Next Article in Journal
The RyR1 P3528S Substitution Alters Mouse Skeletal Muscle Contractile Properties and RyR1 Ion Channel Gating
Next Article in Special Issue
Glycan Structures in Osteosarcoma as Targets for Lectin-Based Chimeric Antigen Receptor Immunotherapy
Previous Article in Journal
SMC5 Plays Independent Roles in Congenital Heart Disease and Neurodevelopmental Disability
Previous Article in Special Issue
Prognostic Impact of CD38- and IgκC-Positive Tumor-Infiltrating Plasma Cells in Triple-Negative Breast Cancer
 
 
Search for Articles:
Title / Keyword
Author / Affiliation / Email
Journal
Article Type
 
 
Advanced Search
 
Section
Special Issue
Volume
Issue
Number
Page
 
Journals
IJMS
Volume 25
Issue 1
10.3390/ijms25010433
ijms-logo
Submit to this Journal Review for this Journal Propose a Special Issue
► Article Menu

Article Menu

share Share announcement Help format_quote Cite question_answer Discuss in SciProfiles thumb_up
...
Endorse textsms
...
Comment
first_page
settings
Order Article Reprints
Font Type:
Arial Georgia Verdana
Font Size:
Aa Aa Aa
Line Spacing:
Column Width:
Background:
Communication

Sequential Therapy with Ropeginterferon Alfa-2b and Anti-Programmed Cell Death 1 Antibody for Inhibiting the Recurrence of Hepatitis B-Related Hepatocellular Carcinoma: From Animal Modeling to Phase I Clinical Results

by
Albert Qin
1,†,
Chang-Ru Wu
2,†,
Ming-Chih Ho
3,
Chan-Yen Tsai
1 and
Pei-Jer Chen
2,4,*
1
Medical Research & Clinical Operations, PharmaEssentia Corporation, Taipei 115, Taiwan
2
Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei 100, Taiwan
3
Department of Surgery, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei 100, Taiwan
4
Hepatitis Research Center, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei 100, Taiwan
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
†
These authors contributed equally to this work.
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2024, 25(1), 433; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25010433
Submission received: 6 December 2023 / Revised: 23 December 2023 / Accepted: 27 December 2023 / Published: 28 December 2023
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Molecular Advances in Cancer Immunotherapy)
Browse Figures
Versions Notes

Abstract

:
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) usually recurs after curative surgical resection. Currently, no approved adjuvant therapy has been shown to reduce HCC recurrence rates. In this study, the in vivo effect of sequential combination treatment with recombinant mouse interferon-alpha (rmIFN-α) and an anti-mouse-PD1 antibody on hepatitis B virus (HBV) clearance in mice was evaluated. A Phase I clinical trial was then conducted to assess the safety, tolerability, and inhibitory activity of sequential therapy with ropeginterferon alfa-2b and nivolumab in patients with HCC recurrence who underwent curative surgery for HBV-related HCC. The animal modeling study showed that HBV suppression was significantly greater with the rmIFN-α and anti-PD1 sequential combination treatment in comparison with sole treatment with rmIFN-α or anti-PD1. In the Phase I study, eleven patients completed the sequential therapy with ropeginterferon alfa-2b every two weeks for six doses at 450 µg, followed by three doses of nivolumab every two weeks up to 0.75 mg/kg. A notable decrease in or clearance of HBV surface antigen was observed in two patients. The dose-limiting toxicity of grade 3 alanine transaminase and aspartate aminotransferase increases was observed in one patient. The maximum tolerated dose was then determined. To date, no HCC recurrence has been observed. The treatment modality was well tolerated. These data support the further clinical development of sequential combination therapy as a post-surgery prophylactic measure against the recurrence of HBV-related HCC.

