The Burnout Syndrome among Women Working in the Retail Network in Associations with Psychosocial Work Environment Factors
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Procedure and Participants
2.2. Instruments
2.3. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
- Publications Office of the European Union. Sixth European Working Conditions Survey—Overview Report. Luxembourg. 2017. Available online: https://www.eurofound.europa.eu/sites/default/files/ef_publication/field_ef_document/ef1634en.pdf (accessed on 5 May 2021).
- Health and Safety Executive. Work-Related Stress, Anxiety or Depression Statistics in Great Britain. 2019. Available online: https://www.hse.gov.uk/statistics/causdis/stress.pdf (accessed on 5 May 2021).
- Lesuffleur, T.; Chastang, J.F.; Sandret, N.; Niedhammer, I. Psychosocial Factors at Work and Sickness Absence: Results from the French National SUMER Survey. Am. J. Ind. Med. 2014, 57, 695–708. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Ganster, D.C.; Rosen, C.C. Work stress and employee health: A multidisciplinary review. J. Manag. 2013, 39, 1085–1122. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- World Health Organization. Burn-Out an “Occupational Phenomenon”: International Classification of Diseases. 2019. Available online: https://www.who.int/mental_health/evidence/burn-out/en/ (accessed on 5 May 2021).
- Schaufeli, W.B.; Taris, T.W. Commentary: The conceptualization and measurement of burnout: Common ground and worlds apart. Work Stress 2005, 19, 256–262. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Martinez, E.; Mera, G.; González, C.; Lópezm, D.M.; Blobel, B. EmoBurnout: An approach for supporting burnout syndrome diagnosis. Stud. Health Technol. Inform. 2015, 8, 111–118. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kristensen, T.S.; Borritz, M.; Villadsen, E.; Christensen, K.B. The Copenhagen Burnout Inventory: A new tool for the assessment of burnout. Work Stress 2005, 19, 192–207. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Milfont, T.L.; Denny, S.; Ameratunga, S.; Robinson, E.; Merry, S. Burnout and wellbeing: Testing the Copenhagen burnout inventory in New Zealand teachers. Soc. Indic. Res. 2008, 89, 169–177. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Rotenstein, L.S.; Torre, M.; Ramos, M.A.; Rosales, R.C.; Guille, C.; Sen, S.; Mata, D.A. Prevalence of Burnout among Physicians. A Systematic Review. JAMA 2018, 320, 1131–1150. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Ptáček, R.; Vnukova, M.; Raboch, J.; Smetackova, I.; Sanders, E.; Svandova, L.; Harsa, P.; Stefano, G.B. Burnout Syndrome and Lifestyle among Primary School Teachers: A Czech Representative Study. Med. Sci. Monit. 2019, 25, 4974–4981. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Soteriades, S.E.; Psalta, L.; Leka, S.; Spanoudis, G. Occupational stress and musculoskeletal symptoms in firefighters. IJOMEH 2019, 32, 341–352. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Acquadro, M.D.; Varetto, A.; Zedda, M.; Ieraci, V. Occupational stress, anxiety and coping strategies in police officers. Occup. Med. 2015, 65, 466–473. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Springer, A.; Oleksa, K. The relationship between emotional labor and professional burnout: A comparative analysis between work of teachers and employees of commercial service sector. Med. Pr. 2017, 68, 605–615. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wang, H.Y.; Wei, W. Investigation on occupational stress, social support and job burnout of the staffs in sport goods chain stores. Chin. J. Ind. Hyg. Occup. Dis. 2018, 36, 143–145. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Mechergui, N.; Ai, R.B.; Faten, B.; Khadra, H.B.; Yahmed, Y.B.; Ladhari, N. Evaluation of psychosocial constraints among grocery stores workers in Tunisia. Sante Publique 2019, 31, 443–450. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Yoon, J.H.; Jeung, D.; Chang, S.J. Does high emotional demand with low job control relate to suicidal ideation among service and sales workers in Korea? J. Korean Med. Sci. 2016, 7, 1042–1048. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Grandey, A.A.; Kern, J.H.; Frone, M.R. Verbal abuse from outsiders versus insiders: Comparing frequency, impact on emotional exhaustion, and the role of emotional labor. J. Occup. Health Psychol. 2007, 12, 63–79. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Mulki, J.P.; Jaramillo, F.; Goad, E.A.; Pesquera, M.R. Regulation of emotions, interpersonal conflict, and job performance for salespeople. J. Bus. Res. 2015, 68, 623–630. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Indregard, A.R.; Knardahl, S.; Nielsen, M.B. Emotional dissonance and sickness absence: A prospective study of employees working with clients. Int. Arch. Occup. Environ. Health 2017, 90, 83–92. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zeytinoglu, I.U.; Seaton, M.B.; Lillevik, W.; Moruz, J. Working in the margins women’s experiences of stress and occupational health problems in part-time and casual retail jobs. Women Health 2005, 41, 87–107. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Swimberghe, K.; Jones, R.P.; Darrat, M. Deviant behavior in retail, when sales associates “Go Bad”! Examining the relationship between the work–family interface, job stress, and salesperson deviance. J. Retail. Consum. Serv. 2014, 21, 424–431. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Health and Safety Executive. HSE Management Standards Indicator. Tool User Manual. Available online: https://www.hse.gov.uk/stress/assets/docs/indicatortoolmanual.pdf (accessed on 5 May 2021).
- Edwards, J.A.; Webster, S.; Van Laar, D.; Easton, S. Psychometric analysis of the UK Health and Safety Executive’s Management Standards work-related stress Indicator Tool. Work Stress 2008, 22, 96–107. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kuodytė, V.; Pajarskienė, B. Psychometric properties of the Lithuanian version of the HSE Stress Indicator Tool. Visuom. Sveik. 2017, 4, 66–73. [Google Scholar]
- Tavakol, M.; Dennick, R. Making sense of Cronbach’s alpha. Int. J. Med. Educ. 2011, 2, 53–55. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Chung, Y.J.; Jung, W.C.; Kim, H.; Cho, S.S. Association of Emotional Labor and Occupational Stressors with Depressive Symptoms among Women Sales Workers at a Clothing Shopping Mall in the Republic of Korea: A Cross-Sectional Study. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2017, 14, 1440. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Zhang, L. Study on Female Middle-Level Managers’ Job Burnout and Its Countermeasures. Sci. Technol. 2018, 16, 47–49. [Google Scholar]
- Xiao, Y.; Zhang, T.; Gu, X.; Lee, J.; Wang, H. The Roles of Individual and Psychosocial Factors in Predicting Quality of Life Among Working Women in Shanghai. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17, 1751. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Li, M.Q.; Liang, S. Probe into the Sources and Countermeasures of Professional Women’s Stress. Sci. Technol. 2015, 25, 220–221. [Google Scholar]
