Characterization of Pedestrian Crossing Spatial Violations and Safety Impact Analysis in Advance Right-Turn Lane
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Literature Review
2.1. Pedestrian Crossing
2.2. Pedestrian–Vehicle Conflict
2.3. Advance Right-Turn Lane
3. Data Description
3.1. Pedestrian Crossing Path Classification
3.2. Data Collection and Processing
3.2.1. Data Collection
3.2.2. Data Processing
4. Methodology
4.1. Study on Pedestrian Crossing Behavior
4.2. Study on Pedestrian–Vehicle Conflict
4.2.1. Pedestrian–Vehicle Conflict Indicator
4.2.2. Pedestrian–Vehicle Conflict Severity Model
5. Result
5.1. Analysis of Pedestrian Crossing Behavior
5.1.1. Characterization of Pedestrian Crossing Paths
5.1.2. Analysis of Influencing Factors of Pedestrian Behavior
5.2. Pedestrian–Vehicle Conflict Analysis
5.2.1. Conflict Severity Grading
5.2.2. Correlation Analysis of Independent Variables
5.2.3. Analysis of Model Results
6. Discussion
7. Conclusions
- (1)
- There are significant differences in pedestrian behavior under different crossing paths. The overall pedestrian crossing speed showed a downward trend. Among them, the average speed of pedestrian crossing in path type V was the highest, which was approximately 10% higher than those of other types. When pedestrians do not use crosswalks at all, the probability of conflict with motor vehicles is the highest.
- (2)
- In the factor analysis of the severity of the pedestrian–vehicle conflict, it was concluded that vehicle speed (4.495) and vehicle arrival rate (0.451) were positively correlated with the severity of the class conflict. Excessive speed leads to shorter reaction times for traffic participants, and greatly increases the severity of conflicts, so measures to control the speed of vehicles pulling into the right turn lane are key to ensuring pedestrian safety. The elderly (>60) are the most exposed to serious conflicts out of all the age groups. Traffic management should enhance safety education for older adults and emphasize the dangers of spatial violations. Since conflict severity is significantly higher in areas with short crosswalk lengths, warning signs should be installed in relevant areas to limit pedestrian violations.
- (3)
- Regression analysis results show that spatial violations lead to an increase in the severity of pedestrian–vehicle conflicts, especially the irregular use of crosswalks to cross the street on the side close to the direction of traffic flow, which greatly increases the risk of crossing the street. The article obtains factors that significantly affect the severity of pedestrian–vehicle conflicts, which can be used as a theoretical basis for the implementation of regional traffic safety measures. It can also provide a reference for the establishment of pedestrian safety facilities. For example, the installation of guardrails on one side of the sidewalk to limit the starting position of pedestrians crossing the street and thus reduce space violations, etc.
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Investigation Site | Crosswalk Length (m) | Crosswalk Width (m) | Surroundings | Number of Lanes |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 7.5 | 5 | Subway stations, shopping malls | 2 |
2 | 6 | 5 | Subway stations, shopping malls | 1 |
3 | 6.5 | 5 | Subway stations, scenic spots | 1 |
4 | 6.5 | 5 | Subway stations, scenic spots | 1 |
Survey Variable | Description and Assignment |
---|---|
Gender | 0: Male; 1: Female |
Age | 1: <10; 2: 10–20; 3: 20–40; 4: 40–60; 5: >60 |
Technological device | 0: No device; 1: Listen to music; 2: Call; 3: Look down at the phone |
Pedestrian crossing path | 1: I; 2: II; 3: III; 4: IV; 5: V |
Conflict with vehicles | 0: No; 1: Yes |
Pedestrian crossing speed | Calculation of path coordinates |
Vehicle speed | Calculation of path coordinates |
Vehicle arrival rates | Number of vehicles arriving per unit time (veh/min) |
Pedestrian arrival rates | Number of arrivals per unit time (person/min) |
Conflict Severity Level | Potential Conflicts | Minor Conflict | Serious Conflict |
---|---|---|---|
Clustering Center (TTC, PET, DST) | (4.26, 5.71, 1.81) | (2.57, 3.02, 3.39) | (1.46, 1.72, 5.38) |
Sample size | 11 | 166 | 142 |
Variable | B | Standard Error | Wald | Degree of Freedom | Significance | OR |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Conflict severity (1) | 28.848 | 12.606 | 5.237 | 1 | 0.022 | _ |
Conflict severity (2) | 34.176 | 12.735 | 7.202 | 1 | 0.007 | _ |
Vehicle speed | 4.945 | 1.665 | 8.826 | 1 | 0.003 | 140.528 |
Vehicle arrival rate | 0.451 | 0.205 | 4.844 | 1 | 0.028 | 1.569 |
Pedestrian arrival rate | 0.657 | 2.571 | 3.454 | 1 | 0.154 | 1.214 |
Gender (0) | −0.001 | 0.291 | 0.000 | 1 | 0.997 | 0.999 |
Gender (1) | 0 a | 1 | ||||
Age (1) | −0.664 | 1.038 | 0.409 | 1 | 0.522 | 0.515 |
Age (2) | −4.069 | 0.892 | 20.785 | 1 | 0.000 | 0.017 |
Age (3) | −1.367 | 0.741 | 3.401 | 1 | 0.065 | 0.255 |
Age (4) | −1.666 | 0.800 | 4.330 | 1 | 0.037 | 0.189 |
Age (5) | 0 a | 1 | ||||
Technological device(0) | −0.322 | 0.663 | 0.236 | 1 | 0.627 | 0.725 |
Technological device(1) | 0.110 | 1.242 | 0.008 | 1 | 0.929 | 1.116 |
Technological device(2) | 1.127 | 1.350 | 0.697 | 1 | 0.404 | 3.087 |
Technological device(3) | 0 a | 1 | ||||
Path type (1) | 1.432 | 0.578 | 6.127 | 1 | 0.013 | 4.185 |
Path type (2) | 0.636 | 0.518 | 1.508 | 1 | 0.219 | 1.888 |
Path type (3) | −2.527 | 0.478 | 28.014 | 1 | 0.000 | 0.080 |
Path type (4) | −1.468 | 0.610 | 5.795 | 1 | 0.016 | 0.230 |
Path type (5) | 0 a | 1 | ||||
Number of lanes (1) | 3.940 | 1.562 | 6.361 | 1 | 0.012 | 51.396 |
Number of lanes (2) | 0 a | 0 | 1 | |||
Model fitting information |
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Chen, Z.; Chen, X.; Wang, R.; Gao, M. Characterization of Pedestrian Crossing Spatial Violations and Safety Impact Analysis in Advance Right-Turn Lane. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19, 9134. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19159134
Chen Z, Chen X, Wang R, Gao M. Characterization of Pedestrian Crossing Spatial Violations and Safety Impact Analysis in Advance Right-Turn Lane. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2022; 19(15):9134. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19159134
Chicago/Turabian StyleChen, Ziyu, Xiufeng Chen, Ruicong Wang, and Mengyuan Gao. 2022. "Characterization of Pedestrian Crossing Spatial Violations and Safety Impact Analysis in Advance Right-Turn Lane" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 15: 9134. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19159134