Manganese and Lead Exposure and Early Puberty Onset in Children Living near a Ferromanganese Alloy Plant
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Design and Population
2.2. Sample Collection, Biomarker Determinations and Hormone Analysis
2.3. Puberty Assessment
2.4. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Population General Characteristics and Sexual Maturity Staging
3.2. Pubertal Status and Anthropometry
3.3. Hormones and Pubertal Status
3.4. Biomarkers of Exposure and Pubertal Status
4. Discussion
4.1. Sexual Maturity Staging
4.2. Anthropometry and Pubertal Status
4.3. Hormones and Puberty
4.4. Biomarkers, Pubertal Status and Potential Precocious Puberty Relationship
4.5. Strengths and Limitations
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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T. Breast | 7 Years | 8 Years | 9 Years | 10 Years | 11 Years | 12 Years |
M1 | 18 (37.5) | 12 (25.0) | 12 (25.0) | 5 (10.4) | 1 (2.1) | |
M2 | 9 (19.1) | 12 (25.5) | 17 (36.2) | 6 (12.8) | 3 (6.4) | |
M3 | 1 (11.1) | 6 (66.7) | 2 (22.2) | |||
M4 | 1 (100.0) | |||||
T. Pubic Hair | 7 Years | 8 Years | 9 Years | 10 Years | 11 Years | 12 Years |
P1 | 13 (32.5) | 16 (40.0) | 5 (12.5) | 5 (12.5) | 1 (2.5) | |
P2 | 5 (10.0) | 5 (10.0) | 18 (36.0) | 14 (28.0) | 7 (14.0) | 1 (2.0) |
P3 | 1 (9.1) | 2 (18.2) | 5 (45.5) | 3 (27.3) | ||
P4 | 2 (50.0) | 1 (25.0) | 1 (25.0) |
T. Genital | 7 Years | 8 Years | 9 Years | 10 Years | 11 Years | 12 Years |
G1 | 13 (27.7) | 13 (27.7) | 9 (19.1) | 6 (12.8) | 3 (6.4) | 3 (6.4) |
G2 | 4 (9.8) | 3 (7.3) | 17 (41.5) | 6 (14.6) | 6 (14.6) | 5 (12.2) |
G3 | 1 (8.3) | 3 (25.0) | 6 (50.0) | 2 (16.7) | ||
G4 | 1 (33.3) | 1 (33.3) | 1 (33.3) | |||
T. Pubic Hair | 7 Years | 8 Years | 9 Years | 10 Years | 11 Years | 12 Years |
P1 | 17 (29.8) | 14 (24.6) | 15 (26.3) | 6 (10.5) | 2 (3.5) | 3 (5.3) |
P2 | 2 (7.4) | 8 (29.6) | 6 (22.2) | 6 (22.2) | 5 (18.5) | |
P3 | 1 (7.7) | 3 (23.1) | 2 (15.4) | 6 (46.2) | 1 (7.7) | |
P4 | 1 (16.7) | 1 (16.7) | 2 (33.3) | 2 (33.3) |
1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 W/A Z-score | rho | 0.707 ** | 0.818 ** | 0.004 | 0.020 | 0.047 | −0.069 | −0.322 | −0.365 * | −0.244 | 0.024 | |
p-value | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.963 | 0.825 | 0.584 | 0.422 | 0.095 | 0.026 | 0.274 | 0.895 | ||
2 H/A Z-score | rho | 0.316 ** | −0.062 | 0.103 | 0.065 | −0.164 * | −0.169 | −0.235 | −0.186 | −0.106 | ||
p-value | 0.000 | 0.390 | 0.161 | 0.352 | 0.019 | 0.206 | 0.057 | 0.221 | 0.439 | |||
3 BMI/A Z-score | rho | 0.077 | −0.010 | −0.021 | 0.070 | −0.057 | −0.230 | −0.302 * | 0.067 | |||
p-value | 0.284 | 0.891 | 0.768 | 0.319 | 0.671 | 0.064 | 0.044 | 0.625 | ||||
4 MnH (µg/g) | rho | 0.388 ** | −0.114 | 0.185 ** | 0.083 | 0.028 | −0.101 | −0.071 | ||||
p-value | 0.000 | 0.104 | 0.008 | 0.529 | 0.821 | 0.510 | 0.611 | |||||
5 MnTn (µg/g) | rho | −0.119 | 0.244 ** | 0.121 | 0.141 | −0.109 | −0.030 | |||||
p-value | 0.099 | 0.001 | 0.386 | 0.275 | 0.490 | 0.837 | ||||||
6 MnB (µg/L) | rho | −0.079 | 0.081 | −0.112 | 0.044 | −0.234 | ||||||
p-value | 0.245 | 0.544 | 0.376 | 0.773 | 0.080 | |||||||
7 PbB (µg/dL) | rho | 0.103 | 0.210 | 0.136 | 0.221 | |||||||
p-value | 0.437 | 0.090 | 0.367 | 0.099 | ||||||||
8 Age of thelarche | rho | 0.183 | ||||||||||
p-value | 0.207 | |||||||||||
9 Age of pubarche—girls | rho | |||||||||||
p-value | ||||||||||||
10 Age of pubarche—boys | rho | 0.536 ** | ||||||||||
p-value | 0.001 | |||||||||||
11 Age of genital—boys | rho | |||||||||||
p-value |
MnH (µg/g) | MnTn (µg/g) | MnB (µg/L) | PbB (µg/dL) | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Girls’ Tanner sexual stage | ||||
