Attachment Stories in Middle Childhood: Reliability and Validity of Clinical and Nonclinical Children’s Narratives in a Structured Setting
Abstract
:1. Introduction
1.1. Nonclinical or Typically Developing Participants
1.2. At-Risk or Clinical Participants
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Participants and Procedures
2.2. Measures
The Attachment Story Stem Completion Task (ASCT)
2.3. Coherence
2.4. Behavioral Problems
2.5. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Reliability: Data Reduction of the LPN-Items
Factor Analysis
3.2. Scale Construction
Comparing the Three Empirical Attachment Scales with Theoretical LPN-Attachment Constructs
3.3. Reliability: Internal Consistency and Interrater Reliability
3.3.1. Internal Consistency
3.3.2. Interrater Reliability
3.4. Discriminatory Validity: Age-Groups, Gender, and Setting
3.4.1. Age-Groups
3.4.2. Gender
3.4.3. Setting
3.5. Construct Validity: Intercorrelations, Coherence, Categories, and Problem Behavior
3.5.1. Intercorrelations between Attachment Scales
3.5.2. Correlations between the four Attachment Scales and Coherence
3.5.3. Distribution of Continuous Attachment Scale Scores into Attachment Categories for the Clinical and Nonclinical Groups
3.5.4. Correlations between the Four Attachment Scales and Mothers Assessment of Children’s Behavioral Problems
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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CBCL-T-Scores | Clinical n = 146 | Nonclinical n = 96 | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
m | SD | m | SD | |
Internalizing | 64.3 | 9.54 | 49.1 | 10.04 |
Externalizing | 61.3 | 10.54 | 45.9 | 8.52 |
Total score | 64.9 | 8.82 | 47.3 | 9.11 |
Factor Loading | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 2 | 3 | ||
Factor 1: Insecure-ambivalent | ||||
4. | No closure * | 0.44 | −0.01 | 0.62 |
11. | Child endangered | 0.73 | 0.01 | 0.26 |
12. | Child injured/dead | 0.73 | 0.09 | −0.20 |
19. | Adult actively rejects | 0.54 | 0.15 | −0.07 |
20. | Adult injured/dead | 0.81 | −0.09 | 0.08 |
22. | Physical punishment | 0.54 | −0.02 | −0.11 |
23. | Child shows aggression * | 0.60 | −0.07 | 0.54 |
24. | Adult shows aggression | 0.79 | 0.02 | 0.32 |
25. | Coherent aggression * | 0.62 | 0.05 | 0.55 |
33. | Repetition | 0.43 | 0.07 | 0.23 |
36. | Throwing away/out | 0.55 | −0.23 | 0.15 |
Factor 3: Insecure-avoidant | ||||
2. | Disengagement (R) | −0.11 | −0.41 | 0.15 |
3. | Initial aversion (R) | −0.06 | −0.48 | −0.08 |
5. | Premature foreclosure (R) | −0.24 | −0.70 | −0.04 |
8. | Child seeks help/protection | −0.03 | 0.47 | −0.05 |
9. | Siblings/peers help | 0.06 | 0.46 | 0.02 |
15. | Adult provides comfort | −0.05 | 0.62 | 0.02 |
16. | Adult provides help/protection | −0.20 | 0.70 | −0.14 |
17. | Adult shows affection | 0.14 | 0.50 | −0.20 |
18. | Adult unaware (R) * | 0.01 | −0.48 | 0.45 |
21. | Limit setting | 0.09 | 0.43 | 0.02 |
35. | Pleasurable domestic life | −0.21 | 0.59 | −0.01 |
Factor 3: Insecure-avoidant | ||||
4. | No closure * | 0.44 | −0.01 | 0.62 |
6. | Changing narrative constraints | −0.09 | −0.30 | 0.73 |
18. | Adult unaware * | 0.01 | −0.48 | 0.45 |
23. | Child shows aggression * | 0.60 | −0.07 | 0.54 |
25. | Coherent aggression * | 0.62 | 0.05 | 0.55 |
32. | Denial/distortion of affect | 0.06 | 0.08 | 0.67 |
Constructed Scales | # of Items | Cronbach’s Alpha |
---|---|---|
Secure | 11 | 0.76 |
Ambivalent | 11 | 0.87 |
Avoidant | 6 | 0.75 |
Disorganized | 6 | 0.76 |
Distress/anxiety | 3 | 0.74 |
