Next Article in Journal
Low-Energy Electron Induced Reactions in Metronidazole at Different Solvation Conditions
Previous Article in Journal
In Vitro Evaluation of the Antioxidant Activity and Chemopreventive Potential in Human Breast Cancer Cell Lines of the Standardized Extract Obtained from the Aerial Parts of Zigzag Clover (Trifolium medium L.)
 
 
Search for Articles:
Title / Keyword
Author / Affiliation / Email
Journal
Article Type
 
 
Advanced Search
 
Section
Special Issue
Volume
Issue
Number
Page
 
Journals
Pharmaceuticals
Volume 15
Issue 6
10.3390/ph15060700
pharmaceuticals-logo
Submit to this Journal Review for this Journal Propose a Special Issue
► Article Menu

Article Menu

share Share announcement Help format_quote Cite question_answer Discuss in SciProfiles thumb_up
...
Endorse textsms
...
Comment
first_page
settings
Order Article Reprints
Font Type:
Arial Georgia Verdana
Font Size:
Aa Aa Aa
Line Spacing:
Column Width:
Background:
Article

In Vitro Anticancer Activity Screening of Novel Fused Thiophene Derivatives as VEGFR-2/AKT Dual Inhibitors and Apoptosis Inducers

by
Rana M. Abdelnaby
1,*,
Afaf A. El-Malah
2,3,
Rasha R. FakhrEldeen
4,
Marwa M. Saeed
5,
Rania I. Nadeem
6,
Nancy S. Younis
7,
Hanaa M. Abdel-Rahman
8,9 and
Nehad M. El-Dydamony
10,*
1
Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Heliopolis University, Cairo 11785, Egypt
2
Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
3
Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo 11562, Egypt
4
Biochemistry Department, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Manufacturing, Misr University for Science and Technology, 6th of October City 12585, Egypt
5
Pharmacology and Toxicology Lecturer, Faculty of Pharmacy, Heliopolis University, Cairo 11785, Egypt
6
Pharmacology and Toxicology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Heliopolis University, Cairo 11785, Egypt
7
Pharmaceutical Sciences Department, Faculty of Clinical Pharmacy, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa, Al-Hofuf 31982, Saudi Arabia
8
Pharmacy Practice Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Egyptian Russian University, Cairo 11829, Egypt
9
Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo 11562, Egypt
10
Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Manufacturing, Misr University for Science and Technology, 6th of October City 12585, Egypt
*
Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Pharmaceuticals 2022, 15(6), 700; https://doi.org/10.3390/ph15060700
Submission received: 1 May 2022 / Revised: 27 May 2022 / Accepted: 31 May 2022 / Published: 2 June 2022
(This article belongs to the Section Medicinal Chemistry)
Browse Figures
Versions Notes

Abstract

:
Protein kinases are seen as promising targets in controlling cell proliferation and survival in treating cancer where fused thiophene synthon was utilized in many kinase inhibitors approved by the FDA. Accordingly, this work focused on adopting fused thienopyrrole and pyrrolothienopyrimidine scaffolds in preparing new inhibitors, which were evaluated as antiproliferative agents in the HepG2 and PC-3 cell lines. The compounds 3b (IC50 = 3.105 and 2.15 μM) and 4c (IC50 = 3.023 and 3.12 μM) were the most promising candidates on both cells with good selective toxicity-sparing normal cells. A further mechanistic evaluation revealed promising kinase inhibitory activity, where 4c inhibited VEGFR-2 and AKT at IC50 = 0.075 and 4.60 μM, respectively, while 3b showed IC50 = 0.126 and 6.96 μM, respectively. Moreover, they resulted in S phase cell cycle arrest with subsequent caspase-3-induced apoptosis. Lastly, docking studies evaluated the binding patterns of these active derivatives and demonstrated a similar fitting pattern to the reference ligands inside the active sites of both VEGFR-2 and AKT (allosteric pocket) crystal structures. To conclude, these thiophene derivatives represent promising antiproliferative leads inhibiting both VEGFR-2 and AKT and inducing apoptosis in liver cell carcinoma.

1. Introduction

One of the challenging areas in the drug development field is finding an effective treatment against cancer, a disease that represents the primary cause of death worldwide with millions of cases identified every year. Although many research efforts are focused on finding an effective treatment, there is still no 100% full cure. This may be due to the rapid changes occurring in the cancer microenvironment and the developing resistance against many anticancer therapies [1].
Fused thiophene derivatives, such as thienopyrimidines, have demonstrated efficacy as anticancer agents. They contain the pyrimidine moiety found in the natural nucleobase adenine, which occurs in DNA, RNA, ATP, and many bioactive molecules [2]. A large number of these derivatives have reached clinical trials, and many have been marketed [3,4]. This system has also attracted great attention due to its versatile synthetic approaches and the reported broad biological activities [5,6,7,8] that range from antihypertensive through alpha-1 adrenergic receptor antagonism [9], antiplatelet aggregation [10], antidepressant activity [11], treatment of erectile dysfunction, phosphodiesterase-5 inhibition [12], anti-inflammatory through COX-II inhibition [13], antimicrobial activity [14,15], and many other pledging activities [8], Noteworthy is the antiproliferative activity in which thienopyrimidine derivatives display potent activity with several mechanisms of action such as PI3K pathway inhibition [8,16,17], focal adhesion kinase (FAK) inhibition [18], kinases inhibitory activity against Tie-2 [19], cell cycle arrest and apoptosis induction [20,21,22]. Last but not least, they have promising anticancer activity by inhibiting the pathways under investigation,VEGFR-2 [23,24] and AKT-1 [25], that end in cancer cell proliferation, growth, and survival inhibition. Exemplified structures are presented in Figure 1.
The essential characteristics of a developing tumor involve sustaining proliferating signals, evading apoptosis, avoiding immune destruction, and inducing angiogenesis [26]. The vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) family was reported to be a core mediator in tumor progression and angiogenesis via interacting with VEGFR-1/2/3, the tyrosine kinase receptors, of which VEGFR-2 contributes mainly to increased vascular permeability, endothelial proliferation, invasion, and migration [27,28,29]. Thus, inhibiting the VEGF binding to its receptor either by neutralizing the ligand or the receptor by antibodies or direct inhibition of intracellular kinase domain through competing with the ATP-binding site is considered a very successful therapeutic strategy to halt tumor progress [27,29,30,31]. Additionally, VEGF binding to VEGFR-2 causes the activation of a central enzyme in cell survival, which is AKT (a serine/threonine kinase that belongs to the AGC kinase family) that is crucially involved in cell proliferation, evading apoptosis, protein synthesis, metabolism, angiogenesis, and migration [32,33,34,35,36,37]. AKT, this pivotal protein, is documented to be highly hyperactivated in various cancer types [34,38], which increases VEGF secretion and other growth factors creating a feedback loop that aids in developing cancer resistance to many antiangiogenic therapies [39,40].
Consequently, the dual inhibition of this axis VEGFR/AKT will trigger apoptosis at different focal points. This represents a successful tool in preventing tumorigenesis, proliferation, and survival with a better prognosis, particularly when taken as a part of a therapeutic process combination protocol [41].
As illustrated in Figure 1, inhibitors acting on VEGFR-2 are characterized by a tripartite structure where the key features are a heteroaromatic moiety and an aromatic scaffold; both participate in hydrophobic interactions linked via three to five atoms in length incorporating a hydrogen bond acceptor/donor-forming group. Moreover, the AKT inhibitors share similar features to that of VEGFR-2 inhibitors, having a linear arrangement of pharmacophores [42]. The aforementioned data provided an enticing idea about designing a single molecule with dual activity on both proteins that represents a pivotal axis in cancer cell proliferation. This is done by merging these pharmacophores into one molecule by using the pyrrole–thiophene ring as the main nucleus fused with pyrimidine to give compounds 3a–g. In addition, merging the pyrrole–thiophene ring with the thiourea linker gave 4a–c analogs, and then the structure was extended by a terminal aromatic scaffold yielding 6a and 7a–d derivatives as depicted in Figure 2.
The novel compounds’ antiproliferative activity was investigated in HepG2 and PC-3 cell lines followed by a mechanistic evaluation for the nominated protein inhibition assay, cell cycle analysis, and apoptosis detection. Finally, molecular docking was conducted to assess the interaction possibilities with both VEFGR-2 and AKT-1.

2. Results and Discussion

2.1. Chemical Synthesis

The approach to the synthesis of the entitled thiophenes was according to the reported procedures in the literature [3,43] and demonstrated in Scheme 1 where the spectral and physical analyses confirmed the proposed structures. Firstly, the starting compound o-amino amide derivative (2a) was reacted with different aromatic aldehydes yielding the fused pyrrolothienopyrimidine series (3a–g); their IR charts proved the absence of the primary amino forked peak, while 1H-NMR revealed the extra aromatic hydrogens at 7.23–7.99 ppm affected by the different parasubstitutions on the phenyl ring. For the open thiourea derivatives 6a and 7a–d, the o-amino ester (2b) was reacted with different aliphatic and aromatic isothiocyanates yielding the thieno [3,2-b]pyrrole-3-carboxylic acid ethyl ester series (4a–c) such as the IR, and the 1H-NMR showed the extra aliphatic and aromatic hydrogen substituted on the terminal amino group. The 1H-NMR showed the ethyl ester group at 1.04–1.31 ppm for the CH3- group, while the CH2-O group appeared at 4.00–4.50 ppm. Moreover, in compound 4a, the aliphatic methyl attached to N of the thiourea terminal appeared at 2.51 ppm, while the 5-methyl group on the phenyl ring appeared at 2.19 ppm, and the aromatic hydrogen appeared at 7.21–7.37 ppm in compound 4c. This was followed by a reaction with 2-chloro-N-(4-substituted-phenyl)-acetamide derivatives (5a–d) to alkylate the thiol group then the terminal amino group to attack the ester causing pyrimidine ring closure. However, it gave 2-[(4-substituted-phenyl carbamoyl)-methyl]-isothioureido analogs (6a and 7a–d) without pyrimidine ring formation, and that was confirmed by IR and NMR analysis. This may be attributed to the bulkiness of the substituents on the terminal chain. The presence of the ethyl ester groups at 1.31–1.35 ppm for the terminal methyl (CH3-) and at 4.39–4.50 ppm for the -CH2-O group were revealed in 1H-NMR. In addition, the S-CH2 peak appeared at 4.3 ppm, and the aromatic hydrogens appeared at 7.11–8.01 ppm, which was confirmed by 13C-NMR analysis.