M1 | 0.64 (0.18–3.54) | 0.64 (0.15–3.22) | 10.54 (4.02–40.43) | 1.00 (0.3–5.6) |
M2 | 0.72 (0.16–5.85) | 0.80 (0.22–3.24) | 9.06 (2.49–25.50) | 0.9 (0.3–6.6) |
M3 | 0.56 (0.26–4.01) | 0.85 (0.36–2.15) | 10.07 (5.22–24.50) | 1.3 (0.6–4.0) |
P1 | 0.64 (0.33–3.54) | 0.65 (0.15–3.22) | 8.90 (3.00–23.41) | 1.00 (0.3–3.3) |
P2 | 0.66 (0.16–5.85) | 0.75 (0.29–3.24) | 10.78 (2.49–40.43) | 0.9 (0.3–6.6) |
P3 | 0.56 (0.18–4.01) | 0.85 (0.36–3.22) | 9.22 (3.25–24.33) | 1.00 (0.4–4.0) |
P4 | 0.97 (0.46–1.35) | 0.77 (0.28–2.13) | 6.66 (4.98–24.50) | 1.4 (0.5–3.2) |
Boys’ Tanner sexual stage | ||||
G1 | 0.83 (0.28–4.41) | 0.84 (0.15–10.75) | 7.22 (1.51–28.89) | 1.00 (0.3–4.0) |
G2 | 0.86 (0.29–6.85) | 1.11 (0.35–13.30) | 10.34 (2.82–32.40) | 1.2 (0.4–15.6) |
G3 | 0.66 (0.31–2.20) | 0.74 (0.25–4.03) | 8.23 (3.16–11.90) | 1.65 (0.5–3.1) |
G4 | 0.61 (0.55–0.82) | 0.73 (0.59–5.10) | 6.11 (4.93–17.09) | 2.5 (1.8–4.4) |
P1 | 0.79 (0.32–4.41) | 1.07 (0.15–11.51) | 9.28 (1.51–23.97) | 1.0 (0.3–4.0) |
P2 | 0.86 (0.28–6.85) | 1.02 (0.29–13.30) | 7.58 (2.56–32.40) | 1.1 (0.5–15.6) |
P3 | 0.74 (0.31–5.52) | 0.83 (0.25–4.03) | 9.21 (3.21–21.98) | 1.6 (0.4–4.2) |
P4 | 0.70 (0.55–0.86) | 0.94 (0.59–5.10) | 5.58 (3.16–17.09) | 2.5 (1.6–4.4) * |
Potential precocious puberty classification | ||||
Yes | 0.64 (0.39–3.37) | 0.73 (0.28–5.55) | 10.22 (4.98–28.78) | 1.00 (0.4–3.1) |
No | 0.73 (0.16–8.79) | 0.84 (0.15–13.30) | 8.94 (1.51–40.43) | 1.2 (0.3–15.6) |
Non-Standardized β Coefficients | 95% Confidence Interval | p-Value | |
---|---|---|---|
Girls | |||
Onset age of thelarche | |||
Intercept Y | 8.891 | 6.366–11.416 | <0.001 * |
MnTn (µg/g) | 0.203 | −0.248–0.653 | 0.398 |
E2 (pg/mL) | 0.007 | 0.000–0.013 | 0.044 ** |
PbB (µg/dL) | 0.292 | −0.013–0.598 | 0.060 |
Onset age of pubarche | |||
Intercept Y | 8.023 | 6.008–10.038 | <0.001 * |
MnTn (µg/g) | 0.306 | −0.108–0.720 | 0.143 |
E2 (pg/mL) | 0.007 | 0.001–0.014 | 0.021 ** |
PbB (µg/dL) | 0.299 | 0.055–0.542 | 0.017 ** |
Boys | |||
Onset age of genitalia | |||
Intercept Y | 9.073 | 8.061–10.085 | <0.001 * |
MnTn (µg/g) | 0.086 | −0.053–0.226 | 0.218 |
T (ng/mL) | −0.076 | −1.021–0.869 | 0.871 |
PbB (µg/dL) | 0.085 | −0.060–0.229 | 0.240 |
Onset age of pubarche | |||
Intercept Y | 8.994 | 8.005–9.983 | <0.001 * |
MnTn (µg/g) | 0.101 | −0.055–0.257 | 0.195 |
T (ng/mL) | 0.032 | −0.747–0.810 | 0.934 |
PbB (µg/dL) | 0.030 | −0.106–0.166 | 0.655 |
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dos Santos, N.R.; Rodrigues, J.L.G.; Bandeira, M.d.J.; Anjos, A.L.d.S.; Araújo, C.F.d.S.; Adan, L.F.F.; Menezes-Filho, J.A. Manganese and Lead Exposure and Early Puberty Onset in Children Living near a Ferromanganese Alloy Plant. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19, 7158. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19127158
dos Santos NR, Rodrigues JLG, Bandeira MdJ, Anjos ALdS, Araújo CFdS, Adan LFF, Menezes-Filho JA. Manganese and Lead Exposure and Early Puberty Onset in Children Living near a Ferromanganese Alloy Plant. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2022; 19(12):7158. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19127158
Chicago/Turabian Styledos Santos, Nathália Ribeiro, Juliana Lima Gomes Rodrigues, Matheus de Jesus Bandeira, Ana Laura dos Santos Anjos, Cecília Freitas da Silva Araújo, Luis Fernando Fernandes Adan, and José Antonio Menezes-Filho. 2022. "Manganese and Lead Exposure and Early Puberty Onset in Children Living near a Ferromanganese Alloy Plant" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 12: 7158. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19127158