Effects of Green Color Exposure on Stress, Anxiety, and Pain during Peripheral Intravenous Cannulation in Dental Patients Requiring Sedation
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Design and Setting
2.2. Study Population
2.3. Procedure
2.4. Outcome
2.4.1. sAA Level and Physiological Parameters
2.4.2. Intensity of Anxiety and Pain
2.5. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Patient Characteristics at Baseline
3.2. sAA Level and Physiological Parameters
3.3. Anxiety and Pain Intensity
3.4. Adverse Events
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Patient Characteristics | Total (n = 24) | |
---|---|---|
Variables | Average | SD |
Age (years) | 40.9 | 11.9 |
Height (cm) | 162.9 | 7.3 |
Body weight (kg) | 63.0 | 13.6 |
Body mass index | 23.8 | 4.8 |
Male/Female | 10/14 | |
Dental phobia | 18 | |
Gag reflex | 6 |
Clear Glasses | Green Glasses | p-Value b | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Median | 25th Percentile | 75th Percentile | p-Value a | Median | 25th Percentile | 75th Percentile | p-Value a | ||
sAA (U/mL) | |||||||||
Baseline | 73.0 | 54.3 | 88.0 | <0.001 | 79.5 | 52.0 | 127.3 | 0.362 | 0.143 |
PIC | 124.0 | 84.8 | 156.8 | 92.5 | 61.8 | 141.5 | 0.025 | ||
SBP (mmHg) | |||||||||
Baseline | 128.5 | 118.3 | 139.8 | 0.213 | 135.5 | 125.8 | 148.3 | 0.772 | 0.288 |
PIC | 129.5 | 120.3 | 155.0 | 133.5 | 117.0 | 154.0 | 0.951 | ||
DBP (mmHg) | |||||||||
Baseline | 86.0 | 81.3 | 97.3 | 0.005 | 88.5 | 81.0 | 95.0 | 0.010 | 0.788 |
PIC | 77.5 | 72.0 | 93.3 | 82.5 | 74.3 | 91.3 | 0.703 | ||
MBP (mmHg) | |||||||||
Baseline | 99.0 | 93.1 | 111.0 | 0.248 | 106.3 | 94.5 | 112.8 | 0.095 | 0.477 |
PIC | 98.5 | 82.5 | 110.8 | 95.8 | 89.3 | 113.8 | 0.710 | ||
HR (beats/minute) | |||||||||
Baseline | 81.0 | 76.3 | 91.8 | 0.072 | 80.0 | 69.5 | 91.5 | 0.174 | 0.672 |
PIC | 74.0 | 69.3 | 88.8 | 77.5 | 69.3 | 89.0 | 0.516 |
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Takemura, Y.; Kido, K.; Kawana, H.; Yamamoto, T.; Sanuki, T.; Mukai, Y. Effects of Green Color Exposure on Stress, Anxiety, and Pain during Peripheral Intravenous Cannulation in Dental Patients Requiring Sedation. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18, 5939. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18115939
Takemura Y, Kido K, Kawana H, Yamamoto T, Sanuki T, Mukai Y. Effects of Green Color Exposure on Stress, Anxiety, and Pain during Peripheral Intravenous Cannulation in Dental Patients Requiring Sedation. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18(11):5939. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18115939
Chicago/Turabian StyleTakemura, Yukihiko, Kanta Kido, Hiromasa Kawana, Tatsuo Yamamoto, Takuro Sanuki, and Yoshiharu Mukai. 2021. "Effects of Green Color Exposure on Stress, Anxiety, and Pain during Peripheral Intravenous Cannulation in Dental Patients Requiring Sedation" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 11: 5939. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18115939