1. Introduction

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a common and fatal cancer worldwide [1]. It is associated with underlying chronic liver pathological conditions, including chronic viral hepatitis. Chronic hepatitis B (CHB) contributes to more than 50% of global HCC cases [2,3]. Surgery is typically the curative treatment modality for early-stage HCC [4]. However, cancer recurrence is frequently observed. The tumor recurrence rate can be as high as 50–70% after five years [5,6,7]. Currently, there are no approved therapies for inhibiting the recurrence [7]. Therefore, effective and well-tolerated adjuvant therapies are urgently needed.
Programmed cell death 1 (PD1) is a negative costimulatory receptor expressed primarily on the surface of activated T cells [8,9]. The binding of PD1 to its ligand, programmed cell death 1 ligand-1/2 (PD-L1/2), inhibits cytotoxic T cell-mediated immunological responses and elicits an immune checkpoint [10]. Tumor cells upregulate PD-L1 and utilize the PD1 pathway to evade T cell-mediated immune responses. Anti-PD1 and anti-PD-L1/2 therapeutic antibodies can interfere with the interactions between PD1 and its ligands, resulting in the enhancement of anti-tumor immunological response caused by cytotoxic T cells [10,11]. Anti-PD1 therapy causes a decline in or seroclearance of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) in patients with CHB [12]. HBsAg seroclearance is associated with a low risk of hepatitis B virus (HBV)-related HCC [13]. Anti-PD1 therapies have been approved for the treatment of advanced HCC, melanoma, metastatic non-small-cell lung cancer, and other advanced malignancies [14]. However, anti-PD1 therapies are also associated with known toxicities [15] and may not be suitable in post-surgical adjuvant settings for patients with HCC. A combination therapy that can potentially minimize toxicity and produce a significant anti-cancer effect may be applicable in this condition.
Ropeginterferon alfa-2b represents a new-generation PEGylated interferon alpha (IFN-α)-based therapy with a favorable pharmacokinetic profile. It can be injected less frequently, for example, once every two weeks [16,17,18]. It has been approved for the treatment of polycythemia vera (PV), a myeloproliferative neoplasm (MPN), in the United States and Europe [19,20] and is currently under development for more approvals [21,22,23,24,25]. In its Phase II clinical trial, the application of 450 μg of ropeginterferon alfa-2b every two weeks demonstrated good tolerability and manifested anti-hepatitis B virus (HBV) effects [26]. In this study, we report our findings regarding an HBV mouse model sequentially treated with recombinant mouse-IFN-alpha (rmIFN-α) and an anti-mouse-PD1 antibody and a clinical Phase I study of sequential therapy with ropeginterferon alfa-2b and the anti-human PD1 antibody nivolumab in patients with HBV-related HCC after curative surgery.

2. Results

2.1. Animal Modeling Data

An HBV mouse model (HBV-HDI) was generated via the intravenous injection of an HBV genotype A DNA plasmid into CBA/CaJ mice [27,28]. In this HBV-HDI mouse model, a sequential combination treatment with rmIFN-α and an anti-mouse PD1 antibody (RMP-17) continuously caused a decline in the mean HBsAg values compared with the phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) control. After sequential combination treatment, the mean HBsAg level was one log lower than that of the PBS control group (Figure 1A). In contrast, sole treatment with either rmIFN-α or anti-mouse PD1 showed no significant decline in the HBsAg level compared to the PBS control (Figure 1A). Compared with sole treatment with rmIFN-α or anti-mouse PD1, the sequential combination of rmIFN-α and anti-mouse PD1 antibody significantly reduced HBsAg levels and HBV viral titers in the HBV-carrying CBA/CaJ mice (Figure 1A,B). In addition, the HBsAg clearance rate was 44.4% (4/9) in mice receiving a 6-week treatment of rmIFN-α and anti-mouse PD1, which was higher than that observed in the groups receiving sole treatment with either rmIFN-α or anti-mouse PD1 (Table 1). The animal data showed a synergistic effect between rmIFN-α and anti-PD1 antibody for HBV suppression or even clearance in the HBV mouse model. No adverse effects on animal body weight, liver function, or blood cell production were observed.