2.2. In Vitro Anticancer Activity Evaluation

2.2.1. Antiproliferative Assay in HepG2 and PC-3 Cells

The antiproliferative activity of the thiophene compounds 3a–g, 4a–c, 6a, and 7a–d was evaluated by an in vitro MTT colorimetric assay on two oncogenic cell lines: liver (HepG2) and prostate (PC-3). The cytotoxic effect was calculated as the inhibitory concentration (IC50) in µM required for inhibiting the growth of 50% of the oncogenic cells taking doxorubicin as the reference compound. The results presented in Table 1 show that most of the novel thiophene derivatives possess moderate to high cytotoxic activity whether on the liver or prostate or both cell lines.
By looking at the thienopyrimidine series (3a–g), more derivatives showed higher activity against HepG2 cells than prostate cancer PC-3 cells. The best compound in this series was the chloro derivative 3b with IC50 of 3.105 ± 0.14 μM and 2.15 ± 0.12 μM on HepG2 and PC-3, respectively. By comparing the derivatives in this series to the unsubstituted analog 3a, it was found that substituting the phenyl ring with electron-withdrawing groups enhanced the activity on PC-3 cells, while on HepG2 cells, the inhibitory activity was better by substituting the phenyl ring at the para position with chloro, methoxy, and trimethoxy groups. The trimethoxy analog 3g showed high inhibitory activity on HepG2 with IC50 of 3.77 ± 0.17 μM and moderate inhibition on PC-3 cells, while the methoxy derivative 3f with IC50 of 4.296 ± 0.2 μM and 7.472 ± 0.42 μM resulted in high cytotoxicity on HepG2 and PC-3, respectively. Moreover, the bromo substitution in 3c resulted in less cytotoxicity on PC-3 and a loss of activity against HepG2 cells, while the fluoro derivative 3d showed moderate activity against both cell lines. The substitution with an electron-donating group such as the methyl group in analog 3e resulted in lowering the cytotoxic activity on both cell lines.
For the open thieno[3,2-b]pyrrole series 4a–c, the 3-methyl derivative 4a showed high inhibitory activity on PC-3 cells, although it has no activity against HepG2, while the 3-ethyl derivative 4b was less active in the two cell lines. The aromatic substitution in 2-chloro-5-methyl phenyl derivative 4c resulted in marked activity on both cell lines.
In the 2-isothiouredo-4-methyl-thieno[3,2-b]pyrrole series 6a and 7a–d, the substitution of 4a with N-(4-chloro-phenyl)-acetamide led to a marked increase in the cytotoxic activity of 6a. While substitution of 4c with different N-(4-substituted-phenyl)-acetamide resulted in decreasing the inhibitory activity except for 7d, which has the electron-donating methyl group on the side chain that gave good inhibitory activity compared to doxorubicin.
The aforementioned results illustrate that compounds 3b and 4c are the most promising cytotoxic agents on both cell lines and will be subjected to a thorough mechanistic study to understand their anticancer activity. However, before doing this, their selective toxicity and, thus, their safety were evaluated by measuring the IC50 values against the normal nononcogenic cell line (Wl38) by an MTT assay as listed in Table 1. The SI calculated and reported by [44] was higher than two, which indicated that compounds 3b and 4c possess good safety. Compound 3b gave SI of 6, and compound 4c gave SI = 12 showing better selectivity toward cancer cells than doxorubicin with SI = 5.

2.2.2. Assessment of VEGFR-2/AKT Axis Inhibition

VEGFR-2 Inhibition Assay

The inhibitory effect of the two selected candidates 3b and 4c on VEGFR-2 was evaluated in HepG2 cells at their formerly determined IC50. Compound 3b showed moderate inhibition by 58.3%, while 4c resulted in a significant inhibitory effect by 70% relative to the reference compound sorafenib, which resulted in 83.3% phosphorylation inhibition as compared to HepG2 cells. Furthermore, the assessment of their kinase inhibitory activity revealed a very promising in vitro effect with IC50 values of 0.126 μM for compound 3b and 0.075 μM for 4c that represent potent inhibition approaching sorafenib with 0.045 μM as shown in Figure 3 and higher potency than compound IV (IC50 values of 2.27 μM) illustrated in Figure 1.

AKT-1 Inhibition Assay

To investigate the success of the design strategy developed in this work, the effect of the promising candidates 3b and 4c was assessed on AKT-1, a crucial protein, by determining their phosphorylation inhibition rate in HepG2 cells and measuring their biochemical kinase inhibitory activity. As illustrated in Figure 4, compound 3b caused a 63% inhibition rate, while 4c was more promising with a 71.6% inhibition rate that was better than LY2780301 with 68.6%. Moreover, AKT-1 kinase activity was inhibited at IC50 of 6.96 μM by compound 3b and IC50 = 4.60 μM of 4c revealing a similar inhibition to the reference drug LY2780301 giving IC50 of 4.62 μM. The data obtained from the protein inhibition assays demonstrated that both compounds have the required features of VEGFR-2 and AKT-1 and are very promising dual-acting inhibitors on VEGFR-2 and AKT-1 proteins, especially 4c with similar effects to the reference compound.

2.2.3. The Effect of 3b and 4c on Cell Cycle Phases and Their Apoptosis Induction

Cell Cycle Analysis

AKT-1 is known for its downstream activation of several proteins involved in cell proliferation and apoptosis evasion. In addition, it is reported to be involved in G1–S checkpoint transition and proliferation [45]. Thus, the AKT-1 inhibition and antiproliferative effect of 3b and 4c on the cell cycle progress was assayed by flow cytometry at their IC50 values shown in Table 2 and Figure 5.
For compound 3b, there was a notable buildup of cells in the S phase with 56.19%, while a low concentration of cells transitioned to the G2/M phases with 4.39% indicating cell cycle arrest at the S phase. For compound 4c, there was a higher accumulation of cells in G0/G1 of 53.28% and a very low concentration in the G2/M phase indicating arrest at the G1/S phase.

Apoptosis Detection

The proapoptotic effect of 3b and 4c was evaluated after causing cell cycle arrest by treating HepG2 cells for 48 h with their IC50 values. Annexin V/PI staining with flow cytometric analysis was adapted to measure early and late apoptotic cells and necrotic cells as presented in Table 3 and Figure 6.
Treating HepG2 cells with 3b for 48 h resulted in an enhanced apoptotic effect with an elevated proportion in early and late apoptotic cells exhibiting 5-fold and 144-fold, respectively. While compound 4c causes a higher proportion in early apoptotic cells with 7-fold over untreated cells and 97-fold in late apoptotic cells. For necrotic cells, 4c had less of a necrotic effect than 3b, which was consistent with their selectivity against normal cells (WI38) in Table 1 signaling a better safety profile for 4c over 3b.
These data are consistent with previously reported effects of thiophene derivatives to be effective as anticancer through cell cycle arrest and apoptosis induction [21,22,23].

2.2.4. Caspase-3 Assay

Apoptosis is known to be carried out through three different pathways: intrinsic, extrinsic, and granzyme pathways. One of the controlling proteins in apoptosis is the cysteine protease named caspase with the chief executer caspase 3 [46,47]. Accordingly, assessing the effect of 3b and 4c on the active caspase-3 level was done in HepG2 cells taking doxorubicin as the reference drug. The results shown in Figure 7 demonstrate a five-fold increase in its level with 3b treatment and a six-fold increase after 4c treatment relative to doxorubicin that showed a seven-fold over the untreated cells.

2.3. Molecular Modeling

Performing docking simulations inside the nominated protein binding sites clarified the molecular interactions of the novel derivatives as depicted in Figure 8 and Figure 9.

2.3.1. VEGFR-2 Docking

Molecular docking studies of thienopyrrole ethyl ester 4c derivative against the tyrosine kinase receptor VEGFR-2 (PDB code: 3EWH) [48] showed a hydrogen bond (2.20 Å) between the S of the thiourea linker and the Thr916 residue in addition to two carbon–hydrogen bonds between the H of ethyl ester with Leu840 and the H of pyrrole with Cys919. The phenyl ring imparted a pi–cation interaction with Lys868. The thiophene ring and chloride atom incorporated pi–alkyl interactions with Ala866 and Cys1045 residues. Moreover, there were two intramolecular interactions where one of the thiourea NH engaged in an H-bond with the oxygen of the ester group; the other is the pi–alkyl interaction between 5-methyl on the phenyl ring with the oxygen atom of the carbonyl ester. The binding revealed a preferred pattern with the crucial amino acids in the receptor active pocket where the thienopyrrole nucleus was embedded in the front hydrophobic pocket, and the substituted phenyl was rooted in the back pocket.

2.3.2. AKT Docking

The AKT structure consists of three conserved domains: (a) N-terminal Pleckstrin Homology (PH domain); (b) kinase domain (KD domain), and (c) C-terminal hydrophobic motif. AKT inhibitors are either ATP-competitive or allosteric inhibitors where they work at the interface of the PH and KD domains. Docking simulations of compound 4c in the AKT allosteric active site (PDB code: 4EJN) [42] was performed to study its inhibitory mechanism. The results illustrate a binding mode with the key amino acids in which two hydrogen bonds were formed between the S atom of the thiourea linker with Gln79 (2.58 Å) and the hydrogen of the NH to the carbonyl oxygen of the Tyr272 (2.56 Å). The thienopyrrole nucleus was pi–pi stacked through its thiophene ring to Trp80 in the PH domain, on the other hand, the substituted phenyl shared an alkyl interaction with Arg273 and Ile84 in the c-terminal motif.

2.3.3. ADME Calculation for Compound 4c

To predict the druggability of the best compound 4c, the molecular properties were measured and were consistent with the Lipinski criteria that states: “for a drug candidate to be orally bioavailable it should have a molecular mass fewer than 500 Daltons, H-bond donors (HBD) ≤ 5, H-bond acceptors (HBA) ≤ 10, and log p < 5. [49]” Our compounds with Log p = 5.75 may show good absorption levels and penetration into cancer cells. In addition, 4c has two H-bond donors, four H-bond acceptors, and seven rotatable bonds.

