Factors Related to Blood Pressure Response after Community-Based Exercise Program in the Elderly Population
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Data Source and Study Design
2.2. Data Collection
2.3. Community-Based Exercise Program
2.4. Definition of the Responder/Nonresponder on BP Control (R-BP/NR-BP)
2.5. Definition of Predictors
2.6. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Characteristics of Subjects
3.2. Comparison of the Potential Factors at Baseline of R-BP and NR-BP
3.3. Factors Affecting R-BP
3.4. Impact of HTN History on Factors Affecting R-BP
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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n = 136 | Number | Percent (%) Mean ± SD/Median (Mode) |
---|---|---|
Sociodemographic Information | ||
Sex | Male 47/Female 89 | 34.6/65.4 |
Age (year) | 73 (67) | |
Body height (cm) | 155.80 (155) | |
Body weight (kg) | 57.80 (52.20) | |
BMI | 23.90 ± 3.56 | |
Marital status | ||
Married | 92 | 67.6 |
Widow/single/divorce | 44 | 32.4 |
Living arrangements | ||
Living with family/friends | 110 | 80.9 |
Living alone | 24 | 17.6 |
Others | 2 | 1.5 |
Highest level of education | ||
Less than senior high school level | 40 | 29.4 |
Senior high school level | 46 | 33.8 |
College or advance degree | 50 | 36.8 |
Health condition- and behavior-related Information | ||
Self-reported disease | ||
HTN | 60 | 44.1 |
GI illness | 17 | 12.5 |
DM | 17 | 12.5 |
Immune disease | 8 | 5.9 |
Hyperlipidemia | 5 | 3.7 |
Pulmonary disease | 4 | 2.9 |
Prostate hypertrophy | 4 | 2.9 |
Thyroid disease | 3 | 2.2 |
Renal disease | 2 | 1.5 |
Liver disease | 1 | 0.7 |
Cancer | 1 | 0.7 |
Not reported | 14 | 10.4 |
Prescription medications | ||
0–1 | 71 | 52.2 |
2–3 | 47 | 34.6 |
≥4 | 18 | 13.2 |
Health assessment in the past year | ||
No | 21 | 15.4 |
PA level | ||
Inactive lifestyle | 13 | 9.6 |
Active lifestyle | 123 | 90.4 |
Smoking | ||
Never | 123 | 90.4 |
Quit | 11 | 8.1 |
Yes | 2 | 1.5 |
Drinking | ||
Never | 99 | 72.8 |
Yes | 37 | 27.2 |
All Subjects (n = 136) | With HTN (n = 60) | Non-Diagnosed HTN (n = 76) | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Baseline Data | NR-BP (n = 25) Number (%) | R-BP (n = 111) Number (%) | NR-BP (n = 12) Number (%) | R-BP (n = 48) Number (%) | NR-BP (n = 13) Number (%) | R-BP (n = 63) Number (%) | |
Sociodemographic factors | |||||||
Age a | 74(72) | 73(67) | 77(77) | 73.5(73) | 73(69) | 72(67) | |
Sex | Male | 6(24) | 41(36.9) | 2(16.7) | 18(37.5) | 4(30.8) | 23(36.5) |
Female | 19(76) | 70(63.1) | 10(83.3) | 30(62.5) | 9(69.2) | 40(63.5) | |
Educational level | Below senior high school level | 10(40) | 30(27) | 8(66.7) | 14(29.2) | 2(15.4) | 16(25.4) |
Above senior high school level | 15(60) | 81(73) | 4(33.3) | 34(70.8) * | 11(84.6) | 47(74.6) | |
Living arrangements | Living alone | 5(20) | 19(17.1) | 2(16.7) | 12(25) | 3(23.1) | 7(11.1) |
Living with family/friends | 20(80) | 90(81.1) | 10(83.3) | 36(75) | 10(76.9) | 54(85.7) | |
Others | 0(0) | 2(1.8) | 0(0) | 0(0) | 0(0) | 2(3.2) | |
Health condition and behavior-related factors | |||||||
Medication | 0–1 | 12(48) | 59(53.2) | 5(41.7) | 11(22.9) | 7(53.8) | 48(76.2) |
≥2 | 13(52) | 52(46.8) | 7(58.3) | 37(77.1) | 6(46.2) | 15(23.8) | |
Health examination | No | 4(16) | 17(15.3) | 2(16.7) | 8(16.7) | 2(15.4) | 9(14.3) |
Yes | 21(84) | 94(84.7) | 10(83.3) | 40(83.3) | 11(84.6) | 54(85.7) | |
PA level | Inactive lifestyle | 5(20) | 8(7.2) | 2(16.7) | 4(8.3) | 3(23.1) | 4(6.3) |
Active lifestyle | 20(80) | 103(92.8) | 10(83.3) | 44(91.7) | 10(76.9) | 59(93.7) | |
Cardiovascular risk factors | |||||||
BP at baseline | SBP (mmHg) | 141.16 ± 16.37 | 132.94 ± 18.38* | 145.16 ± 16.73 | 139.08 ± 19.44 | 137.46 ± 15.765 | 128.26 ± 16.17 |
DBP (mmHg) | 76.80 ± 10.18 | 73.99 ± 10.96 | 76.25 ± 12.15 | 77.87 ± 10.22 | 77.30 ± 8.44 | 71.0 ± 10.65* | |
No risk | 9(36) | 69(62.2) | 3(25) | 24(50) | 6(36.2) | 45(71.4) | |
Elevated in BP | 16(64) | 42(37.8) * | 9(75) | 24(50) | 7(53.8) | 18(28.6) | |