2.2. Phase I Clinical Study

A Phase I study was conducted to determine the maximum tolerated dose (MTD). A total of 12 eligible patients were enrolled in Cohorts 1 and 2 (Figure 2), with six patients in each cohort. Patients received six doses of ropeginterferon alfa-2b at 450 μg once every two weeks followed by three doses of nivolumab at 0.3 mg/kg in Cohort 1 and three doses of nivolumab at 0.75 mg/kg in Cohort 2. All patients completed the study treatment except for one who withdrew early because of grade 3 anorexia after receiving one dose of ropeginterferon alfa-2b in Cohort 2.
The mean age and standard deviation of the eligible patients were 61.8 and 10.3 years, respectively (Table 2). Six (50%) patients had liver cirrhosis before participating in the study. All patients experienced at least one adverse event (AE) after treatment. Most AEs were either mild or moderate (Table 3). No grade 4 or 5 AEs were observed. Similarly, no serious AEs (SAEs) were observed. Four patients (33.3%) experienced grade 3 AEs. The most frequent AE was pyrexia (50%), followed by alanine transaminase (ALT) increase (41.7%), aspartate aminotransferase (AST) increase (41.7%), fatigue (33.3%), and neutrophil count decrease (25%).
Dose-limiting toxicities (DLTs) were observed in one patient. Drug-related grade 3 ALT and AST increases were observed in one patient in Cohort 1. The patient completed the ropeginterferon alfa-2b treatment and received one dose of nivolumab. No DLTs were observed in Cohort 2. However, given that the DLTs of grade 3 ALT and AST increases were observed in Cohort 1 and that there were greater levels of grade 2 ALT and AST increases in Cohort 2, we determined that Cohort 2 reached the MTD of the study based on the overall safety assessment. Therefore, six doses of ropeginterferon alfa-2b at 450 ug followed by three doses of nivolumab at 0.75 mg/kg were determined to be the MTD for the adjuvant sequential combination therapy.
To date, all patients are alive without cancer recurrence. The mean follow-up period was 716.75 days (minimum, 114 days; maximum, 1416 days). HBsAg was undetectable in one patient in Cohort 1 at follow-up week 12 and after (Figure 3A). The mean HBsAg levels decreased over time in Cohort 2 during the treatment period (Figure 3B).

3. Discussion

HCC is a common cause of cancer-related deaths, and most cases are associated with HBV infection. Patients with HCC are at a high risk of tumor recurrence after surgical resection. Currently, there are no approved therapies for inhibiting tumor recurrence. In this study, our animal modeling data demonstrated that sequential combination treatment with rmIFN-α and anti-PD1 antibody led to a synergistic effect in HBV suppression and clearance. Our Phase I clinical study further suggested that sequential combination therapy with ropeginterferon alfa-2b and nivolumab was well tolerated. This combination therapy can facilitate the clearance of residual HBV infection and inhibit cancer recurrence in patients with HBV-related HCC after curative surgery.
PD-L1 is often overexpressed during CHB infection [29,30,31]. In patients with HCC and CHB, nivolumab treatment decreases HBsAg levels [12,32]. HBsAg seroclearance has been previously suggested to be associated with a lower risk of late recurrence in HBV-related HCC [13]. Interrupting the PD1 signaling pathway can reverse T cell exhaustion, leading to the inhibition of viral infection and the proliferation of cancer cells [33,34,35]. Blockading PD1 signaling could also enhance IFN-gamma production and the proliferation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells and partially recover dysfunctional virus-specific B cells from CHB patients [36,37]. Nivolumab is approved for HCC treatment in combination with ipilimumab [38]. It is reasonable to assume that anti-PD1 antibodies suppress cancer recurrence in patients with HBV-related HCC who have undergone surgical resection. However, the toxicities associated with anti-PD1 treatment at approved dose levels and HBV reactivation due to the residual viral genome may pose hurdles for its sole use as a prophylactic measure against HCC occurrence [39,40,41].
Type 1 IFNs, including IFN-α and beta (IFN-β), share the same receptor components and induce similar biological activities [42,43,44]. They exhibit anti-proliferative, immunostimulatory, and anti-angiogenic activities [45,46,47,48]. The anti-proliferative effects include cell cycle inhibition and apoptosis [49,50,51]. In solid tumor cells, they can slow S-phase progression by activating an intra-S phase checkpoint and inducing senescence entry accompanied by a loss of tumorigenicity [52]. In addition, they stimulate the immune system to elicit anti-tumor activities, including the induction of natural killer cell-dependent and CD8+ T cell-mediated anti-tumor responses [53,54]. These combined anti-tumor activities can inhibit tumor formation. Pegylated IFN-α treatment has been shown to inhibit HBV and is approved for patients with CHB [55,56,57]. Its treatment is associated with a lower incidence of HCC among patients with HBV [58]. PEGylated IFN-α can also upregulate the chemokine CCL4 secreted by tumor cells and consequently recruit cytotoxic CD8+ T cells to infiltrate the HCC microenvironment, facilitating an improvement in the antitumor effect induced by anti-PD1 treatment [59]. In addition, IFN-α has been observed to reduce the glucose consumption of HCC cells and induce a high-glucose microenvironment that can foster the transcription of the T cell costimulatory molecule Cd27 in infiltrating CD8+ T cells and, consequently, potentiate the anti-PD1-induced immune response [60]. Therefore, a PEGylated IFN-α therapy with both anti-cancer and anti-HBV activities with the ability to enhance the anti-PD1-induced antitumor effect may reduce the need for anti-PD1 treatment at a high dose level when inhibiting HCC recurrence. Sequential combination treatment may potentially eradicate residual or newly formed tumor cells due to HBV infection in patients with HBV-related HCC after curative surgery. Our results suggest that sequential combination therapy with ropeginterferon alfa-2b and nivolumab may be a feasible and promising regimen for inhibiting cancer recurrence in patients with HBV-related HCC after curative surgery.