3. Material and Methods

3.1. Chemistry

The spectral analysis for structure confirmations were carried out in Cairo University, Egypt. The FTIR spectra were determined in Shimadzu IR 435 spectrophotometer using potassium bromide discs in vmax, cm−1. A Bruker spectrometer (Bruker Corp., Billerica, MA, USA) recorded 1H-NMR (DMSO at 400 MHz) and 13C-NMR (DMSO at 100 MHz) spectra, while a Hewlett Packard 5988 spectrometer was used to detect the mass spectra.
The starting compounds (2a and 2b) were prepared according to the reported thiophene synthesis adopting the Gewald procedures [9,43], and the linker derivatives 2-Chloro-N-(4-substituted-phenyl)-acetamide 5a–d were as reported by [50].
2-Amino-4-methyl-5,6-dihydro-4H-thieno[3,2-b]pyrrole-3-carboxamide (2a): Yellowish white powder, mp. = 121–123 °C, yield % = 42.8; IR: 3400, 3390 (2 NH2), 2951 (CHaliphatic), 1666 (C=O); 1H-NMR (δ and ppm) 2.51 (s, 3H, and N-CH3), 3.42–3.47 (t, 2H, and CH2-CH2-N), 3.75–3.77 (t, 2H, and CH2-CH2-N), 7.00, 7.302 (s, 4H, 2 NH2, and D2O exchangeable); MS (m/z): 197 (M+); Elemental analysis of C8H11N3OS (197): C, 48.71; H, 5.62; and N, 21.30 found: C, 48.95; H, 5.75; and N, 21.19.
Ethyl 2-amino-4-methyl-5,6-dihydro-4H-thieno[3,2-b]pyrrole-3-carboxylate (2b): Buff powder, mp. = 130 °C, yield % = 50; IR: 3352 (NH2), 2981–2870 (CHaliphatic), 1720 (C=O); 1H-NMR (400 MHz and CDCl3-d6) δ 1.45 (t, 3H, and CH3-CH2-O), 2.45 (s, 3H, and N-CH3), 2.98–3.02 (t, 2H, and CH2-CH2-N), 3.68–3.72 (t, 2H, and CH2-CH2-N), 4.23–4.27 (q, 2H, and CH3-CH2-O), 7.00 (s, 2H, NH, and D2O exchangeable); MS (m/z): 226 (M+), 227 (M+1); Elemental analysis of C10H14N2O2S (226): C, 53.08; H, 6.24; and N, 12.38 found: C, 53.31; H, 6.38; and N, 12.62.
Preparation procedure of the 2-(substituted)-5-methyl-3,5,6,7-tetrahydro-4H-pyrrolo[2′,3′:4,5]thieno[2,3-d]pyrimidin-4-one derivatives (3a–g): The appropriate aldehyde derivatives (0.03 mmol) were added to the amino amide derivative 2a (0.01 mmol, 1.97 g) dissolved in 10 mL DMF with 0.2 mL C.HCl. The reaction was refluxed for 24 h and cooled, and the precipitate was crystallized from acetone.
5-Methyl-2-phenyl-3,5,6,7-tetrahydro-4H-pyrrolo[2′,3′:4,5]thieno[2,3-d]pyrimidin-4-one (3a): Yellowish brown powder, mp. > 250 °C, yield % = 83; IR: 3352 (NH), 2981–2870 (CHaliphatic), 1720 (C=O); 1H-NMR (δ, ppm) 2.51 (s, 3H, and CH3-N), 2.94 (t, 2H, and CH2-CH2-N), 3.70 (t, 2H, and CH2-CH2-N), 7.23–7.29 (m, 2H, C3, and C5-HAr), 7.36–7.40 (t, 1H, and C4-HAr) and 7.60–7.62 (d, 2H, C2, and C6-HAr) and 7.99 (s, 1H, NH, and D2O exchangeable); 13C-NMR (δ and ppm) 24.79 (CH2-CH2-N and pyrrolidine), 43.18 (CH3-N and pyrrolidine), 44.22 (CH2-CH2-N and pyrrolidine), 126.10–143.69 (Ar-C), 169.86 and 174.41 (2C and pyrimidine); MS (m/z): 283 (M+), 284 (M+1); Elemental analysis of C15H13N3OS (283): C, 63.58; H, 4.62; and N, 14.83; found: C, 63.42; H, 4.89; and N, 15.04.
2-(4-Chlorophenyl)-5-methyl-3,5,6,7-tetrahydro-4H-pyrrolo[2′,3′:4,5]thieno[2,3-d]pyrimidin-4-one (3b): Yellowish powder, mp. = 168 °C, yield % = 72; IR: 3394 (NH), 3024 (CHAr), 2966 (CHaliphatic), 1624 (C=O), 1519–1446 (C=C, Ar); 1H-NMR (δ, ppm) 2.55 (s, 3H, and CH3-N), 3.12–3.15 (t, 2H, and CH2-CH2-N), 3.48–3.50 (t, 2H, and CH2-CH2-N), 7.27–7.49 (m, 4H, and HAr), and 8.12 (s, 1H, NH, and D2O exchangeable); MS (m/z): 317 (M+), 319 (M+2); Elemental analysis of C15H12ClN3OS (317): C, 56.69; H, 3.81; and N, 13.22; found: C, 56.78; H, 3.94; and N, 13.40.
2-(4-Bromophenyl)-5-methyl-3,5,6,7-tetrahydro-4H-pyrrolo[2′,3′:4,5]thieno[2,3-d]pyrimidin-4-one (3c): Yellowish orange powder, mp. = 113–114 °C, yield % = 74; IR: 3456 (NH), 3020 (CHAr), 2875 (CHaliphatic), 1668 (C=O) 1583–1485 (C=C and Ar); 1H-NMR (δ and ppm) 2.51 (s, 3H, and CH3-N), 2.90–3.00 (t, 2H, and CH2-CH2-N), 3.78–3.82 (t, 2H, and CH2-CH2-N), 7.77–7.87 (m, 4H, and HAr), and 7.99 (s, 1H, NH, and D2O exchangeable); MS (m/z): 360 (M+), 362 (M+2); Elemental analysis of C15H12BrN3OS (362): C, 49.74; H, 3.34; and N, 11.60 found: C, 49.95; H, 3.61; and N, 11.87.
2-(4-Fluorophenyl)-5-methyl-3,5,6,7-tetrahydro-4H-pyrrolo[2′,3′:4,5]thieno[2,3-d]pyrimidin-4-one (3d): Yellowish white powder, mp. = 108–110 °C, yield % = 90; IR: 3352 (NH), 3050 (CHAr), 2981–2870 (CHaliphatic), 1720 (C=O); 1H-NMR (δ, ppm) 2.53 (s, 3H, and CH3-N), 2.90–2.93 (t, 2H, and CH2-CH2-N), 3.65 (t, 2H, and CH2-CH2-N), 7.83–7.86 (m, 4H, and HAr), and 7.91 (s, 1H, NH, and D2O exchangeable); MS (m/z): 301 (M+), 302 (M+1); Elemental analysis of C15H12FN3OS (301): C, 59.79; H, 4.01; and N, 13.94; found: C, 59.87; H, 4.19; and N, 14.16.
5-Methyl-2-(p-tolyl)-3,5,6,7-tetrahydro-4H-pyrrolo[2′,3′:4,5]thieno[2,3-d]pyrimidin-4-one (3e): Buff powder, mp. = 155–156 °C, yield % = 75.5; IR: 3441 (NH), 3032 (CHAr), 2970 (CHaliphatic), 1666 (C=O); 1H-NMR (δ and ppm) 2.39 (s, 3H, and 4-CH3-Ph), 2.45 (s, 3H, and CH3-N), 2.90–3.00 (t, 2H, and CH2-CH2-N), 3.18 (t, 2H, and CH2-CH2-N), 7.05 (d, 2H, C3, and C5-HAr), 7.97–7.99 (d, 2H, C2, and C6-HAr), and 7.5 (s, 1H, NH, and D2O exchangeable); MS (m/z): 297 (M+); Elemental analysis of C16H15N3O2S (297): C, 61.32; H, 4.82; and N, 13.41; found: C, 61.17; H, 4.98; and N, 13.65.
2-(4-Methoxyphenyl)-5-methyl-3,5,6,7-tetrahydro-4H-pyrrolo[2′,3′:4,5]thieno[2,3-d]pyrimidin-4-one (3f): Buff powder, mp. = 117–118 °C, yield % = 63; IR: 3421 (NH), 3035 (CHAr), 2997 (CHaliphatic), 1604 (C=O), 1523–1450 (C=C and Ar); 1H-NMR (δ and ppm) 2.51 (s, 3H, and CH3-N), 2.95 (t, 2H, and CH2-CH2-N), 3.48 (t, 2H, and CH2-CH2-N), 3.78 (s, 3H, and O-CH3), 6.91–6.93 (d, 2H, C3, and C5-HAr), 7.27–7.29 (d, 2H, C4, and C6-HAr), 7.5 (s, 1H, NH, and D2O exchangeable); 13C-NMR (δ and ppm) 43.59 (CH2-CH2-Nand pyrrolidine), 44.43 (2C, CH3-N, CH2-CH2-N, and pyrrolidine), 55.70 (4-Ph-OCH3), 113.66–136.04 (Ar-C), 159.81 and 186.76 (2C and pyrimidine); MS (m/z): 313 (M+), 314 (M+1); Elemental analysis of C16H15N3O2S (313): C, 61.32; H, 4.82; and N, 13.41; found: C, 61.17; H, 4.98; and N, 13.65.
5-Methyl-2-(3,4,5-trimethoxyphenyl)-3,5,6,7-tetrahydro-4H-pyrrolo[2′,3′:4,5]thieno[2,3-d]pyrimidin-4-one (3g): Brownish yellow powder, mp. = 114–115 °C, yield % = 60; IR: 3441 (NH), 2966 (CHaliphatic), 1624 (C=O) cm−1; 1H-NMR (δ, ppm) 2.55 (s, 3H, and CH3-N), 2.73–2.77 (t, 2H, and CH2-CH2-N), 3.36–3.48 (t, 2H, and CH2-CH2-N), 3.68, 3.77, and 3.80 (3s, 9H, and Ph-OCH3), 6.58 (s, 2H, C2, and C6 Ar-H), 6.83 (s, 1H, NH, and D2O exchangeable); 13C-NMR (δ and ppm) 43.22 (CH2-CH2-N and pyrrolidine), 44.22 (2C, CH3-N, CH2-CH2-N, and pyrrolidine), 56.18 (2C, 3- and 5-Ph-OCH3), 60.81 (4-Ph-OCH3), 103.15–138.81 (Ar-C), 153.05 and 188.78 (2C and pyrimidine); MS (m/z): 373 (M+), 374 (M+1); Elemental analysis of C18H19N3O4S (373): C, 57.90; H, 5.13; and N, 11.25; found: C, 58.05; H, 5.26; and N, 11.43.
The preparation procedure of 2-(3-substituted-thioureido)-4-methyl-5,6-dihydro-4H-thieno[3,2-b]pyrrole-3-carboxylic acid ethyl ester (4a–c): The amino ester derivative 2b (0.01 mmol, 2.26 g) with the appropriate isothiocyanates (0.01 mmol) and KOH were refluxed for 8 h in absolute ethanol. The precipitate product was crystallized from ethanol.
Ethyl 4-methyl-2-(3-methylthioureido)-5,6-dihydro-4H-thieno[3,2-b]pyrrole-3-carboxylate (4a): Buff powder, mp. = 132–134 °C, yield % = 81.5; IR: 3417 and 3290 (2NH), 2978–2881 (CHaliphatic), 1635 (C=O) cm−1; 1H-NMR (δ and ppm) 1.04–1.08 (t, 3H, and CH3-CH2-O-C=O), 2.51 (s, 6H, and 2 CH3-N), 3.33–3.41 (t, 2H, and CH2-CH2-N), 3.43–3.45 (t, 2H, and CH2-CH2-N), 4.35 (q, 2H, and CH3-CH2-O-C=O), 8.70 and 9.85 (s, 2H, 2NH, and D2O exchangeable); MS (m/z): 298 (M+), 299 (M+1); Elemental analysis of C12H17N3O2S2 (299): C, 48.14; H, 5.72; and N, 14.03; found: C, 48.58; H, 5.60; and N, 14.21.
