Next Article in Journal
Plant Antimicrobial Peptides: Insights into Structure-Function Relationships for Practical Applications
Next Article in Special Issue
Colorectal Cancer Archaeome: A Metagenomic Exploration, Tunisia
Previous Article in Journal
Histone Demethylation Profiles in Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease and Prognostic Values in Hepatocellular Carcinoma: A Bioinformatic Analysis
Previous Article in Special Issue
Specific Targeting and Labeling of Colonic Polyps in CPC-APC Mice with Mucin 5AC Fluorescent Antibodies: A Model for Detection of Early Colon Cancer
 
 
Search for Articles:
Title / Keyword
Author / Affiliation / Email
Journal
Article Type
 
 
Advanced Search
 
Section
Special Issue
Volume
Issue
Number
Page
 
Journals
CIMB
Volume 45
Issue 4
10.3390/cimb45040238
cimb-logo
Submit to this Journal Review for this Journal Propose a Special Issue
► Article Menu

Article Menu

share Share announcement Help format_quote Cite question_answer Discuss in SciProfiles thumb_up
...
Endorse textsms
...
Comment
first_page
settings
Order Article Reprints
Font Type:
Arial Georgia Verdana
Font Size:
Aa Aa Aa
Line Spacing:
Column Width:
Background:
Article

A Novel Anti-CD44 Variant 9 Monoclonal Antibody C44Mab-1 Was Developed for Immunohistochemical Analyses against Colorectal Cancers

by
Mayuki Tawara
1,†,
Hiroyuki Suzuki
1,*,†,
Nohara Goto
1,
Tomohiro Tanaka
1,
Mika K. Kaneko
1,2 and
Yukinari Kato
1,2,*
1
Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
2
Department of Antibody Drug Development, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
*
Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
†
These authors contributed equally to this work.
Curr. Issues Mol. Biol. 2023, 45(4), 3658-3673; https://doi.org/10.3390/cimb45040238
Submission received: 30 March 2023 / Revised: 17 April 2023 / Accepted: 19 April 2023 / Published: 20 April 2023
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Molecular-Based Approaches in Therapy for Gastrointestinal Cancers)
Browse Figures
Review Reports Versions Notes

Abstract

:
Cluster of differentiation 44 (CD44) is a type I transmembrane glycoprotein and has been shown to be a cell surface marker of cancer stem-like cells in various cancers. In particular, the splicing variants of CD44 (CD44v) are overexpressed in cancers and play critical roles in cancer stemness, invasiveness, and resistance to chemotherapy and radiotherapy. Therefore, the understanding of the function of each CD44v is indispensable for CD44-targeting therapy. CD44v9 contains the variant 9-encoded region, and its expression predicts poor prognosis in patients with various cancers. CD44v9 plays critical roles in the malignant progression of tumors. Therefore, CD44v9 is a promising target for cancer diagnosis and therapy. Here, we developed sensitive and specific monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) against CD44 by immunizing mice with CD44v3–10-overexpressed Chinese hamster ovary-K1 (CHO/CD44v3–10) cells. We first determined their critical epitopes using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and characterized their applications as flow cytometry, western blotting, and immunohistochemistry. One of the established clones, C44Mab-1 (IgG1, kappa), reacted with a peptide of the variant 9-encoded region, indicating that C44Mab-1 recognizes CD44v9. C44Mab-1 could recognize CHO/CD44v3–10 cells or colorectal cancer cell lines (COLO201 and COLO205) in flow cytometric analysis. The apparent dissociation constant (KD) of C44Mab-1 for CHO/CD44v3–10, COLO201, and COLO205 was 2.5 × 10−8 M, 3.3 × 10−8 M, and 6.5 × 10−8 M, respectively. Furthermore, C44Mab-1 was able to detect the CD44v3–10 in western blotting and the endogenous CD44v9 in immunohistochemistry using colorectal cancer tissues. These results indicated that C44Mab-1 is useful for detecting CD44v9 not only in flow cytometry or western blotting but also in immunohistochemistry against colorectal cancers.

1. Introduction

Cluster of differentiation 44 (CD44) is a type I transmembrane glycoprotein, and its variety of isoforms are expressed in various types of cells [1]. The alternative splicing of CD44 mRNA mediates the variety of isoforms [2]. The CD44 standard (CD44s) isoform, the smallest isoform of CD44, is expressed in most vertebrate cells. CD44s mRNA is assembled by the first five (1 to 5) and the last five (16 to 20) constant region exons [3]. The CD44 variant (CD44v) isoforms are assembled by the alternative splicing of middle variant exons (v1–v10) in various combinations with the standard exons of CD44s [4]. Both CD44s and CD44v (pan-CD44) bind to hyaluronic acid (HA), which plays critical roles in cellular adhesion, migration, homing, and proliferation [5].
The CD44 protein is further modified using a variety of glycosyltransferases [6]. Due to the post-translational modifications, including N-glycans, O-glycans, and glycosaminoglycans (heparan sulphate, etc.), the molecular weight of CD44s is enlarged to 80–100 kDa, and some CD44v isoforms surpass 200 kDa due to a high level of glycosylation [7].
Several isoforms of the CD44 are associated with malignant progression in various tumors [8], including head and neck squamous cell carcinomas (HNSCCs) [9], pancreatic cancers [10,11], breast cancers [12], gliomas [13,14], prostate cancers [15], and colorectal cancers (CRC) [16]. CD44 is also known as a cell surface marker of cancer stem-like cells (CSCs) in various carcinomas [17]. Specific monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) to CD44s or CD44v are utilized for sorting CD44high CSCs [17]. The CD44high population exhibited the increased stemness property, drug resistance, and tumor formation in vivo [17]. Therefore, development of anti-CD44 mAbs, which recognize each variant, is important for the further characterization of CSCs in various cancers.
The functions of CD44v have been reported in the promotion of tumor invasion, metastasis, CSC properties [18], and resistance to chemotherapy and radiotherapy [8,19]. The v3-encoded region is modified by heparan sulfate, which promotes the binding to heparin-binding growth factors, including fibroblast growth factors and heparin-binding epidermal growth factor-like growth factor. Therefore, the v3-encoded region functions as a co-receptor of receptor tyrosine kinases and potentiates their signal transduction [20]. Furthermore, the v6-encoded region is essential for the activation of c-MET through ternary complex formation with the ligand hepatocyte growth factor [21]. The v8–10-encoded region could bind to and stabilize a cystine–glutamate transporter (xCT), which promotes the defense to reactive oxygen species (ROS) via cystine uptake-mediated glutathione synthesis [22]. The regulation of redox status depends on the expression of CD44v8–10 that is associated with the xCT function and links to the poor prognosis of patients [23]. Therefore, the establishment and characterization of mAbs, which recognize each CD44v, are essential for understanding each variant function and development of CD44-targeting cancer therapy. However, the function and distribution of the variant 9-encoded region in tumors have not been fully understood.
We previously developed an anti-pan-CD44 mAb, C44Mab-5 (IgG1, kappa) [24], using the Cell-Based Immunization and Screening (CBIS) method. Furthermore, another anti-pan-CD44 mAb, C44Mab-46 (IgG1, kappa) [25], was established by immunizing mice with CD44v3–10 ectodomain. We showed that both C44Mab-5 and C44Mab-46 could be applied to flow cytometry and immunohistochemistry in oral [24] and esophageal SCCs [25]. We also determined the epitopes of C44Mab-5 and C44Mab-46 within the standard exons (1 to 5)-encoding regions [26,27,28]. Furthermore, we produced a defucosylated version (5-mG2a-f) using FUT8-deficient ExpiCHO-S cells (BINDS-09) and investigated the antitumor effects of 5-mG2a-f in mouse xenograft models of oral SCC [29]. Recently, we have established various CD44v mAbs, including C44Mab-108 (v4) [30], C44Mab-3 (v5) [31], C44Mab-9 (v6) [32], and C44Mab-34 (v7/8) [33].
In this study, we established a novel anti-CD44v9 mAb, C44Mab-1 (IgG1, kappa), using the CBIS method and evaluated its applications for flow cytometry, western blotting, and immunohistochemical analyses of oral squamous cell carcinoma and colorectal adenocarcinomas.