4. Materials and Methods

4.1. HBV-HDI Mouse Model

Six- to eight-week-old male CBA/CaJ mice were bred at the National Taiwan University Laboratory Animal Center. The mice were intravenously injected with 10 μg of HBV genotype A DNA plasmid dissolved in PBS equivalent to approximately 8% of the mouse’s body weight, as previously described [27,28]. Serum HBsAg and HBV DNA were measured to monitor HBV persistence. All the experiments were performed in accordance with the guidelines established by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee of the National Taiwan University College of Medicine.

4.2. Preclinical Materials

Anti-mouse PD1 (RMP-17) is a monoclonal antibody targeting mouse PD1 generated via hybridoma screening at the PharmaEssentia Corporation Research Laboratory. rmIFN-α was produced using the Escherichia coli expression system at PharmaEssentia Corporation.

4.3. Treatment of HBV-Carrying CBA/CaJ Mice

Mice were divided into eight groups to investigate the effect of rmIFN-α on sequential combination with anti-mouse PD1. The drug dosages and administration routes are described below.
Group 1 (control): Six HBV-carrying CBA/CaJ mice were subcutaneously (s.c.) injected with 200 μL of PBS every other day (Q2D) × 8 (days 0–14).
Group 2: Six HBV-carrying CBA/CaJ mice were s.c. injected with 800 IU/g of rmIFN-α (Q2D × 8, days 0–14).
Group 3: Six HBV-carrying CBA/CaJ mice were s.c. injected with 800 IU/g of rmIFN-α (Q2D × 22, days 0–42)
Group 4: Ten HBV-carrying CBA/CaJ mice were intraperitoneally (i.p.) injected with 32 μg/g of the anti-mouse PD1 antibody (Q2D × 6, days 16–26).
Group 5: Ten HBV-carrying CBA/CaJ mice were i.p. injected with 32 μg/g of anti-mouse PD1 antibody (Q2D × 10, days 16–34).
Group 6: Ten HBV-carrying CBA/CaJ mice were s.c. injected with 800 IU/g of rmIFN-α (Q2D × 8, days 0–14) and then i.p. injected with 32 μg/g of the anti-PD1 antibody (Q2D × 6, days 16–26).
Group 7: Ten HBV-carrying CBA/CaJ mice were s.c. injected with 800 IU/g of rmIFN-α (Q2D × 22, days 0–42) and then i.p. injected with 32 μg/g of the anti-PD1 antibody (Q2D × 6, days 44–54).
Group 8: Ten HBV-carrying CBA/CaJ mice were s.c. injected with 800 IU/g of rmIFN-α (Q2D × 43, days 0–84) and then i.p. injected with 32 μg/g of the anti-PD1 antibody (Q2D × 6, days 86–96).