- West, C.P.; Dyrbye, L.N.; Shanafelt, T.D. Physician Burnout: Contributors, Consequences and Solutions. J. Intern. Med. 2018, 283, 516–529. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Aronsson, G.; Theorell, T.; Grape, T.; Hammarström, A.; Hogstedt, C.; Marteinsdottir, I.; Skoog, I.; Träskman-Bendz, L.; Hall, C. A systematic review including meta-analysis of work environment and burnout symptoms. BMC Public Health 2017, 17, 264. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Kim, S.; Wang, J. The Role of Job Demands–Resources (JDR) between Service Workers’ Emotional Labor and Burnout: New Directions for Labor Policy at Local Government. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15, 2894. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Bernotaite, L.; Malinauskiene, V. Workplace bullying and mental health among teachers in relation to psychosocial job characteristics and burnout. Int. J. Occup. Med. Environ. Health 2017, 30, 629–640. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Hwang, W.J.; Kim, J.A.; Rankin, S. Depressive Symptom and Related Factors: A Cross-Sectional Study of Korean Female Workers Working at Traditional Markets. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2017, 14, 1465. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Jung, E.S.; Shim, M.S. Affecting Factors on Depression among Female Labor Workers. J. Korea Contents Assoc. 2011, 11, 822–831. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Indregard, A.R.; Ulleberg, P.; Knardahl, S.; Nielsen, M.B. Emotional dissonance and sickness absence among employees working with customers and clients: A moderated mediation model via exhaustion and human resource primacy. Front. Psychol. 2018, 9, 436. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Yun, S.; Lim, S.S.; Kim, J.; Kim, Y.K.; Won, J.U.; Yoon, J.H. The role of customer service manual on workplace emotional burden in nationwide cross-sectional study. Ann. Occup. Environ. Med. 2019, 31, 5. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kissling, W.; Mendel, R.; Förstl, H. The burn-out syndrome: Prevalence, symptoms, differential diagnosis and treatment. Dtsch. Med. Wochenschr. 2014, 139, 2587–2596. [Google Scholar]
- Salvagioni, D.A.J.; Melanda, F.N.; Mesas, A.E.; Gonza’lez, A.D.; Gabani, F.L.; Andrade, S.M. Physical, psychological and occupational consequences of job burnout: A systematic review of prospective studies. PLoS ONE 2017, 12, e0185781. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Giorgi, G.; Mucci, N.; Di Fabio, A.; Ariza-Montes, A. Editorial: New Professionalism and the Future of Work: Interdisciplinary Perspectives on Transformations in Business-Health Relationships. Front. Psychol. 2019, 10, 2193. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Guseva Canu, I.; Mesot, O.; Györkös, C.; Mediouni, Z.; Mehlum, I.S.; Bugge, M.D. Burnout syndrome in Europe: Towards a harmonized approach in occupational health practice and research. Ind. Health 2019, 57, 745–752. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Gauche, C.; de Beer, L.T.; Brink, L. Exploring demands from the perspective of employees identified as being at risk of burnout. Int. J. Qual. Stud. Health Well Being 2017, 12, 1361783. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
n | % | ||
---|---|---|---|
Age groups | ≤25 | 139 | 54.7 |
>25 | 115 | 45.3 | |
