Incidence and Risk Factors of Hyperuricemia among 2.5 Million Chinese Adults during the Years 2017–2018
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methods
2.1. Study Design and Study Population
2.2. Assessment of Uric Acid and Hyperuricemia
2.3. Assessment of Other Factors
2.4. Data Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Total (n = 2,015,847) | Men (n = 1,069,622) | Women (n = 946,225) | |
---|---|---|---|
Age, years | |||
18–39 | 1,030,779 (51.1) | 524,626 (49.0) | 506,153 (53.5) |
40–59 | 795,812 (39.5) | 436,354 (40.8) | 359,458 (38.0) |
≥60 | 189,256 (9.39) | 108,642 (10.2) | 80,614 (8.52) |
Urban population size, million | |||
Less than one | 495,237 (24.6) | 270,905 (25.3) | 224,332 (23.7) |
One to five | 787,919 (39.1) | 423,803 (39.6) | 364,116 (38.5) |
More than five | 732,691 (36.3) | 374,914 (35.1) | 357,777 (37.8) |
Geographical region | |||
Northern | 270,507 (13.4) | 140,328 (13.1) | 130,179 (13.8) |
Eastern | 700,642 (34.8) | 365,240 (34.1) | 335,402 (35.4) |
South-Central | 494,709 (24.5) | 269,001 (25.1) | 225,708 (23.9) |
Northeast | 181,359 (9.00) | 95,210 (8.90) | 86,149 (9.10) |
Northwest | 113,165 (5.61) | 65,700 (6.14) | 47,465 (5.02) |
Southwest | 255,465 (12.7) | 134,143 (12.5) | 121,322 (12.8) |
Annual average temperature, °C | |||
3–13 | 647,872 (32.1) | 342,942 (32.1) | 304,930 (32.2) |
14–16 | 733,990 (36.4) | 366,669 (34.3) | 335,424 (35.4) |
17–25 | 633,985 (31.5) | 360,011 (33.7) | 305,871 (32.3) |
BMI, kg/m2 | |||
<18.5 | 89,777 (5.05) | 29,212 (3.11) | 60,565 (7.23) |
18.5–23.9 | 932,671 (52.5) | 407,357 (43.4) | 525,314 (62.7) |
24–27.9 | 578,427 (32.5) | 378,760 (40.3) | 199,667 (23.8) |
≥28.0 | 176,635 (9.94) | 124,176 (13.2) | 52,459 (6.26) |
eGFR, mL/min per 1.73 m2 | |||
<60 | 11,497 (0.59) | 5523 (0.53) | 5974 (0.65) |
60–89 | 299,205 (15.2) | 180,710 (17.3) | 118,495 (12.9) |
≥90 | 1,652,964 (84.2) | 856,411 (82.1) | 796,553 (86.5) |
Hypertension | |||
Yes | 382,003 (19.8) | 261,908 (25.6) | 120,095 (13.2) |
No | 1,547,046 (80.2) | 760,167 (74.4) | 786,879 (86.8) |
Dyslipidemia | |||
Yes | 894,034 (44.7) | 531,523 (50.1) | 362,511 (38.6) |
No | 1,106,023 (55.3) | 529,860 (49.9) | 576,163 (61.4) |
Fat liver disease | |||
Yes | 606,877 (31.0) | 425,478 (40.9) | 181,399 (19.7) |
No | 1,352,360 (69.0) | 615,264 (59.1) | 737,096 (80.3) |
Total | Men | Women | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
No. of Cases | Population Denominator, Person-Years | Incidence per 100 Person-Years | No. of Cases | Population Denominator, Person-Years | Incidence per 100 Person-Years | No. of Cases | Population Denominator, Person-Years | Incidence per 100 Person-Years | |