2. Materials and Methods

2.1. Cell Lines

COLO201 (a human colorectal cancer cell line), P3X63Ag8U.1 (P3U1; a mouse multiple myeloma), and Chinese hamster ovary (CHO)-K1 cell lines were obtained from the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC, Manassas, VA, USA). COLO205 (a human colorectal cancer cell line) was obtained from the Cell Resource Center for Biomedical Research Institute of Development, Aging, and Cancer at Tohoku University (Miyagi, Japan). To cultivate these cell lines, we used Roswell Park Memorial Institute (RPMI)-1640 medium (Nacalai Tesque, Inc., Kyoto, Japan), which is supplemented with 10% heat-inactivated fetal bovine serum (FBS; Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc., Waltham, MA, USA). We further added the antibiotics, including 100 μg/mL streptomycin, 100 U/mL penicillin, and 0.25 μg/mL amphotericin B (Nacalai Tesque, Inc.). All cell lines were grown in a humidified incubator at 37°C with 5% CO2.
We amplified CD44s cDNA from LN229 cDNA using the HotStar HiFidelity Polymerase Kit (Qiagen Inc., Hilden, Germany). We obtained CD44v3–10 ORF from the RIKEN BRC. CD44v3–10 and CD44s cDNAs were cloned into a pCAG-Ble-ssPA16 vector, which possesses the signal sequence and the N-terminal PA16 tag (GLEGGVAMPGAEDDVV) [24,34,35,36,37], which can be detected by an anti-human podoplanin (PDPN) mAb (NZ-1) [38,39,40,41,42,43,44,45,46,47,48,49,50,51,52,53]. Using a Neon transfection system (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc.), two stable transfectants, such as CHO/CD44v3–10 and CHO/CD44s, were established by introducing pCAG-Ble/PA16-CD44v3–10 and pCAG-Ble/PA16-CD44s into CHO-K1 cells, respectively.

2.2. Production of Hybridoma Cells

The 6-week-old female BALB/c mice were purchased from CLEA Japan (Tokyo, Japan). Mice were housed under specific pathogen-free conditions. To minimize animal suffering and distress in the laboratory, all mice experiments were performed according to relevant guidelines and regulations. Our animal experiments were approved by the Animal Care and Use Committee of Tohoku University (Permit number: 2019NiA-001). Mice were monitored every day for health during the period of experiments. Mice were intraperitoneally immunized with CHO/CD44v3–10 (1 × 108 cells) with Imject Alum (Thermo Fisher Scientific Inc.) as an adjuvant. We performed additional immunizations of CHO/CD44v3–10 (1 × 108 cells, three times) and performed a booster injection of CHO/CD44v3–10 (1 × 108 cells) 2 days before harvesting the spleen cells. We used polyethylene glycol 1500 (PEG1500; Roche Diagnostics, Indianapolis, IN, USA) to fuse the splenocytes and P3U1 cells. The hybridoma supernatants, which are negative for CHO-K1 cells and positive for CHO/CD44v3–10 cells, were selected using SA3800 Cell Analyzer (Sony Corp. Tokyo, Japan).

2.3. ELISA

Fifty-eight peptides, which cover the extracellular domain of CD44v3–10 [26], were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich Corp. (St. Louis, MO, USA). We immobilized them on Nunc Maxisorp 96-well immunoplates (Thermo Fisher Scientific Inc) at 1 µg/mL for 30 min at 37 °C. The palate washing was performed using the HydroSpeed Microplate Washer (Tecan, Zürich, Switzerland) with phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) containing 0.05% (v/v) Tween 20 (PBST; Nacalai Tesque, Inc.). After the blocking with 1% (w/v) bovine serum albumin (BSA) in PBST for 30 min at 37 °C, C44Mab-1 (10 µg/mL) was added to each well. Then, the wells were further incubated with anti-mouse immunoglobulins peroxidase-conjugate (1:2000 diluted; Agilent Technologies Inc., Santa Clara, CA, USA) for 30 min at 37 °C. One-Step Ultra TMB (Thermo Fisher Scientific Inc.) was used for enzymatic reactions. An iMark microplate reader (Bio-Rad Laboratories, Inc., Berkeley, CA, USA) was used to measure the optical density at 655 nm.

2.4. Flow Cytometry

CHO/CD44v3–10 and CHO-K1 cells were prepared using 0.25% trypsin and 1 mM ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA; Nacalai Tesque, Inc.). COLO201 and COLO205 were obtained by pipetting. The cells (1 × 105 cells/sample) were incubated with C44Mab-1, C44Mab-46, or blocking buffer (0.1% BSA in PBS; control) for 30 min at 4 °C. Then, the cells were treated with anti-mouse IgG conjugated with Alexa Fluor 488 (1:2000; Cell Signaling Technology, Inc.) for 30 min at 4 °C. Fluorescence data were collected and analyzed using the SA3800 Cell Analyzer and SA3800 software (ver. 2.05, Sony Corp.), respectively.

2.5. Determination of Apparent Dissociation Constant (KD) by Flow Cytometry

In CHO/CD44v3–10 cells, we prepared from 260 to 0.016 nM (diluted by 1/2) of C44Mab-1. In COLO201 and COLO205 cells, we prepared from 1300 to 0.08 nM (diluted by 1/2) of C44Mab-1. The serially diluted C44Mab-1 was suspended with 2 × 105 cells. Then, those cells were treated with anti-mouse IgG conjugated with Alexa Fluor 488 (1:200). Fluorescence data were collected and analyzed as indicated above. GraphPad Prism 8 (the fitting binding isotherms to built-in one-site binding models; GraphPad Software, Inc., La Jolla, CA, USA) was used to determine the apparent dissociation constant (KD).

2.6. Western Blot Analysis

Cell lysates were prepared using NP-40 lysis buffer (20 mM tris-HCl [pH 7.5], 150 mM NaCl, 1% NP-40, and 50 µg/mL of aprotinin) and were boiled in sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) sample buffer (Nacalai Tesque, Inc.). The 10 μg of cell lysates were subjected to SDS-polyacrylamide gel for electrophoresis using polyacrylamide gels (5–20%; FUJIFILM Wako Pure Chemical Corporation, Osaka, Japan) and electrotransferred onto polyvinylidene difluoride (PVDF) membranes (Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany). The blocking was performed using 4% skim milk (Nacalai Tesque, Inc.) in PBST. The membranes were incubated with 10 μg/mL of C44Mab-1, 10 μg/mL of C44Mab-46, or 1 μg/mL of an anti-isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 (IDH1; RcMab-1; rat IgG2a) [54,55] and then incubated with peroxidase-conjugated anti-mouse immunoglobulins (diluted 1:1000; Agilent Technologies, Inc.) or peroxidase-conjugated anti-rat immunoglobulins (diluted 1:10,000; Sigma-Aldrich Corp.). Finally, the signals were enhanced using a chemiluminescence reagent, ImmunoStar LD (FUJIFILM Wako Pure Chemical Corporation), and detected using a Sayaca-Imager (DRC Co. Ltd., Tokyo, Japan).

2.7. Immunohistochemical Analysis

The formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) oral SCC tissues were obtained as described previously [56]. We purchased a colorectal carcinoma tissue array (CO483a) from US Biomax Inc. (Rockville, MD, USA). We used a cat rectum paraffin tissue section (Zyagen; FP-312) as a negative tissue control [57]. The sections were autoclaved in EnVision FLEX Target Retrieval Solution High pH (Agilent Technologies, Inc.) for 20 min. After blocking with SuperBlock T20 (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc.), we incubated the tissue sections with C44Mab-1 (1 μg/mL) and C44Mab-46 (1 μg/mL) for 1 h. For isotype control, we used PMab-44 (mouse IgG1), an anti-bovine PDPN mAb [58]. The peptide blocking assay was performed as described previously [30]. The sections were further treated with the EnVision+ Kit for mouse (Agilent Technologies Inc.) for 30 min at room temperature. The chromogenic reaction was conducted using 3,3′-diaminobenzidine tetrahydrochloride (DAB; Agilent Technologies Inc.). The counterstaining was performed using hematoxylin (FUJIFILM Wako Pure Chemical Corporation). To examine the sections and obtain images, we used Leica DMD108 (Leica Microsystems GmbH, Wetzlar, Germany).

3. Results

3.1. Establishment of an Anti-CD44v9 mAb, C44Mab-1

Figure 1A shows the structure of CD44s and representative CD44v. For the CBIS method, we prepared the CD44v3–10-overexpressed CHO-K1 cells (CHO/CD44v3–10) as an immunogen. Mice were immunized with CHO/CD44v3–10 cells (Figure 1B), and hybridomas were produced and seeded into 96-well plates (Figure 1C). Then, the supernatants, which were positive to CHO/CD44v3–10 cells and negative to CHO-K1, were selected by high throughput screening using flow cytometry (Figure 1D). After cloning by the limiting dilution, anti-CD44 mAb-producing clones were finally established (Figure 1E). We next performed the ELISA to determine the epitope of each mAb. Among them, C44Mab-1 (IgG1, kappa) was shown to recognize the CD44p471–490 peptide (STSHEGLEEDKDHPTTSTLT), which corresponds to the variant 9-encoded sequence (Supplementary Table S1). In contrast, C44Mab-1 never recognized other CD44v3–10 extracellular regions. These results indicated that C44Mab-1 specifically recognizes the CD44 variant 9-encoded sequence.

