Regional Spatial Management Based on Supply–Demand Risk of Ecosystem Services—A Case Study of the Fenghe River Watershed
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Area
2.2. Data Sources
2.3. Mapping ES Supply and Demand
2.3.1. Population Spatialization
2.3.2. Food Provision
Supply
Demand
2.3.3. Water Yield
Supply
Demand
2.3.4. Soil Retention
2.3.5. Climate Regulation
Supply
Demand
2.4. Supply and Demand Relationship
2.5. The Supply–Demand Risk of ES
3. Results
3.1. Spatiotemporal Distribution and Changes of ES Supply
3.1.1. Food Provision
3.1.2. Water Yield
3.1.3. Soil Retention
3.1.4. Climate Regulation
3.2. Spatiotemporal Distribution and Changes of ES Demand
3.2.1. Spatialization of Population
3.2.2. Food Demand
3.2.3. Fresh Water Demand
3.2.4. Soil Erosion
3.2.5. Carbon Emission
3.3. The Supply–Demand Matching of ES
3.3.1. The Supply–Demand Matching of Grid Scale
3.3.2. The Supply–Demand Matching of Sub-Watershed Scale
3.4. The Supply–Demand Risks of Four ES
3.4.1. The Supply–Demand Risks in Grid-Scale
3.4.2. The Supply–Demand Risks in the Sub-Watershed Scale
3.4.3. The Supply–Demand Risks at the Overall FRW
3.5. Space Management Zoning Based on Supply–Demand Risks of ES
4. Discussion
4.1. The Factors Influencing Supply–Demand Risks of ES
4.2. The Significance of Supply–Demand Risk Assessment of ES
4.3. The Application of Supply–Demand Risk Management Zoning of Multiple ES
4.4. The Limitations
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
ES | 2000 | 2015 | Change Rate |
---|---|---|---|
FP | 2.16 × 1012 kcal | 2.41 × 1012 kcal | +11.59% |
WY | 5.86 × 109 m3 | 5.93 × 109 m3 | +1.2% |
SR | 1.33 × 108 t | 2.07 × 108 t | +55% |
CR | 1.32 × 107 t | 1.25 × 107 t | −5.15% |
ES | 2000 | 2015 | Change Rate |
---|---|---|---|
FP | 7.45 × 1011 kcal | 10.38 × 1011 kcal | +39.37% |
WY | 2.45 × 108 m3 | 3.77 × 108 m3 | +53.88% |
SR | 4.38 × 106 t | 5.97 × 106 t | +36.3% |
CR | 9.93 × 105 t | 3.13 × 106 t | +215.51% |
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Data Types | Data Formats | Sources and Descriptions |
---|---|---|
Land use | Shapefile, grid, 30 m resolution | National Ecosystem Survey and Assessment of China (2000–2010) Remote Sensing Survey and Assessment Project and Investigation, Assessment Project of National Ecological Situation Change project (2010–2015). The primary classification accuracy is about 97%, and the secondary classification accuracy is about 86%. |
Digital elevation model (DEM) | Grid, 30 m resolution | The data came from the Geospatial data cloud. (http://www.gscloud.cn/) |
Precipitation, potential evapotranspiration | Grid, 30 m resolution | The precipitation data came from the “Hydrological Yearbook of the People’s Republic of China”—“Hydrological Data of the Yellow River Basin”, Volume 3 (2000–2015) and the China Meteorological Data Network; potential evapotranspiration data came from the China Meteorological Data Network, (http://data.cma.cn/) |
Soil properties | Shapefile | The data came from “Shaanxi soil [36] and “The second survey of soil (http://vdb3.soil.csdb.cn/extend/jsp/introduction) |
Food production, Energy consumption | Excel, text | The data came from the “Chang’an Statistical Yearbook” (2001, 2016) [37,38] and “Xi’an Statistical Yearbook” (2001, 2016) [39,40] (http://tjj.xa.gov.cn/) |
Fresh water consumption | Excel, text | Xi’an water resources bulletin (2015) (http://swj.xa.gov.cn/)and Shaanxi water resources bulletin (2000, 2015) (http://slt.shaanxi.gov.cn/) |
Population | Excel | The fifth and sixth census of China, 1% population survey of Shaanxi Province in 2015 (http://www.shaanxi.gov.cn/info/iList.jsp?tm_id=166&cat_id=10003&info_id=452 ) |
Normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) | Grid, 50 m resolution | National Ecosystem Survey and Assessment of China (2000–2010) Remote Sensing Survey and Assessment Project and Investigation, Assessment Project of National Ecological Situation Change project (2010–2015). |
Nighttime lights | Grid, 250 m resolution | The night lights from DMSP/OLS in 2000 (http://www.resdc.cn/data.aspx?DATAID=213) and from Suomi-NPP in 2015 (https://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/eog/download.html) |
Food calories per capita | Text | “China food and Nutrition Development Program (2001–2010)” (http://www.gov.cn/zhengce/content/201610/11/content_5117329.htm) and “China food and Nutrition Development Program (2014–2020)” (http://www.gov.cn/zhengce/content/2014-02/10/content_8638.htm) |
Current Situation of Supply–Demand Ratio | Trend of Supply–Demand Ratio | Trend of the Supply | Level of Supply–Demand Risk |
---|---|---|---|
R < 0 | Rtr < 0 | critically endangered | |
R < 0 | Rtr ≥ 0 | Str < 0 | endangered |
R < 0 | Rtr ≥ 0 | Str > 0 | stable but undersupplied |
R ≥ 0 | Rtr < 0 | vulnerable | |
R ≥ 0 | Rtr ≥ 0 | secure |
Year | FS | WY | SR | CR |
---|---|---|---|---|
2000 | 0.067 | 0.054 | 0.061 | 0.374 |
2015 | 0.028 | 0.024 | 0.063 | 0.059 |
Reference Indicator | FP | WY | SR | CR |
---|---|---|---|---|
R | >0 | >0 | >0 | >0 |
Rtr | <0 | <0 | >0 | <0 |
Str | >0 | >0 | >0 | <0 |
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Zhang, H.; Feng, J.; Zhang, Z.; Liu, K.; Gao, X.; Wang, Z. Regional Spatial Management Based on Supply–Demand Risk of Ecosystem Services—A Case Study of the Fenghe River Watershed. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17, 4112. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17114112
Zhang H, Feng J, Zhang Z, Liu K, Gao X, Wang Z. Regional Spatial Management Based on Supply–Demand Risk of Ecosystem Services—A Case Study of the Fenghe River Watershed. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020; 17(11):4112. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17114112
Chicago/Turabian StyleZhang, Hongjuan, Juan Feng, Zhicheng Zhang, Kang Liu, Xin Gao, and Zidong Wang. 2020. "Regional Spatial Management Based on Supply–Demand Risk of Ecosystem Services—A Case Study of the Fenghe River Watershed" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 11: 4112. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17114112