Regular Exercise and Depressive Symptoms in Korean Older Adults
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Data
2.2. Measures
2.2.1. Regular Exercise
2.2.2. Depressive Symptoms
2.2.3. Key Covariates
Sociodemographic Characteristics
Health-Related Factors
2.3. Statistical Methods
3. Results
3.1. Sociodemographic and Health-Related Characteristics
3.2. Prevalence of Depressive Symptoms by Sociodemographic and Health-Related Characteristics
3.3. Relationship between Regular Exercise and Depressive Symptoms and the Role of Gender
3.4. Moderating Effect of HGS on the Relationship between Regular Exercise and Depressive Symptoms by Age Group
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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ALL (n = 5379) | No-Depressive Symptoms (n = 3617, 67.2%) | Depressive Symptoms (n = 1762, 32.8%) | p-Value a | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Sociodemographic Characteristics | ||||
Age (years) | ||||
Mean | 69.56 ± 9.05 | |||
55–64 | 1872 (34.8) | 1383 (73.9) | 489 (26.1) | <0.001 |
65–74 | 1818 (33.8) | 1252 (68.9) | 566 (31.1) | |
75 years and older | 1689 (31.4) | 982 (58.1) | 707 (41.9) | |
Gender | ||||
Male | 2334 (43.4) | 1672 (71.6) | 662 (28.4) | <0.001 |
Female | 3045 (56.6) | 1945 (63.9) | 1100 (36.1) | |
Marital status | ||||
Separated, divorced, or widowed | 1205 (22.4) | 624 (51.8) | 581 (48.2) | <0.001 |
Married | 4174 (77.6) | 2993 (71.7) | 1.181 (28.3) | |
Education level | ||||
Primary school or less | 2185 (40.6) | 1282 (58.7) | 903 (41.3) | <0.001 |
Middle school | 955 (17.8) | 689 (72.1) | 266 (27.9) | |
High school | 1723 (32.0) | 1262 (73.2) | 461 (26.8) | |
College or above | 516 (9.6) | 384 (74.4) | 132 (25.6) | |
Household income (quartile) | ||||
1Q (lowest) | 1240 (23.1) | 774 (62.4) | 466 (37.6) | <0.001 |
2Q | 1242 (23.1) | 728 (58.6) | 514 (41.4) | |
3Q | 1241 (23.1) | 828 (66.7) | 413 (33.3) | |
4Q (highest) | 1241 (23.1) | 1013 (81.6) | 228 (18.4) | |
No answer | 415 (7.7) | 274 (66.0) | 141 (34.0) | |
Residential region | ||||
Rural | 1423 (26.5) | 1012 (71.1) | 411 (28.9) | <0.001 |
Urban | 3956 (73.5) | 2605 (65.8) | 1351 (34.2) | |
Working status | ||||
Not currently working | 3248 (60.4) | 1988 (61.2) | 1260 (38.8) | <0.001 |
Currently working | 2131 (39.6) | 1629 (76.4) | 502 (23.6) | |
Heath status characteristics | ||||
Self-rated health | ||||
Fair or poor | 3776 (70.2) | 2331 (61.7) | 1445 (38.3) | <0.001 |
Good | 1603 (29.8) | 1286 (80.2) | 317 (19.8) | |
Work limitations due to health status | ||||
No | 3736 (69.5) | 2765 (74.0) | 971 (26.0) | < 0.001 |
Yes | 1643 (30.5) | 852 (51.9) | 791 (48.1) | |
Number of chronic diseases | ||||
No disease | 1758 (32.7) | 1314 (74.7) | 444 (25.3) | <0.001 |
One disease | 1675 (31.1) | 1145 (68.4) | 530 (31.6) | |
Two diseases or more | 1946 (36.2) | 1158 (59.5) | 788 (40.5) | |
BMI (kg/m2) | ||||
<23 | 2437 (45.3) | 1615 (66.3) | 822 (33.7) | <0.001 |
23–24.9 | 1483 (27.6) | 1044 (70.4) | 439 (29.6) | |
≥25 | 1459 (27.1) | 958 (65.7) | 501 (34.3) | |
Hand-grip strength | ||||
Normal | 3037 (56.5) | 2283 (75.2) | 754 (24.8) | <0.001 |
Weak | 2342 (43.5) | 1334 (57.0) | 1008 (43.0) | |
ADL limitations | ||||
No | 5286 (98.3) | 3589 (67.9) | 1697 (32.1) | <0.001 |