Ethyl 2-(3-ethylthioureido)-4-methyl-5,6-dihydro-4H-thieno[3,2-b]pyrrole-3-carboxylate (4b): Buff powder, mp. = 135–136 °C, yield % = 80.1; IR: 3417 and 3320 (2NH), 2981–2827 (CHaliphatic), 1693 (C=O), 2353 and 1384 (-SH); 1H-NMR (δ and ppm) 1.20 (m, 6H, CH3-CH2-N, and CH3-CH2-O), 2.51 (s, 3H, and N-CH3), 3.22–3.34 (m, 4H, and CH2-CH2-N), 3.40–4.00 (m, 4H, CH3-CH2-N, and CH3-CH2-O), 8.50 and 9.60 (s, 2H, 2NH, and D2O exchangeable); MS (m/z): 313 (M+); Elemental analysis of C13H19N3O2S2 (313): C, 49.82; H, 6.11; and N, 13.41; found: C, 48.58; H, 5.60; and N, 14.21.
Ethyl 2-(3-(2-chloro-5-methylphenyl)thioureido)-4-methyl-5,6-dihydro-4H-thieno[3,2-b]pyrrole-3-carboxylate (4c): Yellowish powder, mp. = 94 °C, yield % = 82.5; IR: 3340 and 3182 (2NH), 3001 (CHAr), 2978 (CHaliphatic), 1693 (C=O), 1527–1411 (C=C and Ar); 1H-NMR (δ and ppm) 1.31–1.35 (t, 3H, and CH3-CH2-O-C=O), 2.19 (s, 3H, and 5-Ph-CH3), 2.20 (s, 3H, and CH3-N), 3.33–3.52 (m, 4H, and CH2-CH2-N), 4.39–4.50 (q, 2H, and CH3-CH2-O-C=O), 7.21–7.37 (m, 3H, and HAr), 10.58 and 10.71 (s, 2H, 2NH, and D2O exchangeable); 13C-NMR (δ and ppm) 14.17 (CH3-CH2-O-C=O), 18.28 (5-Ph-CH3), 18.49 (CH2-CH2-N), 66.62 (CH3-N and pyrrolidine), 67.26 (CH2-CH2-N), 68.49 (CH3-CH2-O-C=O), 124.51–141.59 (Ar-C), 155.04 (O=C-O ester), 190.14 (S=C-NH); MS (m/z): 409 (M+), 411 (M+2); Elemental analysis of C18H20ClN3O2S2 (410): C, 52.74; H, 4.92; and N, 10.25; found: C, 52.95; H, 5.06; and N, 10.51.
The preparation procedure of 2-{3-substitutted-2-[(4-susbstituted-phenylcarbamoyl)-methyl]-isothioureido}-4-methyl-5,6-dihydro-4H-thieno[3,2-b]pyrrole-3-carboxylic acid ethyl ester derivatives (6a and 7a–d): Compounds 4a and 4c (0.01 mmol) with potassium hydroxide (0.02 mmol, 1.12 g) were suspended in absolute ethanol and stirred for 2 h. The substrates 5a–d (0.012 mmol) were added, and reflux was continued for 18 h. The solid produced was crystallized from n.hexane.
Ethyl (Z)-2-((((2-((4-chlorophenyl)amino)-2-oxoethyl)thio)(methylamino)methylene)amino)-4-methyl-5,6-dihydro-4H-thieno[3,2-b]pyrrole-3-carboxylate (6a): Yellowish powder, mp. = 140–141 °C, yield % = 75; IR: 3332 and 3242 (2NH), 3118–3059 (CHAr), 2983–2939 (CHaliphatic), 1695 and 1658 (2C=O), 1533–1446 (C=C and Ar); 1H-NMR (δ and ppm) 1.30–1.33 (t, 3H, and CH3-CH2-O-C=O), 3.33 (s, 6H, and 2 CH3-N), 3.50–3.56 (t, 4H, and CH2-CH2-N), 4.00 (s, 2H, and S-CH2-C=O), 4.28–4.34 (q, 2H, and CH3-CH2-O-C=O), 7.34–7.62 (m, 4H, and HAr), 10.68 and 10.92 (2H, 2NH, and D2O exchangeable); 13C-NMR (δ, ppm) 14.28 (CH3-CH2-O-C=O), 18.28 (CH2-CH2-N), 18.88 (2C, S-CH2, and CH3-NH), 59.12 (2C, CH3-N, CH2-CH2-N, and pyrrolidine), 62.98 (CH3-CH2-O-C=O), 121.22–137.76 (Ar-C), 156.03 (O=C-O ester), 160.87 (N-C=N), 187.93 (NH-C=O, amide); MS (m/z): 467 (M+), 469 (M+2); Elemental analysis of C20H23ClN4O3S2 (467): C, 51.44; H, 4.96; and N, 12.00; found: C, 51.52; H, 4.71; and N, 12.27.
Ethyl (Z)-2-((((2-chloro-5-methylphenyl)amino)((2-((4-chlorophenyl)amino)-2-oxoethyl)thio)methylene)amino)-4-methyl-5,6-dihydro-4H-thieno[3,2-b]pyrrole-3-carboxylate (7a): Yellowish powder, mp. = 82–83 °C, yield % = 72.5; IR: 3332 and 3182 (2NH), 3000 (CH and Ar), 2981–2870 (CHaliphatic), 1701 and 1670 (2C=O), 1527–1404 (C=C and Ar); 1H-NMR (δ and ppm) 1.31–1.35 (t, 3H, and CH3-CH2-O-C=O), 2.19 (s, 3H, and 5-Ph-CH3), 2.20 (s, 3H, CH3-N, and pyrrolidine), 2.22–2.25 (t, 2H, and CH2-CH2-N), 4.29 (t, 2H, and CH2-CH2-N), 4.30–4.34 (s, 2H, and S-CH2-C=O), 4.39–4.50 (q, 2H, and CH3-CH2-O-C=O), 7.23–8.01 (m, 7H, and HAr), 10.58 and 10.71 (s, 2H, 2NH, and D2O exchangeable); 13C-NMR (δ and ppm) 14.28 (CH3-CH2-O-C=O), 18.42 (5-Ph-CH3), 18.48 (2C, CH2-CH2-N, and S-CH2), 62.96 (CH3-N and pyrrolidine), 66.56 (CH2-CH2-N), 66.97 (CH3-CH2-O-C=O), 122.33–156.01 (Ar-C), 160.90 (O=C-O and ester), 188.77 (N-C=N), 190.33 (NH-C=O and amide); MS (m/z): 578 (M+); Elemental analysis of C26H26Cl2N4O3S2 (578): C, 54.07; H, 5.72l; and N, 9.70; found: C, 54.25; H, 5.88; and N, 9.89.
Ethyl (Z)-2-((((2-((4-bromophenyl)amino)-2-oxoethyl)thio)((2-chloro-5-methylphenyl)amino)methylene)amino)-4-methyl-5,6-dihydro-4H-thieno[3,2-b]pyrrole-3-carboxylate (7b): Reddish brown powder, mp. >250 °C, yield % = 79; IR: 3350 and 3292 (2NH), 3010 (CHAr), 2980 (CHaliphatic), 1699 (C=O) 1529–1485 (C=C and Ar); 1H-NMR (δ and ppm) 1.31–1.35 (t, 3H, and CH3-CH2-O-C=O), 2.19 (s, 3H, and 5-Ph-CH3), 2.20 (s, 3H, CH3-N, and pyrrolidine), 2.68–2.73 (t, 2H, and CH2-CH2-N), 4.30–4.32 (s, 2H, and S-CH2-C=O), 4.41–4.50 (m, 4H, CH3-CH2-O-C=O, and CH2-CH2-N), 7.25–7.77 (m, 7H, and Ar-H), 10.44 and 10.66 (s, 2H, 2NH, and D2O exchangeable); 13C-NMR (δ and ppm) 14.51 (CH3-CH2-O-C=O), 18.42 (5-Ph-CH3), 18.48 (2C, CH2-CH2-N, and S-CH2), 62.96 (CH3-N and pyrrolidine), 66.56 (CH2-CH2-N), 66.97 (O=C-O-CH2-CH3), 122.68–130.20 (Ar-C), 156.34 (O=C-O ester), 175.78 (N-C=N), 190.33 (NH-C=O and amide); MS (m/z): 623 (M+), 625 (M+2), 627 (M+4); Elemental analysis of C26H26BrClN4O3S2 (622): C, 50.21; H, 4.21; and N: 9.01; found: C, 49.94; H, 4.53; and N, 9.28.
Ethyl (Z)-2-((((2-chloro-5-methylphenyl)amino)((2-((4-methoxyphenyl)amino)-2-oxoethyl)thio)methylene)amino)-4-methyl-5,6-dihydro-4H-thieno[3,2-b]pyrrole-3-carboxylate (7c): Yellowish powder, mp. = 110–112 °C, yield% = 71; IR: 3340, 3228 (2NH), 3062 (CHAr), 2974–2904 (CHaliphatic), 1793 and 1635 (2C=O), 1589–1454 (C=C and Ar) cm−1; 1H-NMR (δ and ppm) 1.31–1.35 (t, 3H, and CH3-CH2-O-C=O), 2.19 (s, 3H, and 5-Ph-CH3), 2.20 (s, 3H, CH3-N, and pyrrolidine), 2.23–2.27 (t, 2H, and CH2-CH2-N), 4.26–4.33 (m, 5H, CH2-CH2-N, and 4-Ph-OCH3), 4.39–4.50 (m, 4H, CH3-CH2-O-C=O, and S-CH2-C=O), 7.11–7.85 (m, 7H, and Ar-H), 10.44 and 10.58 (s, 2H, NH, and D2O exchangeable); 13C-NMR (δ and ppm) 14.5 (CH3-CH2-O), 18.42 (5-Ph-CH3), 20.91 and 21.20 (2C, S-CH2, and CH2-CH2-N), 62.96 (2C, CH3-N, and 4-Ph-OCH3), 66.56 (CH2-CH2-N), 66.98 (O=C-O-CH2-CH3), 119.81–139.20 (Ar-C), 186.67 (O=C-O ester), 188.78 (N=C-S-CH2), 190.34 (NH-C=O, amide); MS (m/z): 573 (M+), 574 (M+1); Elemental analysis of C27H29ClN4O4S2 (573): C, 56.58; H, 5.10; and N, 9.78; found: C, 56.83; H, 5.23; and N, 9.89.
Ethyl (Z)-2-((((2-chloro-5-methylphenyl)amino)((2-oxo-2-(p-tolylamino)ethyl)thio)methylene)amino)-4-methyl-5,6-dihydro-4H-thieno[3,2-b]pyrrole-3-carboxylate (7d): Yellowish powder, mp. = 118–120 °C, yield % = 79.5; IR: 3417 and 3236 (2NH), 3032 (CHAr), 2958–2858 (CHaliphatic), 1678 and 1643 (2C=O), 1589–1454 (C=C and Ar); 1H-NMR (δ and ppm) 1.31–1.35 (t, 3H, and CH3-CH2-O-C=O), 2.19 (s, 3H, and 5-Ph-CH3), 2.20 (s, 3H, CH3-N, and pyrrolidine), 2.25–2.33 (m, 5H, 4′-Ph-CH3, and CH2-CH2-N), 4.25–4.29 (t, 2H, and CH2-CH2-N), 4.39 (s, 2H, and S-CH2-C=O), 4.41–4.50 (m, 2H, and CH3-CH2-O-C=O), 7.13–7.85 (m, 7H, and HAr), 10.44 and 10.58 (s, 2H, 2NH, and D2O exchangeable); 13C-NMR (δ and ppm) 14.63 (CH3-CH2-O), 18.40 (2C, 4-Ph-CH3, and 5-Ph-CH3), 21.98 and 21.20 (S-CH2 and CH2-CH2-N), 66.58 (2C, CH3-N, pyrrolidine, and CH2-CH2-N), 66.99 (O=C-O-CH2-CH3), 120.55–139.20 (Ar-C), 159.91 (S-C=N), 186.80 (O=C-O ester), 190.34 (NH-C=O, amide); MS (m/z): 557 (M+), 559 (M+2); Elemental analysis of C27H29ClN4O3S2 (557): C, 58.21; H, 5.25; and N: 10.06; found: C, 58.45; H, 5.42; and N, 10.28.