3.2. Flow Cytometric Analysis of C44Mab-1 to CD44-Expressing Cells

We next investigated the reactivity of C44Mab-1 against CHO/CD44v3–10 and CHO/CD44s cells using flow cytometry. C44Mab-1 recognized CHO/CD44v3–10 cells in a dose-dependent manner (Figure 2A). In contrast, C44Mab-1 never recognized CHO/CD44s (Figure 2B) or CHO-K1 (Figure 2C) cells. We confirmed that a pan-CD44 mAb, C44Mab-46 [25], recognized both CHO/CD44v3–10 and CHO/CD44s cells (Supplementary Figure S1A and B, respectively), but not CHO-K1 cells (Supplementary Figure S1C). Furthermore, C44Mab-1 could recognize endogenous CD44v9 in both COLO201 (Figure 2D) and COLO205 (Figure 2E) cells in a dose-dependent manner.
We next performed the flow cytometry-based measurement of the apparent binding affinity of C44Mab-1 to CHO/CD44v3–10, COLO201, and COLO205 cells. As shown in Figure 3, the dissociation constant (KD) of C44Mab-1 for CHO/CD44v3–10 (Figure 3A), COLO201 (Figure 3B), and COLO205 (Figure 3C) was 2.5 × 10−8 M, 3.3 × 10−8 M, and 6.5 × 10−8 M, respectively. The results indicated that C44Mab-1 possesses a moderate binding affinity for CD44v3–10 or endogenous CD44v9-expressing cells.

3.3. Western Blot Analysis

We next performed western blot analysis to assess the sensitivity of C44Mab-1. Total cell lysates of CHO-K1, CHO/CD44s, and CHO/CD44v3–10 were analyzed. As shown in Figure 4, C44Mab-1 detected CD44v3–10 at more than 180-kDa and ~75 kDa bands mainly. However, C44Mab-1 never detected any bands from lysates of CHO/CD44s and CHO-K1 cells (Figure 4A). An anti-pan-CD44 mAb, C44Mab-46, recognized CD44s (~75 kDa) and CD44v3–10 (>180 kDa) bands in the lysates of CHO/CD44s and CHO/CD44v3–10, respectively (Figure 4B). The loading control, IDH1 was observed in each lane (Figure 4C). These results indicated that C44Mab-1 is able to detect exogenous CD44v3–10.

3.4. Immunohistochemical Analysis Using C44Mab-1 against Tumor Tissues

We next examined whether C44Mab-1 could be used for immunohistochemical analyses using FFPE sections. Because HNSCC has been revealed as the second highest CD44-expressing cancer type in the Pan-Cancer Atlas [9], we first examined the reactivity of C44Mab-1 and C44Mab-46 in an oral SCC tissue, as a positive tissue control. As shown in Supplementary Figure S2, C44Mab-1 exhibited a clear membranous staining and was able to clearly distinguish tumor cells from stromal tissues. In contrast, C44Mab-46 stained both. The reactivity of C44Mab-1 was completely blocked by the epitope peptide CD44p471–490 (Supplementary Figure S3A). Isotype control antibody (PMab-44, mouse IgG1, kappa) did not stain the oral SCC tissue (Supplementary Figure S3B). C44Mab-1 did not stain a negative tissue control (cat rectum, Supplementary Figure S3C).
We then investigated the reactivity of C44Mab-1 and C44Mab-46 in the CRC tissue array. C44Mab-1 showed strong membranous and cytoplasmic staining throughout CRC cells (Figure 5A). C44Mab-46 similarly stained the CRC cells (Figure 5B). In some CRC tissues, both C44Mab-1 and C44Mab-46 stained the basolateral surface of CRC cells (Figure 5C,D). In contrast, neither C44Mab-1 nor C44Mab-46 ever stained CRC cells in some CRC tissues (Figure 5E,F). In addition, stromal staining by C44Mab-46 was also observed in several tumor tissues (Figure 5F). In normal colon epithelium, epithelial cells were rarely stained by C44Mab-1 (Figure 5G). In contrast, C44Mab-46 mainly stained stromal tissues in normal colon epithelium (Figure 5H).
We summarized the data of the immunohistochemical analyses in Table 1; C44Mab-1 stained 16 out of 40 cases (40%) in CRC. These results indicated that C44Mab-1 is useful for immunohistochemical analysis of FFPE tumor sections.

4. Discussion

Using the CBIS method, we developed C44Mab-1 (Figure 1) and determined its epitope as a variant 9-encoded region using ELISA (Supplementary Table S1). Then, we showed the multiple applications of C44Mab-1 for flow cytometry (Figure 2 and Figure 3), western blotting (Figure 4), and immunohistochemistry using OSCC (Supplementary Figure S2) and CRC tissues (Figure 5 and Table 1).
Ishimoto et al. [22] demonstrated that CD44v interacts with xCT, a glutamate-cystine transporter, and regulates the level of reduced glutathione (GSH) in gastric cancer cells. As a result, CD44v contributes to the reduction of intracellular ROS. The knockdown of CD44 reduced the cell surface expression of xCT and suppressed tumor growth in a mouse gastric cancer model. Furthermore, they showed that the v8–10 region of CD44v is required for the specific interaction between CD44v and xCT, and CD44v8–10 (S301A), an N-linked glycosylation site mutant, failed to interact with xCT. These results showed an important function for CD44v in the regulation of ROS defense and tumor growth.
Ishimoto et al. [22] also established a rat mAb (clone RV3) against CD44v8–10 by immunizing CD44v8–10-expressed RH7777 cells. The epitope of the mAb was determined as a variant 9-encoded region using the recombinant CD44v9 protein by ELISA. RV3 was mainly used in immunohistochemistry and revealed a predictive marker for recurrence of gastric [59] and urothelial [60] cancers, predicting survival outcome in hepatocellular carcinomas [61], and an indicator for identifying a cisplatin-resistant population in urothelial cancers [62]. Therefore, CD44v9 is a critical biomarker to evaluate the malignancy and prognosis of tumors. Furthermore, sulfasalazine, an xCT inhibitor, was shown to suppress the survival of CD44v9-positive CSCs both in vitro [63,64,65] and in vivo [66]. A dose-escalation clinical study in patients with advanced gastric cancers revealed that sulfasalazine reduced the population of CD44v9-positive cells in tumors [67], suggesting that CD44v9 is a biomarker for patient selection and efficacy of xCT inhibitors.
As mentioned above, RV3 recognized the recombinant CD44v9 protein using ELISA. Therefore, RV3 is thought to recognize the peptide or glycopeptide structure of CD44v9. However, the detailed binding epitope of RV3 has not been determined. As shown in Supplementary Table S1, C44Mab-1 recognized a synthetic peptide (CD44p471–490; STSHEGLEEDKDHPTTSTLT) that possesses multiple predicted and confirmed O-glycan sites [68]. As shown in Figure 4A, C44Mab-1 recognized a ~75kDa band in CHO/CD44v3–10 lysate, which is approximately identical to the predicted molecular weight of CD44v3–10 based on the amino acid length. Therefore, C44Mab-1 could recognize CD44v3–10 regardless of the glycosylation. The detailed epitope mapping and the influence of the glycosylation on C44Mab-1 recognition should be investigated in future studies.
Using large-scale genomic analyses, CRCs were classified into four subtypes: microsatellite instability immune, canonical, metabolic, and mesenchymal types [69]. Since the CD44v9 was upregulated in 40% of CRC tissues (Figure 5 and Table 1), the relationship to the subtypes should be determined. Additionally, the mechanism of CD44v9 upregulation, including the transcription and the v9 inclusion by alternative splicing, should be investigated. Wielenga et al. [70] demonstrated that CD44 is a target gene of Wnt/β-catenin in a mice intestinal tumor model, suggesting that β-catenin signaling pathway could upregulate CD44 transcription. However, the mechanism of the variant 9 inclusion during the CRC development remains to be determined.
In immunohistochemical analysis, we observed CD44v9 expression throughout CRC cells (Figure 5A) and on the basolateral surface of CRC cells (Figure 5C). The basolateral expression of CD44 was previously observed and shown to be co-localized with HA [71], EpCAM-Claudin-7 complex [72], and Annexin II [73]. Therefore, the basolateral expression of CD44 may function to promote HA/adhesion-mediated signal transduction and contribute CRC tumorigenesis.
Clinical trials of anti-pan CD44 and CD44v6 mAbs have been conducted [74]. RG7356, an anti-pan CD44 mAb, exhibited an acceptable safety profile. However, the trial was terminated because of no clinical and dose-response relationship with RG7356 [75]. Clinical trials of an antibody-drug conjugate (ADC), an anti-CD44v6 mAb bivatuzumab−mertansine, were conducted. However, it failed due to the high toxicity to skin [76,77]. The anti-CD44v6 mAb is further developed to chimeric antigen receptor T (CAR-T) cell therapy. The CD44v6 CAR-T showed antitumor effects against primary human multiple myeloma and acute myeloid leukemia [78]. Furthermore, the CD44v6 CAR-T also suppressed the xenograft tumor growth of lung and ovarian carcinomas [79], which is expected for the application against solid tumors. Although CD44v9 is rarely detected in normal colon epithelium by C44Mab-1, CD44v9 could be detected in other normal tissues, including oral squamous epithelium (Supplementary Figure S2). For the development of the therapeutic use of C44Mab-1, further investigations are required to reduce the toxicity to the above tissues.
Because anti-CD44 mAbs could have side effects by affecting normal tissues, the clinical applications of anti-CD44 mAbs are still limited. We previously developed PDPN-targeting cancer-specific mAbs (CasMabs) [80,81,82,83] and podocalyxin-targeting CasMabs [84], which are currently being applied to CAR-T therapy in mice models [39,40,48]. These CasMabs recognize cancer-specific aberrant glycosylation of the target proteins [83]. It is worthwhile to establish cancer-specific anti-CD44 mAbs using the CasMab method. Anti-CD44 CasMabs production can be applicable as a basis for designing and optimizing potent immunotherapy modalities, including ADCs and CAR-T therapies.