Yes | 93 (1.7) | 28 (30.1) | 65 (69.9) | |
Cognitive impairment | ||||
Normal | 4090 (76.0) | 3028 (74.0) | 1062 (26.0) | <0.001 |
Cognitive impairment | 1181 (22.0) | 541 (45.8) | 640 (54.2) | |
No answer | 108 (2.0) | 48 (44.4) | 60 (55.6) | |
Health behaviors characteristics | ||||
Smoking | ||||
Non or former smokers | 4785 (89.0) | 3189 (66.6) | 1596 (33.4) | <0.001 |
Current smokers | 594 (11.0) | 428 (72.1) | 166 (27.9) | |
Alcohol consumption | ||||
Non-drinker | 3513 (65.3) | 2269 (64.6) | 1244 (35.4) | <0.001 |
Drinker | 1866 (34.7) | 1348 (72.2) | 518 (27.8) | |
Regular exercise | ||||
No | 3401 (63.2) | 2197 (64.6) | 1204 (35.4) | <0.001 |
Yes | 1978 (36.8) | 1420 (71.8) | 558 (28.2) |
Odds Ratio (95% Confidence Interval) | |
---|---|
Depressive Symptoms | |
Sociodemographic characteristics | |
Marital status | |
Separated, divorced, or widowed | 1.00 |
Married | 0.55 (0.47–0.64) ‡ |
Education level | |
Primary school or less | 1.00 |
Middle school | 0.86 (0.71–1.04) |
High school | 0.96 (0.80–1.14) |
College or above | 1.07 (0.82–1.39) |
Income (quartile) | |
1Q (lowest) | 1.00 |
2Q | 0.95 (0.79–1.14) |
3Q | 0.85 (0.70–1.02) |
4Q (highest) | 0.55 (0.44–0.67) ‡ |
No answer | 1.12 (0.87–1.44) |
Residential region | |
Rural | 1.00 |
Urban | 1.67 (1.43–1.94) ‡ |
Working status | |
Not currently working | 1.00 |
Currently working | 0.84 (0.72–0.98) † |
Health status characteristics | |
Self-rated health | |
Fair or poor | 1.00 |
Good | 0.58 (0.49–0.68) ‡ |
Work limitations due to health status | |
No | 1.00 |
Yes | 1.78 (1.55–2.04) ‡ |
Number of chronic diseases | |
No disease | 1.00 |
One disease | 1.06 (0.90–1.25) |
Two diseases or more | 1.11 (0.94–1.32) |
BMI (kg/m2) | |
<23 | 1.00 |
23–24.9 | 0.95 (0.81–1.11) |
≥25 | 1.01 (0.86–1.17) |
Hand-grip strength | |
Normal | 1.00 |
Weak | 1.49 (1.31–1.71) ‡ |
ADL limitations | |
No | 1.00 |
Yes | 1.99 (1.23–3.23) ‡ |
Cognitive impairment | |
Normal | 1.00 |
Cognitive impairment | 2.29 (1.95–2.67) ‡ |
No answer | 2.67 (2.08–2.85) ‡ |
Health behavior characteristics | |
Smoking | |
Non or former smokers | 1.00 |
Current smokers | 0.89 (0.71–1.12) |
Alcohol consumption | |
Non-drinker | 1.00 |
Drinker | 1.05 (0.90–1.22) |
Regular exercise | |
Yes | 1.00 |
No | 1.18 (1.03–1.35) † |
Odds Ratio (95% Confidence Interval) | |||
---|---|---|---|
Regular Exercise | |||
Yes | No | ||
Age | Hand-grip strength | ||
55–64 | Normal | 1 | 1.10 (0.82–1.43) |
Weak | 1.32 (0.86–2.02) | 1.79 (0.78–2.25) | |
65 years and older | Normal | 1 | 1.01 (0.75–1.23) |
Weak | 1.17 (0.87–1.44) | 1.70 (1.05–1.96) † |
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Kim, Y.-M.; Cho, S.-i. Regular Exercise and Depressive Symptoms in Korean Older Adults. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18, 303. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18010303
Kim Y-M, Cho S-i. Regular Exercise and Depressive Symptoms in Korean Older Adults. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18(1):303. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18010303
Chicago/Turabian StyleKim, Young-Mee, and Sung-il Cho. 2021. "Regular Exercise and Depressive Symptoms in Korean Older Adults" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 1: 303. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18010303