3.2. Biological Activity Investigation

3.2.1. MTT Antiproliferative Assay

All cell lines (HepG2, PC-3, and nontumorigenic WI38) were supplied from VACSERA (Cairo, Egypt), cultured in DMEM (Invitrogen/Life Technologies, Waltham, MA, USA) at a density of 1.2–1.8 × 10,000 cells/well in a volume of 100 µL of the growth medium, and then incubated for 24 h, and an MTT assay was done as reported by [51,52]. Cell viability is presented as the control and the drug concentrations that cause 50% of the inhibition of cell proliferation (IC50).

3.2.2. Inhibition Assays for VEGFR-2 and AKT-1 Proteins

Cell-Based Evaluation of Inhibition Percentage in HepG2 Cells

VEGFR-2 phosphorylation was assayed using VEGFR2 Antibody (Phospho-Tyr951) (OAEC00085, AVIVA SYSTEM BIOLOGY) [53], while Akt-1 was assayed by Mouse/Human/Rat Phospho-AKT1 (Ser473) (Cell-Based Phosphorylation ELISA) ELISA Kit-LS-F1447 (LSBio) according to manufacturer’s instructions [54].

Evaluation of the Inhibitory Effect on VEGFR-2 and AKT Kinase Activity

The nominated protein kinase activity inhibition by the novel compounds was determined quantitively by the VEGFR2 (KDR) Kinase Assay Kit (Catalog # 40325, BPS, Bioscience, San Diego, CA, USA) against VEGFR-2 [55,56] and Akt Kinase Activity Assay Kit (ab139436, ABCAM, USA) for AKT-1 enzyme on cell lysate according to the reported procedures [57,58]. The outcomes were expressed as IC50 values (mean standard deviation) calculated from the dose–response curves and their linear regression equations. Sorafenib was used as the reference in the VEGFR-2 assay, and LY2780301 was used in the AKT assay.

3.2.3. Flow Cytometric Cell Cycle Analysis and Apoptosis Induction

Analyzing the DNA content in the cell cycle phases by flow cytometry was conducted using FACSCalibur (Becton Dickinson, Franklin Lakes, NJ, USA) following the manufacturer’s manual. The cell cycle analysis procedures were as reported by [59,60] on HepG2 cells after their treatment with the most promising derivatives for 48 h. Further assessment of the proapoptotic effect was determined by the Annexin V-FITC/PI apoptosis detection kit (Catalog # K101-25, BD Biosciences, San Diego, CA, USA) [61,62].

3.2.4. Caspase-3 Evaluation

The colorimetric ELISA assay for active caspase-3 detection was carried out utilizing Invitrogen™ Caspase-3 (Cleaved) Human ELISA-Kit (KHO1091, CA, USA) according to the manufacturer’s procedures [63]. ROBONIK P2000 ELISA reader was used at 450 nm, and the standard curve was obtained by plotting the mean absorbance of each standard concentration against human caspase-3 concentrations.

3.3. Molecular Modeling

Molecular modeling was done according to the reported procedures of [42,51,64] using DiscoveryStudio 4.1 software (Accelrys, Inc., San Diego, CA, USA). The X-ray 3D structures of VEGFR-2 (PDB ID: 3EWH) [48] and AKT-1 (PDB ID: 4EJN) [42,65] were obtained from the PDB site (http://www.rscb.org/pdb (accessed on 30 April 2022) and prepared for docking by cleaning the protein and fixing missing chains. The CHARMm forcefield was applied, and energy was minimized. The binding pockets were defined, and the validation step was done following the reported steps. Then, the docking of the prepared ligands into the 3D structures of the proteins was carried out assuming flexible ligand-rigid receptor docking using CDOCKER protocol. The best 10 poses were studied, and the one with the best score and orientation was chosen.

3.4. Statistical Analysis

Analysis was conducted using GraphPad Prism v5, where p values ≤ 0.05 were regarded as statistically significant using one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey–Kramer as the post hoc test.

4. Conclusions

By synthesizing novel thiophene derivatives and evaluating their anticancer activities, promising agents were discovered as antiproliferative in two cell lines, namely HepG2 and PC-3, which are prevalent in a high percentage worldwide. An MTT assay revealed that most of the compounds are effective against both cell lines, especially the thienopyrimidine analog 3b and thiouriedo 4c, which were further proven to be excellent kinase inhibitors against VEGFR-2 and AKT-1 proteins that represent a pivotal axis in modulating cell proliferation. Inhibiting this axis in HepG2 cells resulted in S-phase arrest and apoptosis induction via caspase-3 activation. Molecular docking showed binding interactions with key amino acids inside both active sites.
These findings encourage further studies on the most active compound 4c as an adjuvant anticancer with VEGFR-2 inhibitors on resolving the development of sorafenib resistance in liver cancer via AKT overactivation.

Author Contributions

Conceptualization, R.M.A., A.A.E.-M. and N.M.E.-D.; Methodology, R.M.A., A.A.E.-M., R.R.F. and N.M.E.-D.; Software, N.M.E.-D., R.I.N. and M.M.S.; Validation, A.A.E.-M., R.R.F., R.I.N. and M.M.S.; Formal Analysis, R.M.A., N.M.E.-D., R.I.N., M.M.S., N.S.Y. and A.A.E.-M.; Investigation, M.M.S. and R.R.F.; Resources, R.M.A., A.A.E.-M., N.M.E.-D., H.M.A.-R. and N.S.Y.; Data Curation, N.M.E.-D. and M.M.S.; Writing—Original Draft Preparation, R.M.A., N.M.E.-D. and M.M.S.; Writing—Review and Editing, N.M.E.-D., M.M.S., R.R.F. and N.S.Y.; Visualization, R.I.N. and R.R.F.; Supervision, R.M.A., A.A.E.-M. and N.M.E.-D.; Project Administration, N.M.E.-D., H.M.A.-R. and M.M.S.; Funding Acquisition, N.S.Y., R.R.F., R.I.N., M.M.S. and H.M.A.-R. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

Funding

This work was supported by the Deanship of Scientific Research, Vice Presidency for Graduate Studies and Scientific Research, King Faisal University, Saudi Arabia, [Project No. GRANT618].