Variable | 4–7 Years (n = 80–84) | 8–10 Years (n = 76–78) | t (157–160) | p | Cohen’s d | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
M | SD | M | SD | |||||
Attachment scales | ||||||||
Secure | 0.76 | 0.12 | 0.86 | 0.11 | −5.48 | <0.001 | −0.87 | |
Ambivalent | 0.20 | 0.17 | 0.19 | 0.18 | 0.66 | 0.51 | 0.10 | |
Avoidant | 0.24 | 0.18 | 0.15 | 0.12 | 1.39 | <0.001 | 0.53 | |
Disorganized | 0.16 | 0.16 | 0.15 | 0.17 | 0.62 | 0.54 | 0.10 | |
Other scales | ||||||||
Coherence | 4.07 | 1.15 | 5.10 | 1.30 | −5.27 | <0.001 | −0.85 | |
Distress/anxiety | 0.37 | 0.27 | 0.50 | 0.32 | −2.78 | 0.006 | −0.44 |
Variable | Boys (n = 96–99) | Girls (n = 60–63) | t (154–160) | p | Cohen’s d | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
M | SD | M | SD | |||||
Attachment scales | ||||||||
Secure | 0.78 | 0.12 | 0.84 | 0.13 | −3.12 | <0.001 | −0.51 | |
Ambivalent | 0.22 | 0.19 | 0.16 | 0.14 | 2.33 | 0.021 | 0.38 | |
Avoidant | 0.22 | 0.18 | 0.16 | 0.12 | 2.27 | 0.024 | 0.37 | |
Disorganized | 0.18 | 0.19 | 0.12 | 0.10 | 2.40 | 0.018 | 0.39 | |
Other scales | ||||||||
Coherence | 4.31 | 1.32 | 4.99 | 1.23 | −3.24 | 0.001 | −0.53 | |
Distress/anxiety | 0.36 | 0.29 | 0.54 | 0.31 | −3.76 | <0.001 | −0.61 |
Variable | Boys (n = 35) | Girls (n = 46) | t (79) | p | Cohen’s d | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
M | SD | M | SD | |||||
Attachment scales | ||||||||
Secure | 0.87 | 0.09 | 0.92 | 0.09 | −2.53 | 0.013 | −0.57 | |
Ambivalent | 0.17 | 0.17 | 0.13 | 0.12 | 1.24 | 0.217 | 0.28 | |
Avoidant | 0.15 | 0.10 | 0.13 | 0.11 | 0.91 | 0.365 | 0.21 | |
Disorganized | 0.07 | 0.16 | 0.02 | 0.04 | 1.76 | 0.082 | 0.40 | |
Other scales | ||||||||
Coherence | 5.37 | 0.99 | 5.80 | 0.79 | −2.17 | 0.033 | −0.49 | |
Distress/anxiety | 0.54 | 0.59 | 0.66 | 0.56 | −0.92 | 0.361 | −0.21 |
Secure | Ambivalent | Avoidant | Disorganized | Distress/Anxiety | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Secure | 0.01 | −0.35 | ** | −0.02 | 0.35 | ** | ||||
Ambivalent | −0.04 | 0.71 | ** | 0.63 | ** | 0.20 | * | |||
Avoidant | −0.50 | ** | 0.56 | ** | 0.46 | ** | 0.04 | |||
Disorganized | −0.13 | 0.72 | ** | 0.45 | ** | 0.13 | ||||
Distress/anxiety | 0.30 | ** | 0.43 | ** | 0.20 | * | 0.30 | ** |
Attachment Scales | Coherence | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Clinical Group (N = 156–162) | Nonclinical Group (N = 98) | |||
Secure | 0.61 | ** | 0.52 | ** |
Ambivalent | −0.48 | ** | −0.53 | ** |
Avoidant | −0.53 | ** | −0.73 | ** |
Disorganized | −0.61 | ** | −0.44 | ** |
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Zevalkink, J.; Ankone, E. Attachment Stories in Middle Childhood: Reliability and Validity of Clinical and Nonclinical Children’s Narratives in a Structured Setting. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19, 9053. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19159053
Zevalkink J, Ankone E. Attachment Stories in Middle Childhood: Reliability and Validity of Clinical and Nonclinical Children’s Narratives in a Structured Setting. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2022; 19(15):9053. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19159053
Chicago/Turabian StyleZevalkink, Jolien, and Elle Ankone. 2022. "Attachment Stories in Middle Childhood: Reliability and Validity of Clinical and Nonclinical Children’s Narratives in a Structured Setting" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 15: 9053. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19159053