5. Conclusions

An anti-CD44v9 mAb, C44Mab-1 is useful for detecting CD44v9 in flow cytometry, western blotting, and immunohistochemistry.

Supplementary Materials

The following supporting information can be downloaded at: https://www.mdpi.com/article/10.3390/cimb45040238/s1. Figure S1: Conformation of the recognition of CHO/CD44s and CHO/CD44v3–10 by C44Mab-46 by flow cytometry. CHO/CD44v3–10 (A), CHO/CD44s (B), and CHO-K1 (C) were treated with 0.01-10 μg/mL of C44Mab-46, followed by treatment with Alexa Fluor 488-conjugated antimouse IgG (Red line). The black line represents the negative control (blocking buffer). Figure S2: Immunohistochemical analysis using C44Mab-1 and C44Mab-46 against oral squamous cell carcinoma tissues. After antigen retrieval, the sections were incubated with 1 μg/mL of C44Mab-1 (A) and 1 μg/mL of C44Mab-46 (B), followed by treatment with the Envision+ kit. The color was developed using 3,3′-diaminobenzidine tetrahydrochloride (DAB), and the sections were counterstained with hematoxylin. Scale bar = 100 μm. Figure S3: The blocking assay by an epitope peptide, isotype control, and negative tissue control in immunohistochemistry. (A) Blocking of the C44Mab-1 reactivity to oral SCC tissue (positive tissue control) by the CD44 peptide (aa 471–490) containing the C44Mab-1 epitope. After antigen retrieval, sections were incubated with C44Mab-1 (1 μg/mL) or C44Mab-1 (1 μg/mL) plus human CD44 peptide (aa 471–490, 10 μg/mL). (B) The oral SCC tissue section was incubated with an isotype control mAb, PMab-44 (1 μg/mL). (C) Anegative control tissue section (cat rectum) was incubated with C44Mab-1 (1 μg/mL). The tissues were further treated with the Envision+ kit. The color was developed using DAB, and sections were counterstained with hematoxylin. Scale bar = 100 μm. Table S1: The determination of the binding epitope of C44Mab-1 by ELISA.

Author Contributions

M.T., N.G. and T.T. performed the experiments. M.K.K. and Y.K. designed the experiments. M.T. and H.S. analyzed the data. M.T., H.S. and Y.K. wrote the manuscript. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

Funding

This research was supported in part by Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development (AMED) under Grant Numbers JP22ama121008 (to Y.K.), JP22am0401013 (to Y.K.), JP22bm1004001 (to Y.K.), JP22ck0106730 (to Y.K.), and JP21am0101078 (to Y.K.) and by the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS) Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research (KAKENHI) under Grant Numbers 21K20789 (to T.T.), 22K06995 (to H.S.), 21K07168 (to M.K.K.), and 22K07224 (to Y.K.).

Institutional Review Board Statement

The animal study protocol was approved by the Animal Care and Use Committee of Tohoku University (Permit number: 2019NiA-001) for studies involving animals.

Informed Consent Statement

Not applicable.

Data Availability Statement

All related data and methods are presented in this paper. Additional inquiries should be addressed to the corresponding authors.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest involving this article.