Institutional Review Board Statement

Not applicable.

Informed Consent Statement

Not applicable.

Data Availability Statement

Data are contained within the article.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

References

  1. Sung, H.; Ferlay, J.; Siegel, R.L.; Laversanne, M.; Soerjomataram, I.; Jemal, A.; Bray, F. Global cancer statistics 2020: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries. CA Cancer J. Clin. 2021, 71, 209–249. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  2. Lagardère, P.; Fersing, C.; Masurier, N.; Lisowski, V. Thienopyrimidine: A Promising Scaffold to Access Anti-Infective Agents. Pharmaceuticals 2021, 15, 35. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  3. Bozorov, K.; Zhao, J.Y.; Elmuradov, B.; Pataer, A.; Aisa, H.A. Recent Developments Regarding the Use of Thieno[2,3- d]Pyrimidin-4-One Derivatives in Medicinal Chemistry, with a Focus on Their Synthesis and Anticancer Properties. Eur. J. Med. Chem. 2015, 102, 552–573. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  4. Ghith, A.; Ismail, N.S.M.; Youssef, K.; Abouzid, K.A.M. Medicinal Attributes of Thienopyrimidine Based Scaffold Targeting Tyrosine Kinases and Their Potential Anticancer Activities. Arch. Pharm. 2017, 350, 1700242–1700265. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  5. Mohareb, R.M.; Abdallah, A.E.M.; Helal, M.H.E.; Shaloof, S.M.H. Synthesis and Structure Elucidation of Some Novel Thiophene and Benzothiophene Derivatives as Cytotoxic Agents. Acta Pharm. 2016, 66, 53–68. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  6. Zhan, W.; Che, J.; Xu, L.; Wu, Y.; Hu, X.; Zhou, Y.; Cheng, G.; Hu, Y.; Dong, X.; Li, J. Discovery of Pyrazole-Thiophene Derivatives as Highly Potent, Orally Active Akt Inhibitors. Eur. J. Med. Chem. 2019, 180, 72–85. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  7. Wilding, B.; Klempier, N. Newest Developments in the Preparation of Thieno[2,3-d]Pyrimidines. Org. Prep. Proced. Int. 2017, 49, 183–215. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  8. Ali, E.M.H.; Abdel-Maksoud, M.S.; Oh, C.H. Thieno[2,3-d]Pyrimidine as a Promising Scaffold in Medicinal Chemistry: Recent Advances. Bioorganic Med. Chem. 2019, 27, 1159–1194. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  9. Abou El-Ella, D.A.; Hussein, M.M.; Serya, R.A.T.; Abdel Naby, R.M.; Al-Abd, A.M.; Saleh, D.O.; El-Eraky, W.I.; Abouzid, K.A.M. Molecular Design and Synthesis of 1,4-Disubstituted Piperazines as A1-Adrenergic Receptor Blockers. Bioorganic Chem. 2014, 54, 21–30. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  10. Kortum, S.W.; Lachance, R.M.; Schweitzer, B.A.; Yalamanchili, G.; Rahman, H.; Ennis, M.D.; Huff, R.M.; TenBrink, R.E. Thienopyrimidine-Based P2Y12 Platelet Aggregation Inhibitors. Bioorganic Med. Chem. Lett. 2009, 19, 5919–5923. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  11. Darias, V.; Abdala, S.; Martin-Herrera, D.; Vega, S. Study of the Antidepressant Activity of 4-Phenyl-2-Thioxo- Benzo[4,5]Thieno[2,3-d]Pyrimidine Derivatives. Arzneim. Forsch. Drug Res. 1999, 49, 986–991. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  12. Ameen, M.A.; Ahmed, E.K.; Mahmoud, H.I.; Ramadan, M. Synthesis and Screening of Phosphodiesterase 5 Inhibitory Activity of Fused and Isolated Triazoles Based on Thieno[2,3-d]Pyrimidines. J. Heterocycl. Chem. 2019, 56, 1831–1838. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  13. El-Shoukrofy, M.S.; Abd El Razik, H.A.; AboulWafa, O.M.; Bayad, A.E.; El-Ashmawy, I.M. Pyrazoles Containing Thiophene, Thienopyrimidine and Thienotriazolopyrimidine as COX-2 Selective Inhibitors: Design, Synthesis, in Vivo Anti-Inflammatory Activity, Docking and in Silico Chemo-Informatic Studies. Bioorganic Chem. 2019, 85, 541–557. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  14. Narender, M.; Jaswanth, S.B.; Umasankar, K.; Malathi, J.; Raghuram Reddy, A.; Umadevi, K.R.; Dusthackeer, A.V.N.; Venkat Rao, K.; Raghuram, R.A. Synthesis, in Vitro Antimycobacterial Evaluation and Docking Studies of Some New 5,6,7,8-Tetrahydropyrido[4′,3′:4,5]Thieno[2,3-d]Pyrimidin-4(3H)-One Schiff Bases. Bioorganic Med. Chem. Lett. 2016, 26, 836–840. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  15. Tolba, M.S.; El-Dean, A.M.K.; Ahmed, M.; Hassanien, R.; Farouk, M. Synthesis and Antimicrobial Activity of Some New Thienopyrimidine Derivatives. Arkivoc 2017, 2017, 229–243. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  16. Sutherlin, D.P.; Sampath, D.; Berry, M.; Castanedo, G.; Chang, Z.; Chuckowree, I.; Dotson, J.; Folkes, A.; Friedman, L.; Goldsmith, R.; et al. Discovery of (Thienopyrimidin-2-Yl)Aminopyrimidines as Potent, Selective, and Orally Available Pan-PI3-Kinase and Dual Pan-PI3-Kinase/MTOR Inhibitors for the Treatment of Cancer. J. Med. Chem. 2010, 53, 1086–1097. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  17. Yu, L.; Wang, Q.; Wang, C.; Zhang, B.; Yang, Z.; Fang, Y.; Zhu, W.; Zheng, P. Design, Synthesis, and Biological Evaluation of Novel Thienopyrimidine Derivatives as PI3Kα Inhibitors. Molecules 2019, 24, 3422. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  18. Wang, R.; Yu, S.; Zhao, X.; Chen, Y.; Yang, B.; Wu, T.; Hao, C.; Zhao, D.; Cheng, M. Design, Synthesis, Biological Evaluation and Molecular Docking Study of Novel Thieno[3,2-d]Pyrimidine Derivatives as Potent FAK Inhibitors. Eur. J. Med. Chem. 2020, 188, 112024. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  19. Luke, R.W.A.; Ballard, P.; Buttar, D.; Campbell, L.; Curwen, J.; Emery, S.C.; Griffen, A.M.; Hassall, L.; Hayter, B.R.; Jones, C.D.; et al. Novel Thienopyrimidine and Thiazolopyrimidine Kinase Inhibitors with Activity against Tie-2 in Vitro and in Vivo. Bioorganic Med. Chem. Lett. 2009, 19, 6670–6674. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  20. Kassab, A.E.; Gedawy, E.M.; El-Malah, A.A.; Abdelghany, T.M.; Abdel-Bakky, M.S. Synthesis, Anticancer Activity, Effect on Cell Cycle Profile, and Apoptosis-Inducing Ability of Novel Hexahydrocyclooctathieno[2,3-d]-Pyrimidine Derivatives. Chem. Pharm. Bull. 2016, 64, 490–496. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  21. Amawi, H.; Karthikeyan, C.; Pathak, R.; Hussein, N.; Christman, R.; Robey, R.; Ashby, C.R.; Trivedi, P.; Malhotra, A.; Tiwari, A.K. Thienopyrimidine Derivatives Exert Their Anticancer Efficacy via Apoptosis Induction, Oxidative Stress and Mitotic Catastrophe. Eur. J. Med. Chem. 2017, 138, 1053–1056. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  22. Lou, J.; Liu, Z.; Li, Y.; Zhou, M.; Zhang, Z.; Zheng, S.; Wang, R.; Li, J. Synthesis and Anti-Tumor Activities of N′-Benzylidene-2-(4- Oxothieno[2,3-d]Pyrimidin-3(4H)-Yl)Acetohydrazone Derivatives. Bioorganic Med. Chem. Lett. 2011, 21, 6662–6666. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  23. Faraji, A.; Oghabi Bakhshaiesh, T.; Hasanvand, Z.; Motahari, R.; Nazeri, E.; Boshagh, M.A.; Firoozpour, L.; Mehrabi, H.; Khalaj, A.; Esmaeili, R.; et al. Design, Synthesis and Evaluation of Novel Thienopyrimidine-Based Agents Bearing Diaryl Urea Functionality as Potential Inhibitors of Angiogenesis. Eur. J. Med. Chem. 2021, 209, 112942. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  24. Munchhof, M.J.; Beebe, J.S.; Casavant, J.M.; Cooper, B.A.; Doty, J.L.; Higdon, R.C.; Hillerman, S.M.; Soderstrom, C.I.; Knauth, E.A.; Marx, M.A.; et al. Design and SAR of Thienopyrimidine and Thienopyridine Inhibitors of VEGFR-2 Kinase Activity. Bioorganic Med. Chem. Lett. 2004, 14, 21–24. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  25. Yu, M.; Zeng, M.; Pan, Z.; Wu, F.; Guo, L.; He, G. Discovery of Novel Akt1 Inhibitor Induces Autophagy Associated Death in Hepatocellular Carcinoma Cells. Eur. J. Med. Chem. 2020, 189, 112076. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  26. Fouad, Y.A.; Aanei, C. Revisiting the Hallmarks of Cancer. Am. J. Cancer Res. 2017, 7, 1016–1036. [Google Scholar] [PubMed]
  27. Gotink, K.J.; Verheul, H.M.W. Anti-Angiogenic Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors: What Is Their Mechanism of Action? Angiogenesis 2010, 13, 1–14. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
  28. Hicklin, D.J.; Ellis, L.M. Role of the Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Pathway in Tumor Growth and Angiogenesis. J. Clin. Oncol. 2005, 23, 1011–1027. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  29. Sakurai, T.; Kudo, M. Signaling Pathways Governing Tumor Angiogenesis. Oncology 2011, 81, 24–29. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  30. Gonzalez-Moreno, O.; Lecanda, J.; Green, J.E.; Segura, V.; Catena, R.; Serrano, D.; Calvo, A. VEGF Elicits Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition (EMT) in Prostate Intraepithelial Neoplasia (PIN)-like Cells via an Autocrine Loop. Exp. Cell Res. 2010, 316, 554–567. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  31. Lugano, R.; Ramachandran, M.; Dimberg, A. Tumor Angiogenesis: Causes, Consequences, Challenges and Opportunities. Cell. Mol. Life Sci. 2020, 77, 1745–1770. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
  32. Morbidelli, L.; Donnini, S.; Ziche, M. Role of Nitric Oxide in the Modulation of Angiogenesis. Curr. Pharm. Des. 2005, 9, 521–530. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  33. Revathidevi, S.; Munirajan, A.K. Akt in Cancer: Mediator and More. Semin. Cancer Biol. 2019, 59, 80–91. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  34. Jiang, N.; Dai, Q.; Su, X.; Fu, J.; Feng, X.; Peng, J. Role of PI3K/AKT Pathway in Cancer: The Framework of Malignant Behavior. Mol. Biol. Rep. 2020, 47, 4587–4629. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  35. Mundi, P.S.; Sachdev, J.; McCourt, C.; Kalinsky, K. AKT in Cancer: New Molecular Insights and Advances in Drug Development. Br. J. Clin. Pharmacol. 2016, 82, 943–956. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
  36. Klein, S.; McCormick, F.; Levitzki, A. Killing Time for Cancer Cells. Nat. Rev. Cancer 2005, 5, 573–580. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  37. Rehan, M.; Beg, M.A.; Parveen, S.; Damanhouri, G.A.; Zaher, G.F. Computational Insights into the Inhibitory Mechanism of Human AKT1 by an Orally Active Inhibitor, MK-2206. PLoS ONE 2014, 9, e109705. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  38. Yu, L.; Wei, J.; Liu, P. Attacking the PI3K/Akt/MTOR Signaling Pathway for Targeted Therapeutic Treatment in Human Cancer. Semin. Cancer Biol. 2021, 21. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  39. Yi, T.; Cho, S.G.; Yi, Z.; Pang, X.; Rodriguez, M.; Wang, Y.; Sethi, G.; Aggarwal, B.B.; Liu, M. Thymoquinone Inhibits Tumor Angiogenesis and Tumor Growth through Suppressing AKT and Extracellular Signal-Regulated Kinase Signaling Pathways. Mol. Cancer Ther. 2008, 7, 1789–1796. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  40. Karar, J.; Maity, A. PI3K/AKT/MTOR Pathway in Angiogenesis. Front. Mol. Neurosci. 2011, 4, 51–58. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  41. Zhang, H.; Wang, Q.; Liu, J.; Cao, H. Inhibition of the PI3K/Akt Signaling Pathway Reverses Sorafenib-Derived Chemo-Resistance in Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Oncol. Lett. 2018, 15, 9377–9384. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  42. El-Dydamony, N.M.; Abdelnaby, R.M.; Abdelhady, R.; Ali, O.; Fahmy, M.I.; Fakhr Eldeen, R.; Helwa, A.A. Pyrimidine-5-Carbonitrile Based Potential Anticancer Agents as Apoptosis Inducers through PI3K/AKT Axis Inhibition in Leukaemia K562. J. Enzym. Inhib. Med. Chem. 2022, 37, 895–911. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  43. Mishra, R.; Tomar, I.; Singhal, S.; Jha, K.K. Synthesis, Properties and Biological Activity of Thiophene: A Review. Der. Pharma. Chem. 2011, 4, 38–54. [Google Scholar]
  44. Badisa, R.B.; Darling-Reed, S.F.; Joseph, P.; Cooperwood, J.S.; Latinwo, L.M.; Goodman, C.B. Selective Cytotoxic Activities of Two Novel Synthetic Drugs on Human Breast Carcinoma MCF-7 Cells. Anticancer Res. 2009, 29, 2993–2996. [Google Scholar]