FPG level at baseline | FPG (mg/dL) | 125.16 ± 40.54 | 121.03 ± 34.3 | 127.08 ± 49.00 | 120.60 ± 29.40 | 123.38 ± 32.84 | 121.36 ± 37.96 |
No risk | 5(20) | 31(27.9) | 2(16.7) | 11(22.9) | 3(23.1) | 20(31.7) | |
Impaired | 12(48) | 47(42.3) | 6(50) | 24(50) | 6(46.2) | 23 (36.5) | |
DM | 8(32) | 33(29.7) | 4(33.3) | 13(27.1) | 4(30.8) | 20(31.7) | |
TC level at baseline | TC (mg/dL) | 202.76 ± 43.26 | 208.04 ± 57.10 | 189.33 ± 42.91 | 192.83 ± 47.76 | 215.15 ± 41.34 | 219.63 ± 61.16 |
No risk | 11(44) | 57(51.4) | 7(58.3) | 27(56.2) | 4(30.8) | 30(47.6) | |
Borderline | 9(36) | 29(26.1) | 3(25) | 13 (27.1) | 6(46.2) | 16(25.4) | |
Hyperlipidemia | 5(20) | 25(22.5) | 2(16.7) | 8 (16.7) | 3(23.1) | 17(27.0) | |
BMI at baseline | BMI | 24.56 ± 3.38 | 23.76 ± 3.60 | 25.64 ± 3.79 | 24.98 ± 3.39 | 23.56 ± 2.72 | 22.82 ± 3.50 |
No risk | 11(44.0) | 51(45.9) | 5(41.7) | 17(37.4) | 6(46.2) | 34(54.0) | |
Under/overweight | 7(28.0) | 38(34.2) | 3(25) | 17(35.4) | 4(30.8) | 21(33.3) | |
Obesity | 7(28.0) | 22(19.8) | 4(33.3) | 14(29.2) | 3(23.1) | 8(12.7) | |
Triple H | No triple H | 18(72) | 97(87.4) | 9(75) | 41(85.4) | 9(69.2) | 56(88.9) |
Combine triple H | 7(28) | 14(12.6) * | 3(25) | 7(14.6) | 4(30.8) | 7(11.1) p = 0.06 |
All Subjects (n = 136) | With HTN (n = 60) | Non-Diagnosed HTN (n = 76) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Predictor at Baseline | Univariate | Multivariate | Univariate | Multivariate | Univariate | Multivariate |
OR (95%CI) | OR (95%CI) | OR (95%CI) | OR (95%CI) | OR (95%CI) | OR (95%CI) | |
Sociodemographic factors | ||||||
Age | 0.96 | 0.94 | 0.99 | |||
(0.90–1.03) | (0.85–1.05) | (0.89–1.09) | ||||
Sex (Female) | 0.54 | 0.52 | 0.33 | 0.94 | 0.77 | |
(0.20–1.46) | (0.17–1.53) | (0.07–1.70) | (0.13–6.72) | (0.21–2.79) | ||
Educational level (Above senior high school) | 1.80 | 1.65 | 4.86 | 5.36 | 0.53 | |
(0.73–4.44) | (0.61–4.47) | (1.26–18.77) | (1.05–27.34) | (0.11–2.67) | ||
Living arrangements (Living with company) | 1.21 | 0.60 | 2.40 | 1.62 | ||
(0.40–3.63) | (0.12–3.13) | (0.53–10.87) | (0.31–8.57) | |||
Health condition and behavior-related factors | ||||||
Medications (≥2) | 0.81 | 2.40 | 2.37 | 0.37 | 0.45 | |
(0.34–1.94) | (0.64–9.09) | (0.51–11.08) | (0.11–1.25) | (0.12–1.64) | ||
Health examination (Yes) | 1.05 | 1.00 | 1.09 | |||
(0.32–3.45) | (0.18–5.46) | (0.21–5.76) | ||||
PA level | 3.22 | 4.50 | 2.20 | 4.43 | 3.07 | |
(Active lifestyle) | (0.95–10.86) | (1.19–17.02) | (0.35–13.73) | (0.86–22.81) | (0.50–18.67) | |
Cardiovascular risk factors | ||||||
HTN risk | 0.34 | 0.37 | 0.33 | 0.31 | 0.34 | |
(0.14–0.84) | (0.13–1.11) | (0.08–1.38) | (0.07–1.44) | (0.10–1.16) | ||
DM risk | 0.65 | 0.67 | 0.65 | |||
(0.22–1.87) | (0.13–3.54) | (0.16–2.60) | ||||
Hyperlipidemia risk | 0.74 | 1.09 | 0.49 | |||
(0.31–1.78) | (0.30–3.92) | (0.14–1.75) | ||||
Abnormal BMI risk | 0.92 | 1.30 | 0.73 | |||
(0.39–2.21) | (0.36–4.73) | (0.22–2.42) | ||||
Cardiometabolic risk (combined triple H) | 0.37 | 0.62 | 0.51 | 0.28 | 0.36 | |
(0.13–1.05) | (0.19–2.06) | (0.11–2.37) | (0.07–1.16) | (0.08–1.59) | ||
Nagelkerke’s R2 | 0.15 | 0.24 | 0.15 |
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Wang, Y.-P.; Tseng, K.-W.; Lin, M.-H.; Tsai, M.-W. Factors Related to Blood Pressure Response after Community-Based Exercise Program in the Elderly Population. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18, 3149. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18063149
Wang Y-P, Tseng K-W, Lin M-H, Tsai M-W. Factors Related to Blood Pressure Response after Community-Based Exercise Program in the Elderly Population. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18(6):3149. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18063149
Chicago/Turabian StyleWang, Yi-Pin, Kuo-Wei Tseng, Meng-Hui Lin, and Mei-Wun Tsai. 2021. "Factors Related to Blood Pressure Response after Community-Based Exercise Program in the Elderly Population" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 6: 3149. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18063149