Healthy Lifestyle and Academic Performance in Middle School Students from the Region of Aragón (Spain)
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Design
2.2. Sampling and Study Population
2.3. Data Collection
2.4. Variables
2.5. Data Analysis
2.6. Ethical Considerations
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Limitations
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Correlation | |||
---|---|---|---|
Kendall Rank Correlation Coefficient | N | p-Value | |
Breakfast during the week | 0.100 | 1589 | <0.001 |
Fruits | 0.147 | 1586 | <0.001 |
Chips | −0.116 | 1587 | <0.001 |
Vegetables | 0.115 | 1587 | <0.001 |
Sweets | −0.087 | 1592 | <0.001 |
Soft Drinks | −0.205 | 1584 | <0.001 |
Fish | 0.079 | 1588 | <0.001 |
Milk and Cow’s milk derivatives | 0.086 | 1588 | <0.001 |
Hypothesis contrast | |||
Interquartile range | N (Average range) | Contrast test: H (Degree of freedom); p | |
Breakfast during the week Yes No | 6.80 (1.96) 6.40 (1.94) | 1193 (828.34) 396 (694.56) | 196, 441.500 *; <0.001 |
Fruit Up to once/week 2–6 times/week At least once a day | 6.20 (1.75) 6.65 (1.90) 7 (2.02) | 251(656.71) 735 (769.19) 600 (880.51) | 46.12 (2); <0.001 |
Chips Up to once/week 2–6 times/week At least once a day | 6.95 (2.0) 6.55 (1.84) 6.28 (2.04) | 752 (854.40) 705 (758.12) 129 (361.86) | 33.54 (2); <0.001 |
Vegetables Up to once/week 2–6 times/week At least once a day | 6.22 (1.70) 6.75 (1.95) 7.05 (2.19) | 241 (630.55) 1023 (801.93) 323 (890.84) | 45.39 (2); <0.001 |
Sweet Up to once/week 2–6 times/week At least once a day | 6.58 (2) 6.55 (1.87) 6.4 (2.01) | 771 (840.09) 623 (773.28) 198 (699.82) | 17.28 (2); <0.001 |
Soft drinks Up to once/week 2–6 times/week At least once a day | 7.10 (2.05) 6.3 (1.95) 6 (1.21) | 920 (896.58) 532 (665.65) 132 (578.34) | 117.50 (2); <0.001 |
Fish Up to once/week 2–6 times/week At least once a day | 6.44 (1.85) 6.9 (1.97) 6.63 (2.39) | 633 (723.86) 837 (850.86) 118 (773.65) | 27.9 (2); <0.001 |
Milk and dairy products Up to once/week 2–6 times/week At least once a day | 6.45 (2.01) 6.55 (1.83) 6.8 (2.05) | 182 (720.17) 516 (742.77) 890 (839.99) | 19.99 (2); <0.001 |
Correlation | |||
---|---|---|---|
Kendall Rank Correlation Coefficient | N | p-Value | |
Sleep during the week | 0.073 | 1602 | <0.001 |
Hypothesis contrast | |||
Interquartile range | N (Average range) | Contrast test: H (Degree of freedom); p | |
Hours of sleep during the week Up to 5 h 7–9 h >9 h | 644 (175) 6.75 (2) 7 (1.98) | 351 (723.36) 1099 (818.68) 152 (857.73) | 13.77 (2); 0.001 |
Correlation | |||
---|---|---|---|
Kendall Rank Correlation Coefficient | N | p-Value | |
Weekly frequency of physical activity | 0.057 | 1580 | <0.001 |
Hours of physical activity per week | 0.073 | 1569 | <0.001 |
Team physical activity | 0.024 | 1524 | <0.001 |
Individual physical activity | 0.116 | 1546 | <0.001 |
Hypothesis contrast | |||
Interquartile range | N (Average range) | Contrast test: H (Degree of freedom); p | |
Weekly frequency of physical activity Never–once a month 1–3 times per week >4 days per week | 6.65 (1.98) 6.8 (1.96) 6.2 (1.68) | 667 (770.26) 828 (839.85) 107 (699.48) | 13.936 (2); 0.001 |
Hours of physical activity per week Up to 1 h 2–3 h >4 h | 6.55 (2.08) 6.67 (1.95) 6.9 (1.83) | 629 (767.14) 541 (800.51) 432 (852.77) | 8.778 (2); 0.012 |
Individual physical activity Never–3 times a month 1–3 times a week | 6.45 (1.94) 6.8 (2) | 704 (741.65) 898 (848.42) | 273,958.5 *; <0.001 |
Correlation | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Kendall Rank Correlation Coefficient | N | p-Value | ||
Playing videogames Weekdays Weekend | −0.060 −0.126 | 1582 1580 | 0.001 <0.001 | |
Watching TV, videos Weekdays Weekend | −0.108 −0.102 | 1587 1582 | <0.001 <0.001 | |
Homework and social media Weekdays Weekend | −0.063 −0.090 | 1582 1579 | 0.001 <0.001 | |
Hypothesis contrast | ||||
Interquartile range | N (Average range) | Contrast test: H (Degree of freedom); p | ||
Videogames (weekdays) <2 h 2 h >2 h | 6.85 (2.15) 6.76 (1.90) 6.5 (1.78) | 617 (821.61) 530 (811.64) 435 (724.26) | 13.14 (2); 0.001 | |
Videogames (weekend) <2 h 2 h >2 h | 6.9 (2.40) 7.05 (2.05) 6.55 (1.82) | 224 (829.81) 416 (874.79) 940 (743.83) | 25.7 (2); 0.001 | |