References

  1. Fox, S.B.; Fawcett, J.; Jackson, D.G.; Collins, I.; Gatter, K.C.; Harris, A.L.; Gearing, A.; Simmons, D.L. Normal human tissues, in addition to some tumors, express multiple different CD44 isoforms. Cancer Res. 1994, 54, 4539–4546. [Google Scholar] [PubMed]
  2. Ponta, H.; Sherman, L.; Herrlich, P.A. CD44: From adhesion molecules to signalling regulators. Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol. 2003, 4, 33–45. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  3. Yan, Y.; Zuo, X.; Wei, D. Concise Review: Emerging Role of CD44 in Cancer Stem Cells: A Promising Biomarker and Therapeutic Target. Stem Cells Transl. Med. 2015, 4, 1033–1043. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  4. Chen, C.; Zhao, S.; Karnad, A.; Freeman, J.W. The biology and role of CD44 in cancer progression: Therapeutic implications. J. Hematol. Oncol. 2018, 11, 64. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  5. Slevin, M.; Krupinski, J.; Gaffney, J.; Matou, S.; West, D.; Delisser, H.; Savani, R.C.; Kumar, S. Hyaluronan-mediated angiogenesis in vascular disease: Uncovering RHAMM and CD44 receptor signaling pathways. Matrix Biol. 2007, 26, 58–68. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  6. Chen, K.L.; Li, D.; Lu, T.X.; Chang, S.W. Structural Characterization of the CD44 Stem Region for Standard and Cancer-Associated Isoforms. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2020, 21, 336. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  7. Mishra, M.N.; Chandavarkar, V.; Sharma, R.; Bhargava, D. Structure, function and role of CD44 in neoplasia. J. Oral. Maxillofac. Pathol. 2019, 23, 267–272. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  8. Hassn Mesrati, M.; Syafruddin, S.E.; Mohtar, M.A.; Syahir, A. CD44: A Multifunctional Mediator of Cancer Progression. Biomolecules 2021, 11, 1850. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  9. Ludwig, N.; Szczepanski, M.J.; Gluszko, A.; Szafarowski, T.; Azambuja, J.H.; Dolg, L.; Gellrich, N.C.; Kampmann, A.; Whiteside, T.L.; Zimmerer, R.M. CD44(+) tumor cells promote early angiogenesis in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Cancer Lett. 2019, 467, 85–95. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  10. Durko, L.; Wlodarski, W.; Stasikowska-Kanicka, O.; Wagrowska-Danilewicz, M.; Danilewicz, M.; Hogendorf, P.; Strzelczyk, J.; Malecka-Panas, E. Expression and Clinical Significance of Cancer Stem Cell Markers CD24, CD44, and CD133 in Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma and Chronic Pancreatitis. Dis. Markers 2017, 2017, 3276806. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  11. Gzil, A.; Zarębska, I.; Bursiewicz, W.; Antosik, P.; Grzanka, D.; Szylberg, Ł. Markers of pancreatic cancer stem cells and their clinical and therapeutic implications. Mol. Biol. Rep. 2019, 46, 6629–6645. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  12. Liu, X.; Taftaf, R.; Kawaguchi, M.; Chang, Y.F.; Chen, W.; Entenberg, D.; Zhang, Y.; Gerratana, L.; Huang, S.; Patel, D.B.; et al. Homophilic CD44 Interactions Mediate Tumor Cell Aggregation and Polyclonal Metastasis in Patient-Derived Breast Cancer Models. Cancer Discov. 2019, 9, 96–113. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  13. Hassn Mesrati, M.; Behrooz, A.B.; Abuhamad, Y.A.; Syahir, A. Understanding Glioblastoma Biomarkers: Knocking a Mountain with a Hammer. Cells 2020, 9, 1236. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  14. Wolf, K.J.; Shukla, P.; Springer, K.; Lee, S.; Coombes, J.D.; Choy, C.J.; Kenny, S.J.; Xu, K.; Kumar, S. A mode of cell adhesion and migration facilitated by CD44-dependent microtentacles. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2020, 117, 11432–11443. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  15. Li, W.; Qian, L.; Lin, J.; Huang, G.; Hao, N.; Wei, X.; Wang, W.; Liang, J. CD44 regulates prostate cancer proliferation, invasion and migration via PDK1 and PFKFB4. Oncotarget 2017, 8, 65143–65151. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  16. Wang, Z.; Tang, Y.; Xie, L.; Huang, A.; Xue, C.; Gu, Z.; Wang, K.; Zong, S. The Prognostic and Clinical Value of CD44 in Colorectal Cancer: A Meta-Analysis. Front. Oncol. 2019, 9, 309. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  17. Zöller, M. CD44: Can a cancer-initiating cell profit from an abundantly expressed molecule? Nat. Rev. Cancer 2011, 11, 254–267. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  18. Guo, Q.; Yang, C.; Gao, F. The state of CD44 activation in cancer progression and therapeutic targeting. FEBS J. 2021, 289, 7970–7986. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  19. Morath, I.; Hartmann, T.N.; Orian-Rousseau, V. CD44: More than a mere stem cell marker. Int. J. Biochem. Cell Biol. 2016, 81, 166–173. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  20. Bennett, K.L.; Jackson, D.G.; Simon, J.C.; Tanczos, E.; Peach, R.; Modrell, B.; Stamenkovic, I.; Plowman, G.; Aruffo, A. CD44 isoforms containing exon V3 are responsible for the presentation of heparin-binding growth factor. J. Cell Biol. 1995, 128, 687–698. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  21. Orian-Rousseau, V.; Chen, L.; Sleeman, J.P.; Herrlich, P.; Ponta, H. CD44 is required for two consecutive steps in HGF/c-Met signaling. Genes Dev. 2002, 16, 3074–3086. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  22. Ishimoto, T.; Nagano, O.; Yae, T.; Tamada, M.; Motohara, T.; Oshima, H.; Oshima, M.; Ikeda, T.; Asaba, R.; Yagi, H.; et al. CD44 variant regulates redox status in cancer cells by stabilizing the xCT subunit of system xc(−) and thereby promotes tumor growth. Cancer Cell 2011, 19, 387–400. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  23. Kagami, T.; Yamade, M.; Suzuki, T.; Uotani, T.; Tani, S.; Hamaya, Y.; Iwaizumi, M.; Osawa, S.; Sugimoto, K.; Baba, S.; et al. High expression level of CD44v8-10 in cancer stem-like cells is associated with poor prognosis in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma patients treated with chemoradiotherapy. Oncotarget 2018, 9, 34876–34888. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  24. Yamada, S.; Itai, S.; Nakamura, T.; Yanaka, M.; Kaneko, M.K.; Kato, Y. Detection of high CD44 expression in oral cancers using the novel monoclonal antibody, C(44)Mab-5. Biochem. Biophys. Rep. 2018, 14, 64–68. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  25. Goto, N.; Suzuki, H.; Tanaka, T.; Asano, T.; Kaneko, M.K.; Kato, Y. Development of a Novel Anti-CD44 Monoclonal Antibody for Multiple Applications against Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinomas. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2022, 23, 5535. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  26. Takei, J.; Asano, T.; Suzuki, H.; Kaneko, M.K.; Kato, Y. Epitope Mapping of the Anti-CD44 Monoclonal Antibody (C44Mab-46) Using Alanine-Scanning Mutagenesis and Surface Plasmon Resonance. Monoclon. Antib. Immunodiagn. Immunother. 2021, 40, 219–226. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  27. Asano, T.; Kaneko, M.K.; Takei, J.; Tateyama, N.; Kato, Y. Epitope Mapping of the Anti-CD44 Monoclonal Antibody (C44Mab-46) Using the REMAP Method. Monoclon. Antib. Immunodiagn. Immunother. 2021, 40, 156–161. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  28. Asano, T.; Kaneko, M.K.; Kato, Y. Development of a Novel Epitope Mapping System: RIEDL Insertion for Epitope Mapping Method. Monoclon. Antib. Immunodiagn. Immunother. 2021, 40, 162–167. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  29. Takei, J.; Kaneko, M.K.; Ohishi, T.; Hosono, H.; Nakamura, T.; Yanaka, M.; Sano, M.; Asano, T.; Sayama, Y.; Kawada, M.; et al. A defucosylated antiCD44 monoclonal antibody 5mG2af exerts antitumor effects in mouse xenograft models of oral squamous cell carcinoma. Oncol. Rep. 2020, 44, 1949–1960. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  30. Suzuki, H.; Tanaka, T.; Goto, N.; Kaneko, M.K.; Kato, Y. Development of a Novel Anti-CD44 Variant 4 Monoclonal Antibody C44Mab-108 for Immunohistochemistry. Curr. Issues Mol. Biol. 2023, 45, 1875–1888. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  31. Kudo, Y.; Suzuki, H.; Tanaka, T.; Kaneko, M.K.; Kato, Y. Development of a Novel Anti-CD44 variant 5 Monoclonal An-tibody C44Mab-3 for Multiple Applications against Pancreatic Carcinomas. Antibodies 2023, in press. [Google Scholar]
  32. Ejima, R.; Suzuki, H.; Tanaka, T.; Asano, T.; Kaneko, M.K.; Kato, Y. Development of a Novel Anti-CD44 Variant 6 Monoclonal Antibody C(44)Mab-9 for Multiple Applications against Colorectal Carcinomas. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2023, 24, 4007. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  33. Suzuki, H.; Ozawa, K.; Tanaka, T.; Kaneko, M.K.; Kato, Y. Development of a Novel Anti-CD44 Variant 7/8 Monoclonal Antibody, C44Mab-34, for Multiple Applications against Oral Carcinomas. Biomedicines 2023, 11, 1099. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  34. Kato, Y.; Yamada, S.; Furusawa, Y.; Itai, S.; Nakamura, T.; Yanaka, M.; Sano, M.; Harada, H.; Fukui, M.; Kaneko, M.K. PMab-213: A Monoclonal Antibody for Immunohistochemical Analysis Against Pig Podoplanin. Monoclon. Antib. Immunodiagn. Immunother. 2019, 38, 18–24. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  35. Furusawa, Y.; Yamada, S.; Itai, S.; Sano, M.; Nakamura, T.; Yanaka, M.; Fukui, M.; Harada, H.; Mizuno, T.; Sakai, Y.; et al. PMab-210: A Monoclonal Antibody Against Pig Podoplanin. Monoclon. Antib. Immunodiagn. Immunother. 2019, 38, 30–36. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  36. Furusawa, Y.; Yamada, S.; Itai, S.; Nakamura, T.; Yanaka, M.; Sano, M.; Harada, H.; Fukui, M.; Kaneko, M.K.; Kato, Y. PMab-219: A monoclonal antibody for the immunohistochemical analysis of horse podoplanin. Biochem. Biophys. Rep. 2019, 18, 100616. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  37. Furusawa, Y.; Yamada, S.; Itai, S.; Nakamura, T.; Takei, J.; Sano, M.; Harada, H.; Fukui, M.; Kaneko, M.K.; Kato, Y. Establishment of a monoclonal antibody PMab-233 for immunohistochemical analysis against Tasmanian devil podoplanin. Biochem. Biophys. Rep. 2019, 18, 100631. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  38. Kato, Y.; Kaneko, M.K.; Kuno, A.; Uchiyama, N.; Amano, K.; Chiba, Y.; Hasegawa, Y.; Hirabayashi, J.; Narimatsu, H.; Mishima, K.; et al. Inhibition of tumor cell-induced platelet aggregation using a novel anti-podoplanin antibody reacting with its platelet-aggregation-stimulating domain. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 2006, 349, 1301–1307. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  39. Chalise, L.; Kato, A.; Ohno, M.; Maeda, S.; Yamamichi, A.; Kuramitsu, S.; Shiina, S.; Takahashi, H.; Ozone, S.; Yamaguchi, J.; et al. Efficacy of cancer-specific anti-podoplanin CAR-T cells and oncolytic herpes virus G47Delta combination therapy against glioblastoma. Mol. Ther. Oncolytics 2022, 26, 265–274. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  40. Ishikawa, A.; Waseda, M.; Ishii, T.; Kaneko, M.K.; Kato, Y.; Kaneko, S. Improved anti-solid tumor response by humanized anti-podoplanin chimeric antigen receptor transduced human cytotoxic T cells in an animal model. Genes Cells 2022, 27, 549–558. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  41. Tamura-Sakaguchi, R.; Aruga, R.; Hirose, M.; Ekimoto, T.; Miyake, T.; Hizukuri, Y.; Oi, R.; Kaneko, M.K.; Kato, Y.; Akiyama, Y.; et al. Moving toward generalizable NZ-1 labeling for 3D structure determination with optimized epitope-tag insertion. Acta Crystallogr. D Struct. Biol. 2021, 77, 645–662. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  42. Kaneko, M.K.; Ohishi, T.; Nakamura, T.; Inoue, H.; Takei, J.; Sano, M.; Asano, T.; Sayama, Y.; Hosono, H.; Suzuki, H.; et al. Development of Core-Fucose-Deficient Humanized and Chimeric Anti-Human Podoplanin Antibodies. Monoclon. Antib. Immunodiagn. Immunother. 2020, 39, 167–174. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  43. Fujii, Y.; Matsunaga, Y.; Arimori, T.; Kitago, Y.; Ogasawara, S.; Kaneko, M.K.; Kato, Y.; Takagi, J. Tailored placement of a turn-forming PA tag into the structured domain of a protein to probe its conformational state. J. Cell Sci. 2016, 129, 1512–1522. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  44. Abe, S.; Kaneko, M.K.; Tsuchihashi, Y.; Izumi, T.; Ogasawara, S.; Okada, N.; Sato, C.; Tobiume, M.; Otsuka, K.; Miyamoto, L.; et al. Antitumor effect of novel anti-podoplanin antibody NZ-12 against malignant pleural mesothelioma in an orthotopic xenograft model. Cancer Sci. 2016, 107, 1198–1205. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  45. Kaneko, M.K.; Abe, S.; Ogasawara, S.; Fujii, Y.; Yamada, S.; Murata, T.; Uchida, H.; Tahara, H.; Nishioka, Y.; Kato, Y. Chimeric Anti-Human Podoplanin Antibody NZ-12 of Lambda Light Chain Exerts Higher Antibody-Dependent Cellular Cytotoxicity and Complement-Dependent Cytotoxicity Compared with NZ-8 of Kappa Light Chain. Monoclon. Antib. Immunodiagn. Immunother. 2017, 36, 25–29. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  46. Ito, A.; Ohta, M.; Kato, Y.; Inada, S.; Kato, T.; Nakata, S.; Yatabe, Y.; Goto, M.; Kaneda, N.; Kurita, K.; et al. A Real-Time Near-Infrared Fluorescence Imaging Method for the Detection of Oral Cancers in Mice Using an Indocyanine Green-Labeled Podoplanin Antibody. Technol. Cancer Res. Treat. 2018, 17, 1533033818767936. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  47. Tamura, R.; Oi, R.; Akashi, S.; Kaneko, M.K.; Kato, Y.; Nogi, T. Application of the NZ-1 Fab as a crystallization chaperone for PA tag-inserted target proteins. Protein Sci. 2019, 28, 823–836. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  48. Shiina, S.; Ohno, M.; Ohka, F.; Kuramitsu, S.; Yamamichi, A.; Kato, A.; Motomura, K.; Tanahashi, K.; Yamamoto, T.; Watanabe, R.; et al. CAR T Cells Targeting Podoplanin Reduce Orthotopic Glioblastomas in Mouse Brains. Cancer Immunol. Res. 2016, 4, 259–268. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  49. Kuwata, T.; Yoneda, K.; Mori, M.; Kanayama, M.; Kuroda, K.; Kaneko, M.K.; Kato, Y.; Tanaka, F. Detection of Circulating Tumor Cells (CTCs) in Malignant Pleural Mesothelioma (MPM) with the “Universal” CTC-Chip and An Anti-Podoplanin Antibody NZ-1.2. Cells 2020, 9, 888. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  50. Nishinaga, Y.; Sato, K.; Yasui, H.; Taki, S.; Takahashi, K.; Shimizu, M.; Endo, R.; Koike, C.; Kuramoto, N.; Nakamura, S.; et al. Targeted Phototherapy for Malignant Pleural Mesothelioma: Near-Infrared Photoimmunotherapy Targeting Podoplanin. Cells 2020, 9, 1019. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  51. Fujii, Y.; Kaneko, M.; Neyazaki, M.; Nogi, T.; Kato, Y.; Takagi, J. PA tag: A versatile protein tagging system using a super high affinity antibody against a dodecapeptide derived from human podoplanin. Protein Expr. Purif. 2014, 95, 240–247. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  52. Kato, Y.; Kaneko, M.K.; Kunita, A.; Ito, H.; Kameyama, A.; Ogasawara, S.; Matsuura, N.; Hasegawa, Y.; Suzuki-Inoue, K.; Inoue, O.; et al. Molecular analysis of the pathophysiological binding of the platelet aggregation-inducing factor podoplanin to the C-type lectin-like receptor CLEC-2. Cancer Sci. 2008, 99, 54–61. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  53. Kato, Y.; Vaidyanathan, G.; Kaneko, M.K.; Mishima, K.; Srivastava, N.; Chandramohan, V.; Pegram, C.; Keir, S.T.; Kuan, C.T.; Bigner, D.D.; et al. Evaluation of anti-podoplanin rat monoclonal antibody NZ-1 for targeting malignant gliomas. Nucl. Med. Biol. 2010, 37, 785–794. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  54. Kato, Y. Specific monoclonal antibodies against IDH1/2 mutations as diagnostic tools for gliomas. Brain Tumor Pathol. 2015, 32, 3–11. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  55. Ikota, H.; Nobusawa, S.; Arai, H.; Kato, Y.; Ishizawa, K.; Hirose, T.; Yokoo, H. Evaluation of IDH1 status in diffusely infiltrating gliomas by immunohistochemistry using anti-mutant and wild type IDH1 antibodies. Brain Tumor Pathol. 2015, 32, 237–244. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  56. Itai, S.; Ohishi, T.; Kaneko, M.K.; Yamada, S.; Abe, S.; Nakamura, T.; Yanaka, M.; Chang, Y.W.; Ohba, S.I.; Nishioka, Y.; et al. Anti-podocalyxin antibody exerts antitumor effects via antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity in mouse xenograft models of oral squamous cell carcinoma. Oncotarget 2018, 9, 22480–22497. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  57. Itai, S.; Yamada, S.; Kaneko, M.K.; Harada, H.; Kagawa, Y.; Konnai, S.; Kato, Y. Expression of Cat Podoplanin in Feline Squamous Cell Carcinomas. Monoclon. Antib. Immunodiagn. Immunother. 2017, 36, 243–250. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  58. Honma, R.; Ogasawara, S.; Kaneko, M.K.; Fujii, Y.; Oki, H.; Nakamura, T.; Takagi, M.; Konnai, S.; Kato, Y. PMab-44 Detects Bovine Podoplanin in Immunohistochemistry. Monoclon. Antib. Immunodiagn. Immunother. 2016, 35, 186–190. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  59. Hirata, K.; Suzuki, H.; Imaeda, H.; Matsuzaki, J.; Tsugawa, H.; Nagano, O.; Asakura, K.; Saya, H.; Hibi, T. CD44 variant 9 expression in primary early gastric cancer as a predictive marker for recurrence. Br. J. Cancer 2013, 109, 379–386. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  60. Hagiwara, M.; Kikuchi, E.; Kosaka, T.; Mikami, S.; Saya, H.; Oya, M. Variant isoforms of CD44 expression in upper tract urothelial cancer as a predictive marker for recurrence and mortality. Urol. Oncol. 2016, 34, 337.e19–337.e26. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  61. Kakehashi, A.; Ishii, N.; Sugihara, E.; Gi, M.; Saya, H.; Wanibuchi, H. CD44 variant 9 is a potential biomarker of tumor initiating cells predicting survival outcome in hepatitis C virus-positive patients with resected hepatocellular carcinoma. Cancer Sci. 2016, 107, 609–618. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  62. Hagiwara, M.; Kikuchi, E.; Tanaka, N.; Kosaka, T.; Mikami, S.; Saya, H.; Oya, M. Variant isoforms of CD44 involves acquisition of chemoresistance to cisplatin and has potential as a novel indicator for identifying a cisplatin-resistant population in urothelial cancer. BMC Cancer 2018, 18, 113. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  63. Seishima, R.; Okabayashi, K.; Nagano, O.; Hasegawa, H.; Tsuruta, M.; Shimoda, M.; Kameyama, K.; Saya, H.; Kitagawa, Y. Sulfasalazine, a therapeutic agent for ulcerative colitis, inhibits the growth of CD44v9(+) cancer stem cells in ulcerative colitis-related cancer. Clin. Res. Hepatol. Gastroenterol. 2016, 40, 487–493. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  64. Miyoshi, S.; Tsugawa, H.; Matsuzaki, J.; Hirata, K.; Mori, H.; Saya, H.; Kanai, T.; Suzuki, H. Inhibiting xCT Improves 5-Fluorouracil Resistance of Gastric Cancer Induced by CD44 Variant 9 Expression. Anticancer Res. 2018, 38, 6163–6170. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  65. Tsugawa, H.; Kato, C.; Mori, H.; Matsuzaki, J.; Kameyama, K.; Saya, H.; Hatakeyama, M.; Suematsu, M.; Suzuki, H. Cancer Stem-Cell Marker CD44v9-Positive Cells Arise From Helicobacter pylori-Infected CAPZA1-Overexpressing Cells. Cell. Mol. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 2019, 8, 319–334. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  66. Thanee, M.; Padthaisong, S.; Suksawat, M.; Dokduang, H.; Phetcharaburanin, J.; Klanrit, P.; Titapun, A.; Namwat, N.; Wangwiwatsin, A.; Sa-Ngiamwibool, P.; et al. Sulfasalazine modifies metabolic profiles and enhances cisplatin chemosensitivity on cholangiocarcinoma cells in in vitro and in vivo models. Cancer Metab. 2021, 9, 11. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  67. Shitara, K.; Doi, T.; Nagano, O.; Imamura, C.K.; Ozeki, T.; Ishii, Y.; Tsuchihashi, K.; Takahashi, S.; Nakajima, T.E.; Hironaka, S.; et al. Dose-escalation study for the targeting of CD44v(+) cancer stem cells by sulfasalazine in patients with advanced gastric cancer (EPOC1205). Gastric Cancer 2017, 20, 341–349. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  68. Mereiter, S.; Martins, Á.M.; Gomes, C.; Balmaña, M.; Macedo, J.A.; Polom, K.; Roviello, F.; Magalhães, A.; Reis, C.A. O-glycan truncation enhances cancer-related functions of CD44 in gastric cancer. FEBS Lett. 2019, 593, 1675–1689. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  69. Guinney, J.; Dienstmann, R.; Wang, X.; de Reyniès, A.; Schlicker, A.; Soneson, C.; Marisa, L.; Roepman, P.; Nyamundanda, G.; Angelino, P.; et al. The consensus molecular subtypes of colorectal cancer. Nat. Med. 2015, 21, 1350–1356. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  70. Wielenga, V.J.; Smits, R.; Korinek, V.; Smit, L.; Kielman, M.; Fodde, R.; Clevers, H.; Pals, S.T. Expression of CD44 in Apc and Tcf mutant mice implies regulation by the WNT pathway. Am. J. Pathol. 1999, 154, 515–523. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  71. Green, S.J.; Tarone, G.; Underhill, C.B. Distribution of hyaluronate and hyaluronate receptors in the adult lung. J. Cell Sci. 1988, 90 Pt 1, 145–156. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  72. Kuhn, S.; Koch, M.; Nübel, T.; Ladwein, M.; Antolovic, D.; Klingbeil, P.; Hildebrand, D.; Moldenhauer, G.; Langbein, L.; Franke, W.W.; et al. A complex of EpCAM, claudin-7, CD44 variant isoforms, and tetraspanins promotes colorectal cancer progression. Mol. Cancer Res. 2007, 5, 553–567. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  73. Oliferenko, S.; Paiha, K.; Harder, T.; Gerke, V.; Schwärzler, C.; Schwarz, H.; Beug, H.; Günthert, U.; Huber, L.A. Analysis of CD44-containing lipid rafts: Recruitment of annexin II and stabilization by the actin cytoskeleton. J. Cell Biol. 1999, 146, 843–854. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  74. Orian-Rousseau, V.; Ponta, H. Perspectives of CD44 targeting therapies. Arch. Toxicol. 2015, 89, 3–14. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  75. Menke-van der Houven van Oordt, C.W.; Gomez-Roca, C.; van Herpen, C.; Coveler, A.L.; Mahalingam, D.; Verheul, H.M.; van der Graaf, W.T.; Christen, R.; Rüttinger, D.; Weigand, S.; et al. First-in-human phase I clinical trial of RG7356, an anti-CD44 humanized antibody, in patients with advanced, CD44-expressing solid tumors. Oncotarget 2016, 7, 80046–80058. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  76. Riechelmann, H.; Sauter, A.; Golze, W.; Hanft, G.; Schroen, C.; Hoermann, K.; Erhardt, T.; Gronau, S. Phase I trial with the CD44v6-targeting immunoconjugate bivatuzumab mertansine in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Oral. Oncol. 2008, 44, 823–829. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  77. Tijink, B.M.; Buter, J.; de Bree, R.; Giaccone, G.; Lang, M.S.; Staab, A.; Leemans, C.R.; van Dongen, G.A. A phase I dose escalation study with anti-CD44v6 bivatuzumab mertansine in patients with incurable squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck or esophagus. Clin. Cancer Res. 2006, 12, 6064–6072. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  78. Casucci, M.; Nicolis di Robilant, B.; Falcone, L.; Camisa, B.; Norelli, M.; Genovese, P.; Gentner, B.; Gullotta, F.; Ponzoni, M.; Bernardi, M.; et al. CD44v6-targeted T cells mediate potent antitumor effects against acute myeloid leukemia and multiple myeloma. Blood 2013, 122, 3461–3472. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  79. Porcellini, S.; Asperti, C.; Corna, S.; Cicoria, E.; Valtolina, V.; Stornaiuolo, A.; Valentinis, B.; Bordignon, C.; Traversari, C. CAR T Cells Redirected to CD44v6 Control Tumor Growth in Lung and Ovary Adenocarcinoma Bearing Mice. Front. Immunol. 2020, 11, 99. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  80. Kato, Y.; Kaneko, M.K. A cancer-specific monoclonal antibody recognizes the aberrantly glycosylated podoplanin. Sci. Rep. 2014, 4, 5924. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  81. Kaneko, M.K.; Nakamura, T.; Kunita, A.; Fukayama, M.; Abe, S.; Nishioka, Y.; Yamada, S.; Yanaka, M.; Saidoh, N.; Yoshida, K.; et al. ChLpMab-23: Cancer-Specific Human-Mouse Chimeric Anti-Podoplanin Antibody Exhibits Antitumor Activity via Antibody-Dependent Cellular Cytotoxicity. Monoclon. Antib. Immunodiagn. Immunother. 2017, 36, 104–112. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  82. Kaneko, M.K.; Yamada, S.; Nakamura, T.; Abe, S.; Nishioka, Y.; Kunita, A.; Fukayama, M.; Fujii, Y.; Ogasawara, S.; Kato, Y. Antitumor activity of chLpMab-2, a human-mouse chimeric cancer-specific antihuman podoplanin antibody, via antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity. Cancer Med. 2017, 6, 768–777. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  83. Suzuki, H.; Kaneko, M.K.; Kato, Y. Roles of Podoplanin in Malignant Progression of Tumor. Cells 2022, 11, 575. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  84. Kaneko, M.K.; Ohishi, T.; Kawada, M.; Kato, Y. A cancer-specific anti-podocalyxin monoclonal antibody (60-mG(2a)-f) exerts antitumor effects in mouse xenograft models of pancreatic carcinoma. Biochem. Biophys. Rep. 2020, 24, 100826. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Cimb 45 00238 g001 550
Figure 1. A schematic representation of anti-human CD44 mAbs production. (A) Structure of CD44. The CD44s mRNA is assembled by the first five (1 to 5) and the last five (16 to 20) exons and translates CD44s. The mRNAs of the CD44 variant are produced by the alternative splicing of middle variant exons and translate multiple CD44v such as CD44v3–10, CD44v4–10, CD44v6–10, and CD44v8–10. (B) CHO/CD44v3–10 cells were intraperitoneally injected into BALB/c mice. (C) Hybridomas were produced by fusion of the splenocytes and P3U1 cells. (D) The screening was performed by flow cytometry using CHO/CD44v3–10 and parental CHO-K1 cells. (E) After cloning and additional screening, a clone C44Mab-1 (IgG1, kappa) was established. Furthermore, we used peptides that cover the extracellular domain of CD44v3–10 (Supplementary Table S1) and determined the binding epitopes of each mAb using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA).
Figure 1. A schematic representation of anti-human CD44 mAbs production. (A) Structure of CD44. The CD44s mRNA is assembled by the first five (1 to 5) and the last five (16 to 20) exons and translates CD44s. The mRNAs of the CD44 variant are produced by the alternative splicing of middle variant exons and translate multiple CD44v such as CD44v3–10, CD44v4–10, CD44v6–10, and CD44v8–10. (B) CHO/CD44v3–10 cells were intraperitoneally injected into BALB/c mice. (C) Hybridomas were produced by fusion of the splenocytes and P3U1 cells. (D) The screening was performed by flow cytometry using CHO/CD44v3–10 and parental CHO-K1 cells. (E) After cloning and additional screening, a clone C44Mab-1 (IgG1, kappa) was established. Furthermore, we used peptides that cover the extracellular domain of CD44v3–10 (Supplementary Table S1) and determined the binding epitopes of each mAb using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA).
Cimb 45 00238 g001
Cimb 45 00238 g002 550
Figure 2. Flow cytometry using C44Mab-1. CHO/CD44v3–10 (A), CHO/CD44s (B), CHO-K1 (C), COLO201 (D), and COLO205 (E) were treated with 0.01–10 µg/mL of C44Mab-1, followed by treatment with Alexa Fluor 488-conjugated anti-mouse IgG (Red line). The black line represents the negative control (blocking buffer).
Figure 2. Flow cytometry using C44Mab-1. CHO/CD44v3–10 (A), CHO/CD44s (B), CHO-K1 (C), COLO201 (D), and COLO205 (E) were treated with 0.01–10 µg/mL of C44Mab-1, followed by treatment with Alexa Fluor 488-conjugated anti-mouse IgG (Red line). The black line represents the negative control (blocking buffer).
Cimb 45 00238 g002
Cimb 45 00238 g003 550
Figure 3. The determination of the binding affinity of C44Mab-1. Serially diluted C44Mab-1 at indicated concentrations was treated with CHO/CD44v3–10 (A), COLO201 (B), and COLO205 (C). Then, cells were treated with anti-mouse IgG conjugated with Alexa Fluor 488. Fluorescence data were collected, followed by the calculation of the apparent dissociation constant (KD) by GraphPad PRISM 8.
Figure 3. The determination of the binding affinity of C44Mab-1. Serially diluted C44Mab-1 at indicated concentrations was treated with CHO/CD44v3–10 (A), COLO201 (B), and COLO205 (C). Then, cells were treated with anti-mouse IgG conjugated with Alexa Fluor 488. Fluorescence data were collected, followed by the calculation of the apparent dissociation constant (KD) by GraphPad PRISM 8.
Cimb 45 00238 g003
Cimb 45 00238 g004 550
Figure 4. Western blot analysis by C44Mab-1. The total cell lysates (10 µg of protein) were separated and transferred onto polyvinylidene difluoride (PVDF) membranes. The membranes were incubated with 10 µg/mL of C44Mab-1 (A), 10 µg/mL of C44Mab-46 (B), or 1 µg/mL of RcMab-1 (C), followed by incubation with peroxidase-conjugated anti-mouse (for C44Mab-1 and C44Mab-46) or anti-rat (for RcMab-1) immunoglobulins. The red arrows indicate the CD44v3–10 (>180 kDa). The black arrow indicates CD44s (~75 kDa). The white arrow indicates the lower molecular weight band recognized by C44Mab-1 in CHO/CD44v3–10 lysate (~75 kDa).
Figure 4. Western blot analysis by C44Mab-1. The total cell lysates (10 µg of protein) were separated and transferred onto polyvinylidene difluoride (PVDF) membranes. The membranes were incubated with 10 µg/mL of C44Mab-1 (A), 10 µg/mL of C44Mab-46 (B), or 1 µg/mL of RcMab-1 (C), followed by incubation with peroxidase-conjugated anti-mouse (for C44Mab-1 and C44Mab-46) or anti-rat (for RcMab-1) immunoglobulins. The red arrows indicate the CD44v3–10 (>180 kDa). The black arrow indicates CD44s (~75 kDa). The white arrow indicates the lower molecular weight band recognized by C44Mab-1 in CHO/CD44v3–10 lysate (~75 kDa).
Cimb 45 00238 g004
Cimb 45 00238 g005 550
Figure 5. Immunohistochemical analysis using C44Mab-1 and C44Mab-46 against CRC tissues. After antigen retrieval, serial sections of CRC tissue arrays (CO483a) were incubated with 1 µg/mL of C44Mab-1 or C44Mab-46 followed by treatment with the Envision+ kit. The color was developed using 3,3’-diaminobenzidine tetrahydrochloride (DAB), and the sections were counterstained with hematoxylin. Scale bar = 100 µm. CRC (A–F); normal colon epithelium (G,H).
Figure 5. Immunohistochemical analysis using C44Mab-1 and C44Mab-46 against CRC tissues. After antigen retrieval, serial sections of CRC tissue arrays (CO483a) were incubated with 1 µg/mL of C44Mab-1 or C44Mab-46 followed by treatment with the Envision+ kit. The color was developed using 3,3’-diaminobenzidine tetrahydrochloride (DAB), and the sections were counterstained with hematoxylin. Scale bar = 100 µm. CRC (A–F); normal colon epithelium (G,H).
Cimb 45 00238 g005
Table
Table 1. Immunohistochemical analysis using C44Mab-1 against colorectal carcinoma tissue array.
Table 1. Immunohistochemical analysis using C44Mab-1 against colorectal carcinoma tissue array.
No.AgeSexOrganPathology DiagnosisGradeStageTypeC44Mab-1C44Mab-46
167MColonAdenocarcinoma1-Malignant++
248MColonAdenocarcinoma1IIAMalignant--
358MColonAdenocarcinoma1–2IIAMalignant++
475MColonAdenocarcinoma1IVMalignant-++
586MColonAdenocarcinoma2IIMalignant-+
655MColonAdenocarcinoma2IIICMalignant--
738MColonAdenocarcinoma1IMalignant-++
852MColonAdenocarcinoma1IIIBMalignant+-
946MColonAdenocarcinoma2IIIBMalignant+++
1061MColonMucinous adenocarcinoma2IIIBMalignant+++
1155MColonMucinous adenocarcinoma with necrosis2IIAMalignant-++
1255MColonAdenocarcinoma1IIIBMalignant+-
1344MColonAdenocarcinoma1-Malignant--
1431MColonAdenocarcinoma2IIIBMalignant-+
1574FColonAdenocarcinoma2IIIBMalignant++
1661MColonAdenocarcinoma2IIMalignant++++
1745MColonAdenocarcinoma2IIIMalignant++
1858MColonAdenocarcinoma2IIIBMalignant-++
1958MColonAdenocarcinoma2IIAMalignant++++++
2069MColonAdenocarcinoma3-Malignant--
2164FColonAdenocarcinoma2IIICMalignant++++
2282MColonAdenocarcinoma2IIIBMalignant--
2334MColonAdenocarcinoma2IIIBMalignant++++
2450FColonAdenocarcinoma2IIBMalignant--
2534FColonAdenocarcinoma1IIBMalignant-+
2652FColonAdenocarcinoma2IIAMalignant-+
2753FColonAdenocarcinoma2IIIBMalignant--
2858FColonAdenocarcinoma2IMalignant-+
2959FColonAdenocarcinoma2IIAMalignant++++
3067MColonAdenocarcinoma2IIIBMalignant-++
3131MColonAdenocarcinoma2IIIBMalignant++++++
3254FColonAdenocarcinoma2IIBMalignant-+
3354FColonAdenocarcinoma2IIIBMalignant--
3462MColonAdenocarcinoma2-Malignant-+
3567FColonAdenocarcinoma2-Malignant+-
3652FColonAdenocarcinoma2IIAMalignant--
3752FColonAdenocarcinoma3IIIBMalignant--
3875MColonAdenocarcinoma2-Malignant--
3957FColonAdenocarcinoma2IIBMalignant++++
4038MColonMucinous adenocarcinoma3IMalignant--
-, No stain; +, Weak intensity; ++, Moderate intensity; +++, Strong intensity.
Disclaimer/Publisher’s Note: The statements, opinions and data contained in all publications are solely those of the individual author(s) and contributor(s) and not of MDPI and/or the editor(s). MDPI and/or the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to people or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content.

