The Characteristic of Virulence, Biofilm and Antibiotic Resistance of Klebsiella pneumoniae
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Virulence
3. Biofilm
4. Antibiotic Resistance
4.1. Aminoglycoside Resistance Gene
4.2. Quinolone Resistance Gene
4.3. β-lactam Resistance Gene
4.4. Polymyxin Resistance Gene
4.5. Tigecycline Resistance Gene
5. Application of Whole Genome Sequencing
6. Application of Global Proteomics
7. Clinical Study of K. pneumoniae
8. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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The Characteristic of K. Pneumoniae | Gene Name | Function | References |
---|---|---|---|
Virulence | rmpA | Synthesis of capsular polysaccharides; high-mucus phenotype of hvKP | [16] |
rmpA2 | Capsule up-regulation | [23] | |
enterobactin | Iron carriers; growth and replication of bacteria | [12,13] | |
yersiniabactin | Iron carriers; growth and replication of bacteria | [12,13] | |
salmochelin | Iron carriers; growth and replication of bacteria; highly virulent K. pneumoniae | [12,13,19] | |
aerobactin | Iron carriers; growth and replication of bacteria; detection rate of hvKP; highly virulent K. pneumoniae | [12,13,16] | |
pks gene cluster | Host DNA damage; strains virulence enhancement | [21] | |
kpc-2 | High prevalence and mortality of hvKP | [22] | |
blaNDM-1 | Large virulent plasmid | [23] | |
Biofilm | fabZ; lpxC | Biofilm homeostasis | [24] |
YfgL (BamB) | biofilm formation; transcriptional expression of type 1 pili | [25] | |
KpOmpA | Cell-cell recognition, adhesion, and immune response; pathogenicity | [26] | |
Aminoglycoside resistance | 16S rRNA methylase | Encoding an enzyme that blocks the binding of aminoglycoside antibiotics to the 16S rRNA | [27] |
aac families | Plasmid-mediated resistance genes | [27] | |
ant families | Plasmid-mediated resistance genes | [27] | |
aph families | Plasmid-mediated resistance genes | [27] | |
AcrAB-TolC | Efflux pump systems; resistance to tobramycin and gentamicin | [28] | |
kpnEF | Efflux pump systems; significant resistance to tobramycin and spectinomycin | [29] | |
KpnO | Directly involved in aminoglycoside resistance; resistance of tobramycin, streptomycin and spectinomycin | [30] | |
rrs or rpsL | rpsL mutations associated with high fitness costs and reduced virulence | [31] | |
Quinolone resistance | DNA gyrase (gyrA-gyrB subunit) Topoisomerase IV (parC-parE subunit) | Resistance of nalidixic acid and ofloxacin | [32] |
OmpK36 | Cell permeability | [33] | |
acrAB | Cell permeability | [34] | |
kdeA | Cell permeability | [35] | |
OqxAB | Efflux pump; plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance | [36] | |
qnr | Encoding a family of proteins that protect DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV from quinolone inhibitory activity | [37] | |
aa(6′)-Ib-cr | Quinolone modification | [37] | |
β-lactam resistance | blaSHV-1 and blaTEM-1 | Penicillin resistance | [38] |
blaSHV-2 | Extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) gene | [38] | |
blaTEM-3 | plasmid-mediated ESBL variant | [38] | |
blaCTX-M | ESBLs in K. pneumoniae caused by iatrogenic outbreaks | [39] | |
ramA | Activating efflux pump; increasing acquired β-lactamase-mediated β-lactam resistance | [40] | |
blaOXA, blaGES, blaSFO, blaPER, blaTLA, blaVEB and bla KLUC-5 | Horizontal gene transfer acquisition | [41,42,43,44] | |
Polymyxin resistance | lpxM, ramA | Maturation of lipid A and lipid A neutralization | [45,46] |
pbgP, pmrE | Combination of amino arabinose | [47,48] | |
pmrC | Combination of phosphoethanolamine | [47,48] | |
pagP | Combination of palmitate | [47,48] | |
phoPQ, pmrA, pmrD and mgrB | LPS modified gene regulators | [49,50] | |
RarA | High expression of efflux pumps AcrAB-TolC and KpnEF | [46] | |
WcaJ | Non-mucus phenotype; increasing polymyxin resistance | [51] | |
mcr-1 | Encoding a family of phosphoethanolamine transferases that can bind to phosphoethanolamine | [52] | |
Tigecycline resistance | AcrAB-TolC, OqxAB | Overexpression of efflux pumps lead to tigecycline resistance | [53] |
RarA, RamA, RamR and AcrR | Regulators of efflux pumps | [53] | |
Lon and rpsJ | Encoding ribosome protein S10 | [54] | |
ompK35K | Decreased transcript level of porin ompK35K can also lead to enhanced resistance | [55] | |
tetA | Encoding tetracycline-resistant efflux pumps | [56] |
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Wang, G.; Zhao, G.; Chao, X.; Xie, L.; Wang, H. The Characteristic of Virulence, Biofilm and Antibiotic Resistance of Klebsiella pneumoniae. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17, 6278. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17176278
Wang G, Zhao G, Chao X, Xie L, Wang H. The Characteristic of Virulence, Biofilm and Antibiotic Resistance of Klebsiella pneumoniae. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020; 17(17):6278. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17176278
Chicago/Turabian StyleWang, Guoying, Guo Zhao, Xiaoyu Chao, Longxiang Xie, and Hongju Wang. 2020. "The Characteristic of Virulence, Biofilm and Antibiotic Resistance of Klebsiella pneumoniae" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 17: 6278. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17176278