Watching TV, videos (weekdays) <2 h 2 h >2 h | 7 (2.20) 6.66 (1.80) 6.35 (1.90) | 568 (868.31) 672 (783.81) 347 (692.09) | 32.42 (2); <0.001 | |
Watching TV, videos (weekend) <2 h 2 h >2 h | 6.94 (2.28) 6.95 (2.05) 6.55 (1.80) | 202 (844.43) 546 (850.29) 834 (740.19) | 22.28 (2); <0.001 | |
Homework; social media (weekdays) <2 h 2 h >2 h | 6.85 (2.05) 6.58 (1.95) 6.4 (1.86) | 746 (834.38) 514 (783.47) 322 (704.97) | 18.28 (2); <0.001 | |
Homework; social media (weekend) <2 h 2 h >2 h | 6.85 (2.10) 6.95 (1.95) 6.45 (1.85) | 482 (836.59) 463 (839.77) 634 (718.23) | 26.26 (2); <0.001 |
Correlation | |||
---|---|---|---|
Kendall Rank Correlation Coefficient | N | p-Value | |
Tobacco | −0.108 | 1588 | <0.001 |
Alcohol Wine Mixed drinks Liquor shot Other | −0.088 −0.131 −0.131 −0.108 | 1518 1521 1515 1519 | <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 |
Drugs Hashish | −0.075 | 1596 | <0.001 |
Age of onset Alcohol Binge-drinking Tobacco Cannabis | −0.182 −0.110 −0.171 −0.086 | 1594 1595 1592 1591 | <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 |
Hypothesis contrast | |||
Interquartile range | N (Average range) | Contrast test: H (Degree of freedom); p | |
Tobacco No Yes | 6.75 (1.95) 5.85 (1.65) | 676 (357.91) 28 (221.79) | 5804 *; <0.001 |
Wine Never Rarely Daily-monthly | 6.75 (1.94) 6.45 (2.07) 5.04 (2.76) | 789 (435.16) 66 (325.20) 12 (217.67) | 20.945 (2); <0.001 |
Mixed drinks Never Rarely Daily-monthly | 6.5 (1.76) 6.18 (1.80) 5.39 (1.72) | 571 (347.39) 77 (277.60) 21 (208.55) | 18.129 (2); <0.001 |
Liquor shot Never Rarely Daily-monthly | 6.76 (1.95) 5.95 (1.81) 5.72 (1.77) | 606 (343.54) 50 (260.93) 13 (221.81) | 12.987 (2); 0.002 |
Other alcoholic beverages Never Rarely Daily-monthly | 6.75 (1.95) 6.33 (1.84) 5.76 (1.75) | 585 (345.03) 65 (270.30) 19 (247.47) | 12.759 (2); 0.002 |
Cocaine Never At least once | 6.7 (1.95) 5.98 (1.31) | 1590 (803.98) 12 (472.50) | 5592 *; 0.013 |
Hashish Never At least once | 6.72 (1.95) 5.83 (1.09) | 1572 (807.53) 30 (485.58) | 14,102.5 *; <0.001 |
LSD Never At least once | 6.7 (1.95) 6.13 (2.05) | 1593 (802.41) 9 (640.44) | 5719 *; 0.029 |
Glue Never At least once | 6.7 (1.95) 6 (1.88) | 1581 (803.58) 21 (645.05) | 13,315 *; 0.019 |
Age at tobacco use onset Never Less than 11 to more than 14 Age at alcohol use onset Never Before 13 years After 13 years Age at first binge-drinking episode Never Before 13 After 13 years Age at marijuana or hashish use onset Never 11–14 | 6.8 (1.92) 5.44 (1.55) 6.9 (1.95) 6.44 (1.90) 5.9 (1.65) 6.75 (1.95) 6 (1.88) 5.9 (1.55) 6.75 (1.95) 5.55 (1.85) | 1478 (779.07) 53 (401.56) 1190 (861.98) 225 (680.35) 187 (562.41) 1461 (821.65) 47 (621.80) 94 (578.23) 1561 (787.40) 9 (456) | 19,851.5; <0.001 * 85.731 (2); <0.001 31.762 (2); <0.001 4059 (0.029) * |
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Sánchez-Hernando, B.; Antón-Solanas, I.; Juárez-Vela, R.; Gea-Caballero, V.; Carboneres-Tafaner, M.I.; Ferrer-Gracia, E.; Gállego-Diéguez, J.; Santolalla-Arnedo, I.; Gasch-Gallén, Á. Healthy Lifestyle and Academic Performance in Middle School Students from the Region of Aragón (Spain). Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18, 8624. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18168624
Sánchez-Hernando B, Antón-Solanas I, Juárez-Vela R, Gea-Caballero V, Carboneres-Tafaner MI, Ferrer-Gracia E, Gállego-Diéguez J, Santolalla-Arnedo I, Gasch-Gallén Á. Healthy Lifestyle and Academic Performance in Middle School Students from the Region of Aragón (Spain). International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18(16):8624. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18168624
Chicago/Turabian StyleSánchez-Hernando, Beatriz, Isabel Antón-Solanas, Raúl Juárez-Vela, Vicente Gea-Caballero, María Inmaculada Carboneres-Tafaner, Elisa Ferrer-Gracia, Javier Gállego-Diéguez, Iván Santolalla-Arnedo, and Ángel Gasch-Gallén. 2021. "Healthy Lifestyle and Academic Performance in Middle School Students from the Region of Aragón (Spain)" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 16: 8624. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18168624