Daily working time duration | Half a time | 109 | 42.9 |
Full time | 145 | 57.1 | |
Work experience, years | ≤3 | 135 | 53.1 |
>3 | 119 | 46.9 | |
Marital status | Married | 58 | 22.8 |
Divorced | 12 | 4.7 | |
Single | 64 | 25.3 | |
Partnership | 120 | 47.2 |
Cronbach’s Alfa | Mean | SD | Median | Min/Max | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Individual factors | |||||
Age | - | 26.91 | 6.02 | 25 | 19/49 |
Work experience | - | 4.76 | 4.46 | 3 | 1/31 |
HSE (psychosocial stressors) | |||||
Demands | 0.76 | 54.66 | 9.81 | 56.25 | 25/81.25 |
Control | 0.65 | 48.68 | 14.69 | 50 | 8.33/91.67 |
Manager’s support | 0.82 | 64.23 | 16.4 | 65 | 25/100 |
Co-workers’ support | 0.82 | 67.44 | 16.7 | 68.75 | 18.75/100 |
Relationships | 0.79 | 18.55 | 16.29 | 12.5 | 0/93.75 |
Role | 0.84 | 81.85 | 13.89 | 85 | 25/100 |
Change | 0.72 | 63.52 | 16.58 | 66.67 | 16.67/100 |
CBI (Burnout subscales) | |||||
Personal burnout | 0.89 | 46.83 | 19.81 | 50 | 0/91.67 |
Work-related burnout | 0.77 | 53.01 | 16.27 | 53.57 | 0/89.29 |
Client-related burnout | 0.81 | 42.37 | 17.44 | 47.21 | 0/79.35 |
Personal Burnout | p | Work-Related Burnout | p | Client-Related Burnout | p | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Age | 0.141 * | 0.024 | 0.039 | 0.531 | 0.124 | 0.691 |
Work experience | 0.092 | 0.144 | −0.021 | 0.740 | 0.032 | 0.254 |
Workload | 0.128 * | 0.042 | −0.016 | 0.803 | 0.153 * | 0.038 |
Demands | 0.449 *** | <0.001 | 0.362 *** | <0.001 | 0.451 *** | <0.001 |
Control | −0.173 ** | 0.006 | −0.236 *** | <0.001 | −0.321 *** | <0.001 |
Manager’s support | −0.345 *** | <0.001 | −0.425 *** | <0.001 | −0.418 *** | <0.001 |
Co-workers’ support | −0.194 ** | 0.002 | −0.274 *** | <0.001 | 0.285 *** | <0.001 |
Relationships | 0.396 *** | <0.001 | 0.343 *** | <0.001 | 0.414 *** | <0.001 |
Role | 0.026 | 0.681 | −0.014 | 0.823 | −0.113 | 0.523 |
Changes | −0.100 | 0.113 | −0.212 *** | 0.001 | −0.176 | 0.215 |
Personal Burnout | Work-Related Burnout | Client- Related Burnout | ||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Variables | Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 1 | Model2 | ||||||||||||
OR | 95%CI | p | OR | 95%CI | p | OR | 95%CI | p | OR | 95%CI | p | OR | 95%CI | p | OR | 95%CI | p | |
Age | 1.84 | 1.11–3.04 | 0.018 | 0.79 | 0.33–1.93 | 0.609 | 1.60 | 0.94–2.72 | 0.084 | 1.39 | 0.54–3.57 | 0.491 | 1.23 | 0.89–2.33 | 0.073 | 1.19 | 0.61–2.57 | 0.398 |
Work experience | 1.70 | 1.03–2.80 | 0.037 | 0.97 | 0.41–2.30 | 0.941 | 0.99 | 0.59–1.67 | 0.962 | 0.44 | 0.17–1.14 | 0.091 | 0.79 | 0.65–1.98 | 0.962 | 0.36 | 0.12–2.14 | 0.291 |
Workload | 1.72 | 1.04–2.84 | 0.034 | 1.55 | 0.77–3.13 | 0.219 | 0.97 | 0.57–1.64 | 0.898 | 0.97 | 0.46–2.05 | 0.934 | 0.87 | 0.45–2.64 | 0.758 | 0.95 | 0.51–2.44 | 0.785 |
Work demand | ||||||||||||||||||
Low | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||||||||||
Average | 3.03 | 1.54–5.96 | 0.001 | 2.96 | 1.38–6.34 | 0.005 | 3.07 | 1.60–5.91 | 0.001 | 3.87 | 1.78–8.41 | 0.001 | 3.92 | 1.50–6.11 | 0.001 | 3.12 | 1.69–9.14 | 0.001 |
High | 7.51 | 3.70–15.3 | <0.001 | 8.05 | 3.41–19.0 | <0.001 | 6.31 | 3.09–12.9 | <0.001 | 7.66 | 3.14–18.7 | <0.001 | 7.36 | 3.56–11.2 | <0.001 | 7.02 | 3.61–16.7 | <0.001 |
Work control | ||||||||||||||||||
Low | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||||||||||
Average | 1.09 | 0.58–2.07 | 0.786 | 1.36 | 0.62–2.97 | 0.442 | 0.98 | 0.49–1.95 | 0.943 | 1.19 | 0.52–2.74 | 0.683 | 0.89 | 0.39–1.83 | 0.857 | 1.02 | 0.69–3.04 | 0.538 |