  45. Brown, J.S.; Banerji, U. Maximising the Potential of AKT Inhibitors as Anti-Cancer Treatments. Pharmacol. Ther. 2017, 172, 101–115. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  46. Harvey, N.L.; Kumar, S. The Role of Caspases in Apoptosis. Adv. Biochem Eng. Biotechnol 1998, 62, 107–128. [Google Scholar]
  47. Elmore, S. Apoptosis: A Review of Programmed Cell Death. Toxicol. Pathol. 2007, 35, 495–516. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  48. Temirak, A.; Shaker, Y.M.; Ragab, F.A.F.; Ali, M.M.; Ali, H.I.; El Diwani, H.I. Part I. Synthesis, Biological Evaluation and Docking Studies of New 2-Furylbenzimidazoles as Antiangiogenic Agents. Eur. J. Med. Chem. 2014, 87, 868–880. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  49. Lipinski, C.A.; Lombardo, F.; Dominy, B.W.; Feeney, P.J. Experimental and Computational Approaches to Estimate Solubility and Permeability in Drug Discovery and Development Settings. Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev. 2001, 46, 3–26. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  50. Guo, X.; Yang, Q.; Xu, J.; Zhang, L.; Chu, H.; Yu, P.; Zhu, Y.; Wei, J.; Chen, W.; Zhang, Y.; et al. Design and Bio-Evaluation of Indole Derivatives as Potent Kv1.5 Inhibitors. Bioorganic Med. Chem. 2013, 21, 6466–6476. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  51. Helwa, A.A.; El-Dydamony, N.M.; Radwan, R.A.; Abdelraouf, S.M.; Abdelnaby, R.M. Novel Antiproliferative Agents Bearing Morpholinopyrimidine Scaffold as PI3K Inhibitors and Apoptosis Inducers; Design, Synthesis and Molecular Docking. Bioorganic Chem. 2020, 102, 104051. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  52. Takeuchi, H.; Baba, M.; Shigeta, S. An Application of Tetrazolium (MTT) Colorimetric Assay for the Screening of Anti-Herpes Simplex Virus Compounds. J. Virol. Methods 1991, 33, 61–71. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  53. VEGFR-2 (Phospho-Tyr951) Colorimetric Cell-Based ELISA Kit. Available online: https://www.avivasysbio.com/vegfr2-antibody-phospho-tyr951-oaec00085.html (accessed on 30 April 2022).
  54. Mouse-Human-Rat-Phospho-Akt1-Ser473-Cell-Based-Phosphorylation-Elisa-Kit. Available online: https://www.lsbio.com/elisakits/mouse-human-rat-phospho-akt1-ser473-cell-based-phosphorylation-elisa-elisa-kit-ls-f1447/1447 (accessed on 30 April 2022).
  55. Vegfr2-Kdr-Kinase-Assay-Kit-40325. Available online: https://bpsbioscience.com/vegfr2-kdr-kinase-assay-kit-40325 (accessed on 30 April 2022).
  56. Sharma, K.; Suresh, P.S.; Mullangi, R.; Srinivas, N.R. Quantitation of VEGFR2 (Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Receptor) Inhibitors—Review of Assay Methodologies and Perspectives. Biomed. Chromatogr. 2015, 29, 803–834. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  57. Akt-Kinase-Activity-Assay-Kit-Ab139436. Available online: https://www.abcam.com/Akt-Kinase-Activity-Assay-Kit-ab139436.html?gclsrc=aw.ds|aw.ds&gclid=CjwKCAiA3L6PBhBvEiwAINlJ9LrLvZdlP_C1KmKmFjFeo-9yzmuKp8YmB30qig4O0SKaTnyXqcG9_hoCgKkQAvD_BwE (accessed on 30 April 2022).
  58. Chen, Y.H.; Su, C.C.; Deng, W.; Lock, L.F.; Donovan, P.J.; Kayala, M.A.; Baldi, P.; Lee, H.C.; Chen, Y.; Wang, P.H. Mitochondrial Akt Signaling Modulated Reprogramming of Somatic Cells. Sci. Rep. 2019, 9, 667–677. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
  59. Pozarowski, P.; Darzynkiewicz, Z. Analysis of Cell Cycle by Flow Cytometry. Methods Mol. Biol 2004, 281, 301–311. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  60. Darzynkiewicz, Z.; Bedner, E.; Smolewski, P. Flow Cytometry in Analysis of Cell Cycle and Apoptosis. Semin. Hematol. 2001, 38, 179–193. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  61. Vermes, I.; Haanen, C.; Steffens-Nakken, H.; Reutellingsperger, C. A Novel Assay for Apoptosis Flow Cytometric Detection of Phosphatidylserine Expression on Early Apoptotic Cells Using Fluorescein Labelled Annexin V. J. Immunol. Methods 1995, 184, 39–51. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  62. Lakshmanan, I.; Batra, S. Protocol for Apoptosis Assay by Flow Cytometry Using Annexin V Staining Method. Bio-Protocol 2013, 3, 374–378. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  63. Phosphoelisa-Caspase-3-Active-Human-Elisa-Kit/KHO1091. Available online: https://www.fishersci.com/shop/products/novex-phosphoelisa-caspase-3-active-human-elisa-kit/KHO1091 (accessed on 30 April 2022).
  64. Ghith, A.; Youssef, K.M.; Ismail, N.S.M.; Abouzid, K.A.M. Design, Synthesis and Molecular Modeling Study of Certain VEGFR-2 Inhibitors Based on Thienopyrimidne Scaffold as Cancer Targeting Agents. Bioorganic Chem. 2019, 83, 111–128. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  65. Altıntop, M.D.; Sever, B.; Akalın, X.G.; Zdemir, A. Design, Synthesis, and Evaluation of a New Series of Thiazole-Based Anticancer Agents as Potent Akt Inhibitors. Molecules 2018, 23, 1318. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
Pharmaceuticals 15 00700 g001 550
Figure 1. Thienopyrimidine derivatives with potential activities as anticancer agents; structures adopted from (I) [8,16], (II) [16,18], (III) [21], (IV) [8], (V) [23], and (VI) [25].
Figure 1. Thienopyrimidine derivatives with potential activities as anticancer agents; structures adopted from (I) [8,16], (II) [16,18], (III) [21], (IV) [8], (V) [23], and (VI) [25].
Pharmaceuticals 15 00700 g001
Pharmaceuticals 15 00700 g002 550
Figure 2. Development strategy of the novel thiophene candidates.
Figure 2. Development strategy of the novel thiophene candidates.
Pharmaceuticals 15 00700 g002
Pharmaceuticals 15 00700 sch001 550
Scheme 1. Conditions and reagents: (a1) cyanoacetamide, ethanol, morpholine, and sulfur; (a2) ethyl cyanoacetate, ethanol, morpholine, and sulfur; (b) aldehyde derivatives, DMF, C. HCl, and reflux for 24 h; (c) isothiocyanates, ethanol, and reflux for 8 h; (d) substituted aniline derivatives 5a–d, potassium hydroxide, ethanol, and reflux for 18 h.
Scheme 1. Conditions and reagents: (a1) cyanoacetamide, ethanol, morpholine, and sulfur; (a2) ethyl cyanoacetate, ethanol, morpholine, and sulfur; (b) aldehyde derivatives, DMF, C. HCl, and reflux for 24 h; (c) isothiocyanates, ethanol, and reflux for 8 h; (d) substituted aniline derivatives 5a–d, potassium hydroxide, ethanol, and reflux for 18 h.
Pharmaceuticals 15 00700 sch001
Pharmaceuticals 15 00700 g003 550
Figure 3. (a) Effect of treatment of HepG2 cell line with 3b and 4c compounds on VEGFR2 residual concentration using ELISA. (b) Kinase inhibitory activity assay (IC50 in μM) of 3b and 4c on VEGFR-2 using ELISA and taking sorafenib as the reference compound. Values are given as mean ± S.D. for groups of 3. (****) significantly different from HepG2 group at p < 0.0001.
Figure 3. (a) Effect of treatment of HepG2 cell line with 3b and 4c compounds on VEGFR2 residual concentration using ELISA. (b) Kinase inhibitory activity assay (IC50 in μM) of 3b and 4c on VEGFR-2 using ELISA and taking sorafenib as the reference compound. Values are given as mean ± S.D. for groups of 3. (****) significantly different from HepG2 group at p < 0.0001.
Pharmaceuticals 15 00700 g003
Pharmaceuticals 15 00700 g004 550
Figure 4. (a) Effect of treatment of HepG2 cell line with 3b and 4c compounds on AKT-1 residual concentration using ELISA. (b) Kinase inhibitory activity assay (IC50 in μM) of 3b and 4c on AKT using ELISA and taking LY2780301 as the reference compound. Values are given as mean ± S.D. for groups of 3. (****) significantly different from HepG2 group at p < 0.0001.
Figure 4. (a) Effect of treatment of HepG2 cell line with 3b and 4c compounds on AKT-1 residual concentration using ELISA. (b) Kinase inhibitory activity assay (IC50 in μM) of 3b and 4c on AKT using ELISA and taking LY2780301 as the reference compound. Values are given as mean ± S.D. for groups of 3. (****) significantly different from HepG2 group at p < 0.0001.
Pharmaceuticals 15 00700 g004
Pharmaceuticals 15 00700 g005 550
Figure 5. Cell cycle analysis and DNA content in different cell cycle phases after treating HepG2 cells with 3b and 4c for 48 h. (a) Control HepG2 cells; (b) compound 3b; (c) compound 4c.
Figure 5. Cell cycle analysis and DNA content in different cell cycle phases after treating HepG2 cells with 3b and 4c for 48 h. (a) Control HepG2 cells; (b) compound 3b; (c) compound 4c.
Pharmaceuticals 15 00700 g005
Pharmaceuticals 15 00700 g006 550
Figure 6. The proapoptotic effect of the novel compounds 3b and 4c on HepG2 cells after 48 h against control, untreated cells. Q1: viable cells; Q2: early apoptotic; Q3: late apoptotic; and Q4: necrotic cell content. (a) Control HepG2 cells; (b) compound 3b; (c) compound 4c.
Figure 6. The proapoptotic effect of the novel compounds 3b and 4c on HepG2 cells after 48 h against control, untreated cells. Q1: viable cells; Q2: early apoptotic; Q3: late apoptotic; and Q4: necrotic cell content. (a) Control HepG2 cells; (b) compound 3b; (c) compound 4c.
Pharmaceuticals 15 00700 g006
Pharmaceuticals 15 00700 g007 550
Figure 7. The effect of treating HepG2 cells with 3b and 4c compounds on caspase-3 concentration using ELISA. Values are given as mean + S.D. for groups of 3. (****) significantly different from HepG2 group at p < 0.0001.
Figure 7. The effect of treating HepG2 cells with 3b and 4c compounds on caspase-3 concentration using ELISA. Values are given as mean + S.D. for groups of 3. (****) significantly different from HepG2 group at p < 0.0001.
Pharmaceuticals 15 00700 g007
Pharmaceuticals 15 00700 g008 550
Figure 8. Binding interaction of 4c inside VEGFR-2 active site with CDOCKER score of −11.20 Kcal/mol. (a) The 2D interaction diagram; (b) the 3D interaction diagram; and (c) the binding interactions codes.
Figure 8. Binding interaction of 4c inside VEGFR-2 active site with CDOCKER score of −11.20 Kcal/mol. (a) The 2D interaction diagram; (b) the 3D interaction diagram; and (c) the binding interactions codes.
Pharmaceuticals 15 00700 g008
Pharmaceuticals 15 00700 g009 550
Figure 9. Binding interaction of 4c inside AKT-1 active site with CDOCKER score of −10.16 Kcal/mol. (a) the 2D interaction diagram; (b) the 3D interaction diagram; and (c) the binding interactions codes.
Figure 9. Binding interaction of 4c inside AKT-1 active site with CDOCKER score of −10.16 Kcal/mol. (a) the 2D interaction diagram; (b) the 3D interaction diagram; and (c) the binding interactions codes.
Pharmaceuticals 15 00700 g009
Table
Table 1. MTT assay results as IC50 (μM) on HepG2, PC-3, and selectivity index on noncancerous cell line (WI38).
Table 1. MTT assay results as IC50 (μM) on HepG2, PC-3, and selectivity index on noncancerous cell line (WI38).
Cytotoxicity in IC50 (μM) a,#
CompoundHepG2PC-3WI38Selectivity Index (SI) b
3a7.96 ± 0.3729.59 ± 1.66
3b3.11 ± 0.142.15 ± 0.1212.46 ± 0.685.79
3c107.00 ± 4.9410.53 ± 0.59
3d13.41 ± 0.6219.02 ± 1.06
3e22.38 ± 1.0339.69 ± 2.22
3f4.30 ± 0.207.47 ± 0.42
3g3.77 ± 0.1720.53 ± 1.15
4a41.07 ± 1.901.84 ± 0.10
4b34.19 ± 1.5819.32 ± 1.08
4c3.02 ± 0.143.12 ± 0.1735.33 ± 1.9211.68
6a9.80 ± 0.450.50 ± 0.03
7a27.32 ± 1.2681.06 ± 4.54
7b2.48 ± 0.1126.61 ± 1.49
7c39.60 ± 1.839.72 ± 0.54
7d8.91 ± 0.416.35 ± 0.36
Doxorubicin2.09 ± 0.102.53 ± 0.149.84 ± 0.544.69
a IC50 is the mean ± S.D. (n = 3). # p < 0.005. b SI is calculated by dividing the IC50 of WI38/PC-3. SI > 2 is considered safe [44].
Table
Table 2. The effect of 3b and 4c treatment on cell percentage in different cell cycle phases.
Table 2. The effect of 3b and 4c treatment on cell percentage in different cell cycle phases.
% Content of DNA
CompoundsG0:G1SG2:MPreG1Comment
3b/HepG239.4256.194.3942.06cell growth arrest@ S
4c/HepG253.2845.241.4829.81cell growth arrest@ G1/S
cont. HepG249.7241.298.991.74-
Table
Table 3. Apoptotic cells percentage after treating HepG2 with 3b and 4c.
Table 3. Apoptotic cells percentage after treating HepG2 with 3b and 4c.
CompoundsApoptosisNecrosis
TotalEarlyLate
3b/HepG242.062.5124.5315.02
4c/HepG229.813.8516.559.41
cont. HepG21.740.550.171.02
Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Share and Cite