Total | 225,240 | 2,043,291 | 11.1 (11.0–11.1) | 166,499 | 1,086,144 | 15.2 (15.2–15.3) | 58,741 | 957,147 | 6.80 (6.74–6.87) |
Age, years | |||||||||
18–39 | 123,231 | 1,047,453 | 11.7 (11.6–11.8) | 94,234 | 534,212 | 17.6 (17.5–17.7) | 28,997 | 513,241 | 5.65 (5.59–5.71) |
40–59 | 81,649 | 805,966 | 9.79 (9.73–9.86) | 60,066 | 442,814 | 13.6 (13.5–13.7) | 21,583 | 363,151 | 5.94 (5.87–6.02) |
≥60 | 20,360 | 189,872 | 10.6 (10.5–10.8) | 12,199 | 109,117 | 11.2 (11.0–11.4) | 8161 | 80,754 | 10.1 (9.9–10.3) |
Urban population size, million | |||||||||
Less than one | 52,009 | 495,319 | 10.7 (10.6–10.8) | 39,135 | 271,434 | 15.0 (14.8–15.1) | 12874 | 223,885 | 6.31 (6.18–6.43) |
One to five | 88,033 | 799,101 | 11.0 (10.9–11.1) | 65,454 | 430,926 | 15.0 (14.9–15.1) | 22579 | 368,175 | 6.90 (6.80–7.01) |
More than five | 85,198 | 748,871 | 11.5 (11.4–11.5) | 61,910 | 383,785 | 15.8 (15.6–15.9) | 23288 | 365,086 | 7.01 (6.91–7.12) |
Geographical region | |||||||||
Northern | 24,733 | 275,820 | 9.12 (8.99–9.24) | 18,173 | 143,232 | 12.8 (12.6–13.0) | 6560 | 132,587 | 5.31 (5.17–5.45) |
Eastern | 70,280 | 711,251 | 10.1 (10.0–10.2) | 52,167 | 371,155 | 14.0 (13.8–14.1) | 18,113 | 340,097 | 6.07 (5.96–6.17) |
South-Central | 64,429 | 501,046 | 12.6 (12.5–12.7) | 47,824 | 273,302 | 17.0 (16.8–17.1) | 16,605 | 227,744 | 8.03 (7.88–8.18) |
Northeast | 19,678 | 181,717 | 11.3 (11.1–11.4) | 14,364 | 95,348 | 15.7 (15.5–16.0) | 5314 | 86,368 | 6.65 (6.45–6.85) |
Northwest | 10,166 | 114,145 | 8.64 (8.45–8.83) | 7949 | 66,444 | 11.9 (11.6–12.2) | 2217 | 47,701 | 5.27 (5.02–5.52) |
Southwest | 35,954 | 259,312 | 14.2 (14.0–14.3) | 26,022 | 136,663 | 19.0 (18.8–19.3) | 9932 | 122,649 | 9.14 (8.93–9.34) |
Annual average temperature, °C | |||||||||
3–13 | 68,694 | 656,087 | 10.6 (10.5–10.7) | 50,723 | 347,944 | 14.7 (14.6–14.9) | 17,971 | 308,142 | 6.40 (6.30–6.51) |
14–16 | 79,362 | 709,522 | 10.8 (10.7–10.9) | 55,175 | 370,885 | 14.9 (14.8–15.0) | 20,075 | 338,637 | 6.56 (6.46–6.67) |
17–25 | 77,184 | 677,682 | 11.9 (11.8–12.0) | 60,601 | 367,315 | 16.1 (16.0–16.2) | 20,695 | 310,368 | 7.51 (7.39–7.63) |
BMI, kg/m2 | |||||||||
<18.5 | 4429 | 91,279 | 5.17 (4.95–5.39) | 2438 | 29,872 | 7.02 (6.66–7.37) | 1991 | 61,407 | 3.25 (3.01–3.50) |
18.5–23.9 | 75,975 | 947,877 | 8.69 (8.62–8.75) | 51,057 | 415,393 | 11.9 (11.8–12.0) | 24,918 | 532,485 | 5.35 (5.27–5.44) |
24–27.9 | 83,158 | 587,263 | 13.8 (13.7–13.9) | 65,609 | 385,124 | 17.8 (17.6–17.9) | 17,549 | 202,139 | 9.71 (9.54–9.88) |
≥28.0 | 33,786 | 179,115 | 18.6 (18.3–18.8) | 26,594 | 126,051 | 22.1 (21.8–22.4) | 7192 | 53,064 | 14.9 (14.5–15.3) |
eGFR, mL/min per 1.73 m2 | |||||||||
<60 | 2068 | 11,343 | 17.9 (15.5–20.3) | 1240 | 5461 | 25.1 (20.7–29.5) | 828 | 5882 | 10.5 (8.8–12.1) |
