Constant | −3.470 | −4.142 | <0.001 | |
Birth weight 2 | 1.314 | 0.160 | 3.118 | 0.002 |
Fathers’ EPDS scores at 3 months | 0.377 | 0.478 | 7.459 | <0.001 |
Fathers’ EPDS scores at 9 months | 0.264 | 0.291 | 4.358 | <0.001 |
Fathers’ PCDI scores at 3 months | 0.090 | 0.139 | 2.329 | 0.021 |
Fathers’ DC scores at 9 months | 0.164 | 0.280 | 4.398 | <0.001 |
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Agostini, F.; Neri, E.; Genova, F.; Trombini, E.; Provera, A.; Biasini, A.; Stella, M. Depressive Symptoms in Fathers during the First Postpartum Year: The Influence of Severity of Preterm Birth, Parenting Stress and Partners’ Depression. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19, 9478. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19159478
Agostini F, Neri E, Genova F, Trombini E, Provera A, Biasini A, Stella M. Depressive Symptoms in Fathers during the First Postpartum Year: The Influence of Severity of Preterm Birth, Parenting Stress and Partners’ Depression. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2022; 19(15):9478. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19159478
Chicago/Turabian StyleAgostini, Francesca, Erica Neri, Federica Genova, Elena Trombini, Alessandra Provera, Augusto Biasini, and Marcello Stella. 2022. "Depressive Symptoms in Fathers during the First Postpartum Year: The Influence of Severity of Preterm Birth, Parenting Stress and Partners’ Depression" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 15: 9478. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19159478