MDPI and ACS Style

Abdelnaby, R.M.; El-Malah, A.A.; FakhrEldeen, R.R.; Saeed, M.M.; Nadeem, R.I.; Younis, N.S.; Abdel-Rahman, H.M.; El-Dydamony, N.M. In Vitro Anticancer Activity Screening of Novel Fused Thiophene Derivatives as VEGFR-2/AKT Dual Inhibitors and Apoptosis Inducers. Pharmaceuticals 2022, 15, 700. https://doi.org/10.3390/ph15060700

AMA Style

Abdelnaby RM, El-Malah AA, FakhrEldeen RR, Saeed MM, Nadeem RI, Younis NS, Abdel-Rahman HM, El-Dydamony NM. In Vitro Anticancer Activity Screening of Novel Fused Thiophene Derivatives as VEGFR-2/AKT Dual Inhibitors and Apoptosis Inducers. Pharmaceuticals. 2022; 15(6):700. https://doi.org/10.3390/ph15060700

Chicago/Turabian Style

Abdelnaby, Rana M., Afaf A. El-Malah, Rasha R. FakhrEldeen, Marwa M. Saeed, Rania I. Nadeem, Nancy S. Younis, Hanaa M. Abdel-Rahman, and Nehad M. El-Dydamony. 2022. "In Vitro Anticancer Activity Screening of Novel Fused Thiophene Derivatives as VEGFR-2/AKT Dual Inhibitors and Apoptosis Inducers" Pharmaceuticals 15, no. 6: 700. https://doi.org/10.3390/ph15060700

Note that from the first issue of 2016, this journal uses article numbers instead of page numbers. See further details here.

Article Metrics

Back to TopTop