60–89 | 38,786 | 302,200 | 12.6 (12.4–12.8) | 28,941 | 182,517 | 17.4 (17.1–17.7) | 9845 | 119,682 | 7.65 (7.47–7.82) |
≥90 | 178,214 | 1,678,707 | 10.4 (10.3–10.5) | 131,754 | 871,821 | 14.3 (14.2–14.4) | 46,460 | 806,886 | 6.35 (6.26–6.43) |
Hypertension | |||||||||
Yes | 54,465 | 385,767 | 13.7 (13.5–13.9) | 42479 | 264794 | 17.8 (17.6–18.1) | 11,986 | 120,973 | 9.48 (9.18–9.77) |
No | 16,0947 | 1,571,874 | 10.3 (10.3–10.4) | 116649 | 774305 | 14.3 (14.2–14.4) | 44,298 | 797,569 | 6.23 (6.14–6.31) |
Dyslipidemia | |||||||||
Yes | 117,805 | 908,516 | 12.3 (12.2–12.3) | 91634 | 540,853 | 16.7 (16.6–16.9) | 26,171 | 367,663 | 7.63 (7.53–7.73) |
No | 10,5542 | 1,119,155 | 10.0 (10.0–10.1) | 73431 | 537,058 | 13.7 (13.6–13.8) | 32,111 | 582,097 | 6.25 (6.17–6.33) |
Fat liver disease | |||||||||
Yes | 80,522 | 615,007 | 16.6 (16.4–16.7) | 82,659 | 431,674 | 20.3 (20.2–20.5) | 21,068 | 183,333 | 12.7 (12.5–12.9) |
No | 115,173 | 1,374,093 | 8.96 (8.90–9.01) | 79,353 | 626,689 | 12.4 (12.3–12.5) | 35,820 | 747,403 | 5.43 (5.36–5.50) |
Total | Men | Women | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Unadjusted | Multivariable Adjusted | Unadjusted | Multivariable Adjusted | Unadjusted | Multivariable Adjusted | |
Age, years | ||||||
18–39 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
40–59 | 0.84 (0.83–0.85) | 0.66 (0.65–0.67) | 0.73 (0.72–0.74) | 0.62 (0.61–0.62) | 1.05 (1.03–1.07) | 0.77 (0.76–0.79) |
≥60 | 0.89 (0.87–0.90) | 0.63 (0.61–0.64) | 0.58 (0.57–0.59) | 0.47 (0.46–0.48) | 1.85 (1.81–1.90) | 0.97 (0.94–1.01) |
Sex | ||||||
Women | 1.00 | 1.00 | - | - | - | - |
Men | 2.79 (2.76–2.81) | 2.20 (2.18–2.23) | - | - | - | - |
Urban population size, million | ||||||
Less than one | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
One to five | 1.07 (1.06–1.08) | 1.19 (1.18–1.21) | 1.08 (1.07–1.10) | 1.16 (1.14–1.18) | 1.09 (1.06–1.11) | 1.24 (1.21–1.27) |
More than five | 1.12 (1.11–1.13) | 1.11 (1.09–1.12) | 1.17 (1.16–1.19) | 1.09 (1.07–1.11) | 1.14 (1.12–1.17) | 1.11 (1.08–1.15) |
Geographical region | ||||||
Northern | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Eastern | 1.11 (1.09–1.12) | 1.05 (1.03–1.08) | 1.12 (1.10–1.14) | 1.07 (1.04–1.10) | 1.08 (1.05–1.11) | 1.03 (0.98–1.08) |
South-Central | 1.49 (1.46–1.51) | 1.51 (1.48–1.55) | 1.45 (1.43–1.48) | 1.48 (1.43–1.52) | 1.50 (1.45–1.54) | 1.65 (1.58–1.73) |
Northeast | 1.21 (1.19–1.23) | 1.21 (1.18–1.24) | 1.19 (1.17–1.22) | 1.20 (1.17–1.23) | 1.24 (1.19–1.29) | 1.26 (1.20–1.31) |
Northwest | 0.98 (0.96–1.00) | 1.01 (0.98–1.04) | 0.93 (0.90–0.95) | 0.97 (0.94–1.00) | 0.92 (0.88–0.97) | 1.11 (1.05–1.18) |
Southwest | 1.63 (1.60–1.66) | 1.78 (1.74–1.82) | 1.62 (1.58–1.65) | 1.72 (1.67–1.76) | 1.68 (1.63–1.74) | 1.94 (1.86–2.01) |