Share and Cite

MDPI and ACS Style

Tawara, M.; Suzuki, H.; Goto, N.; Tanaka, T.; Kaneko, M.K.; Kato, Y. A Novel Anti-CD44 Variant 9 Monoclonal Antibody C44Mab-1 Was Developed for Immunohistochemical Analyses against Colorectal Cancers. Curr. Issues Mol. Biol. 2023, 45, 3658-3673. https://doi.org/10.3390/cimb45040238

AMA Style

Tawara M, Suzuki H, Goto N, Tanaka T, Kaneko MK, Kato Y. A Novel Anti-CD44 Variant 9 Monoclonal Antibody C44Mab-1 Was Developed for Immunohistochemical Analyses against Colorectal Cancers. Current Issues in Molecular Biology. 2023; 45(4):3658-3673. https://doi.org/10.3390/cimb45040238

Chicago/Turabian Style

Tawara, Mayuki, Hiroyuki Suzuki, Nohara Goto, Tomohiro Tanaka, Mika K. Kaneko, and Yukinari Kato. 2023. "A Novel Anti-CD44 Variant 9 Monoclonal Antibody C44Mab-1 Was Developed for Immunohistochemical Analyses against Colorectal Cancers" Current Issues in Molecular Biology 45, no. 4: 3658-3673. https://doi.org/10.3390/cimb45040238

Article Metrics

Back to TopTop