High | 0.68 | 0.38–1.20 | 0.182 | 0.61 | 0.29–1.29 | 0.198 | 0.59 | 0.32–1.09 | 0.095 | 0.62 | 0.28–1.36 | 0.230 | 0.54 | 0.22–2.09 | 0.092 | 0.59 | 0.36–1.99 | 0.330 |
Manager’s support | ||||||||||||||||||
Weak | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||||||||||
Average | 0.53 | 0.28–1.00 | 0.050 | 0.41 | 0.18–0.94 | 0.034 | 0.94 | 0.45–1.98 | 0.866 | 0.94 | 0.38–2.31 | 0.884 | 0.81 | 0.33–2.82 | 0.688 | 0.87 | 0.35–1.91 | 0.848 |
Strong | 0.19 | 0.10–0.36 | <0.001 | 0.10 | 0.04–0.28 | <0.001 | 0.19 | 0.10–0.37 | <0.001 | 0.20 | 0.07–0.57 | 0.002 | 0.18 | 0.09–0.45 | <0.001 | 0.19 | 0.10–0.96 | 0.001 |
Co-workers’ support | ||||||||||||||||||
Weak | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||||||||||
Average | 0.70 | 0.34–1.42 | 0.321 | 1.03 | 0.42–2.54 | 0.949 | 0.33 | 0.16–0.71 | 0.005 | 0.35 | 0.13–0.92 | 0.033 | 0.60 | 0.36–1.71 | 0.133 | 0.35 | 0.13–1.12 | 0.303 |
Strong | 0.60 | 0.35–1.04 | 0.070 | 1.76 | 0.73–4.23 | 0.210 | 0.36 | 0.20–0.65 | 0.001 | 0.85 | 0.33–2.21 | 0.735 | 0.56 | 0.20–1.65 | 0.362 | 0.52 | 0.23–1.91 | 0.573 |
Relationships | ||||||||||||||||||
Good | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||||||||||
Average | 2.19 | 1.19–4.04 | 0.012 | 0.86 | 0.41–1.82 | 0.699 | 2.81 | 1.50–5.29 | 0.001 | 1.20 | 0.54–2.65 | 0.660 | 1.71 | 0.91–5.29 | 0.069 | 1.38 | 0.71–3.35 | 0.606 |
Poor | 4.36 | 2.23–8.52 | <0.001 | 2.19 | 0.95–5.02 | 0.065 | 2.65 | 1.36–5.16 | 0.004 | 1.06 | 0.45–2.51 | 0.900 | 2.33 | 0.81–5.16 | 0.098 | 1.09 | 0.52–2.87 | 0.897 |
Role | ||||||||||||||||||
Not clear | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||||||||||
Average | 0.95 | 0.53–1.70 | 0.867 | 0.59 | 0.28–1.24 | 0.163 | 1.29 | 0.69–2.41 | 0.419 | 1.17 | 0.53–2.56 | 0.704 | 1.45 | 0.89–3.23 | 0.697 | 1.35 | 0.14–1.96 | 0.704 |
Clear | 1.15 | 0.62–2.14 | 0.651 | 0.80 | 0.36–1.78 | 0.582 | 0.95 | 0.50–1.80 | 0.869 | 0.89 | 0.38–2.07 | 0.777 | 0.83 | 0.60–1.63 | 0.589 | 0.91 | 0.28–1.97 | 0.856 |
Changes | ||||||||||||||||||
Low | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||||||||||
Average | 1.08 | 0.55–2.13 | 0.824 | 1.69 | 0.85–2.41 | 0.716 | 1.21 | 0.57–2.59 | 0.619 | 2.76 | 1.00–7.62 | 0.051 | 1.51 | 0.41–3.61 | 0.519 | 1.76 | 0.31–5.26 | 0.125 |
High | 0.74 | 0.42–1.30 | 0.298 | 1.04 | 0.12–1.20 | 0.228 | 0.52 | 0.29–0.93 | 0.028 | 1.55 | 0.60–4.01 | 0.364 | 0.63 | 0.15–1.46 | 0.093 | 1.63 | 0.59–5.09 | 0.428 |
Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. |
© 2021 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Kalinienė, G.; Lukšienė, D.; Ustinavičienė, R.; Škėmienė, L.; Januškevičius, V. The Burnout Syndrome among Women Working in the Retail Network in Associations with Psychosocial Work Environment Factors. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18, 5603. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18115603
Kalinienė G, Lukšienė D, Ustinavičienė R, Škėmienė L, Januškevičius V. The Burnout Syndrome among Women Working in the Retail Network in Associations with Psychosocial Work Environment Factors. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18(11):5603. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18115603
Chicago/Turabian StyleKalinienė, Gintarė, Dalia Lukšienė, Rūta Ustinavičienė, Lina Škėmienė, and Vidmantas Januškevičius. 2021. "The Burnout Syndrome among Women Working in the Retail Network in Associations with Psychosocial Work Environment Factors" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 11: 5603. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18115603