Annual average temperature, °C | ||||||
3–13 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
14–16 | 0.97 (0.96–0.98) | 0.96 (0.93–0.98) | 0.97 (0.95–0.98) | 0.94 (0.92–0.97) | 0.94 (0.92–0.96) | 0.98 (0.94–1.02) |
17–25 | 1.21 (1.20–1.22) | 1.17 (1.14–1.20) | 1.23 (1.21–1.24) | 1.12 (1.09–1.15) | 1.22 (1.20–1.25) | 1.31 (1.25–1.36) |
BMI, kg/m2 | ||||||
<18.5 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
18.5–23.9 | 1.71 (1.66–1.76) | 1.66 (1.61–1.72) | 1.57 (1.51–1.64) | 1.68 (1.60–1.75) | 1.46 (1.40–1.53) | 1.51 (1.44–1.59) |
24–27.9 | 3.23 (3.14–3.34) | 2.42 (2.34–2.51) | 2.30 (2.21–2.40) | 2.31 (2.21–2.42) | 2.83 (2.70–2.97) | 2.42 (2.30–2.55) |
≥28.0 | 4.56 (4.41–4.71) | 2.95 (2.85–3.06) | 2.99 (2.87–3.13) | 2.74 (2.62–2.88) | 4.67 (4.44–4.92) | 3.29 (3.11–3.49) |
eGFR, mL/min per 1.73 m2 | ||||||
<60 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
60–89 | 0.68 (0.65–0.71) | 0.54 (0.51–0.57) | 0.66 (0.62–0.70) | 0.52 (0.48–0.56) | 0.56 (0.52–0.61) | 0.61 (0.56–0.66) |
≥90 | 0.55 (0.53–0.58) | 0.45 (0.43–0.48) | 0.63 (0.59–0.67) | 0.44 (0.41–0.47) | 0.38 (0.36–0.41) | 0.47 (0.43–0.51) |
Hypertension | ||||||
No | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Yes | 1.43 (1.42–1.45) | 1.15 (1.13–1.16) | 1.07 (1.06–1.08) | 1.11 (1.09–1.13) | 1.86 (1.82–1.90) | 1.29 (1.26–1.33) |
Dyslipidemia | ||||||
No | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Yes | 1.44 (1.43–1.45) | 1.19 (1.17–1.20) | 1.29 (1.28–1.31) | 1.17 (1.16–1.19) | 1.32 (1.30–1.34) | 1.20 (1.18–1.23) |
Fat liver disease | ||||||
No | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Yes | 2.21 (2.19–2.23) | 1.55 (1.53–1.57) | 1.63 (1.61–1.65) | 1.43 (1.41–1.45) | 2.57 (2.53–2.62) | 1.86 (1.82–1.91) |
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Shan, R.; Ning, Y.; Ma, Y.; Gao, X.; Zhou, Z.; Jin, C.; Wu, J.; Lv, J.; Li, L. Incidence and Risk Factors of Hyperuricemia among 2.5 Million Chinese Adults during the Years 2017–2018. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18, 2360. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18052360
Shan R, Ning Y, Ma Y, Gao X, Zhou Z, Jin C, Wu J, Lv J, Li L. Incidence and Risk Factors of Hyperuricemia among 2.5 Million Chinese Adults during the Years 2017–2018. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18(5):2360. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18052360
Chicago/Turabian StyleShan, Ruiqi, Yi Ning, Yuan Ma, Xiang Gao, Zechen Zhou, Cheng Jin, Jing Wu, Jun Lv, and Liming Li. 2021. "Incidence and Risk Factors of Hyperuricemia among 2.5 Million Chinese Adults during the Years 2017–2018" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 5: 2360. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18052360