4.4. Quantification of HBsAg and HBV DNA in Mice

Serum HBsAg and HBV DNA levels were quantified using the Abbott Architect I1000 system (Abbott Diagnostics, Green Oaks, IL, USA) and the Roche Lightcycler 480 (Roche Diagnostics, GmbH, Mannheim, Germany), respectively. The sequences of HBx-specific primers used to quantify the copy numbers of HBV DNA were 5′-CCGATCCATACTGCGGAAC-3′ (forward (nt 1261–1600)) and 5′-GCAGAGGTGAAGCGAAGTGCA-3′ (reverse) [61]. The detection limitation was 1000 copies/mL.

4.5. Clinical Materials:

Ropeginterferon alfa-2b was produced by the PharmaEssentia Corporation. It was provided as a prefilled syringe of 500 µg/1.0 mL. Nivolumab (OPDIVO®, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Brooklyn, NY, USA) was obtained via investigator prescription in a dosage form of 20 mg/2 mL or 100 mg/10 mL per vial.

4.6. Study Design

This clinical study was designed as a Phase I/II trial. The Phase I study aimed to evaluate the safety and tolerability and define the MTD of the sequential administration of ropeginterferon alfa-2b and nivolumab in patients who received curative surgery for hepatitis B-related HCC. The Phase II trial was designed to further evaluate the safety and prophylactic effect of the sequential administration of ropeginterferon alfa-2b and nivolumab at the MTD. Phase I was conducted at the National Taiwan University Hospital (NTUH), Taiwan (approval number: 201710061MIPB). The Phase I study was completed, but the Phase II study has not yet started.
Sequential administration of ropeginterferon alfa-2b and nivolumab was assessed using a 3 + 3 dose escalation scheme. Eligible patients were enrolled in four dose cohorts to receive six doses of ropeginterferon alfa-2b at a dose of 450 μg once every two weeks, followed by three doses of nivolumab every two weeks at a predetermined dose level based on the cohort, including 0.3 mg/kg for Cohort 1; 0.75 mg/kg for Cohort 2; 1.5 mg/kg for Cohort 3; and 3 mg/kg for Cohort 4. Ropeginterferon alfa-2b was administered via subcutaneous injection, and nivolumab was administrated through intravenous infusion over 60 min [62,63]. Patients were followed up with a site visit for an additional 48 weeks after completion of the study treatment. Disease progression was monitored using computed tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) at days 127, 211, 337, 463, and 673 after the first dose of P1101. Survival status was monitored continuously. All AEs were coded using preferred terms according to Medical Dictionary for Regulatory Activity (MedDRA) terminology. AE severity was graded using the National Cancer Institute (NCI) Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events (CTCAE), version 4.03.

4.7. Patients

Patients with HBV-related HCC who underwent surgical resection within eight weeks were enrolled. Other major inclusion criteria included positive results for HBsAg, undetectable HBV DNA, compensated liver disease, normal fundoscopic examination, and an Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group Performance Status score of 0 to 1. The major exclusion criteria included HCC that was not related to HBV; vascular invasion of HCC in imaging diagnosis; patients who had undergone transcatheter arterial embolization or chemoembolization, transcatheter arterial infusion, or chemolipiodolization in combination with surgery; and a concurrent active malignancy other than HCC.

5. Conclusions

Our animal data demonstrated a synergistic effect between rmIFN-α and anti-PD1 treatment for HBV suppression or even clearance. This effect was observed in patients with HCC who received sequential combination therapy with ropeginterferon alfa-2b and nivolumab in a Phase I clinical study. Most AEs were either mild or moderate. Increased liver transaminase was common but not associated with increased bilirubin levels or clinical symptoms. No unexpected AEs were observed. The MTD of sequential combination therapy with ropeginterferon alfa-2b and nivolumab was determined. Further exploration and clinical development of combination therapy are required.

Author Contributions

A.Q., C.-R.W., M.-C.H., C.-Y.T. and P.-J.C. contributed to the work. P.-J.C. and M.-C.H. enrolled and treated patients. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

Funding

The authors declare that this study received funding from PharmaEssentia Corporation. The funder was not involved in the study design, collection, analysis, interpretation of data, the writing of this article or the decision to submit it for publication.

Institutional Review Board Statement

The animal experiments were performed in accordance with the guidelines established by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee of the National Taiwan University College of Medicine. The Phase I/II clinical study was approved by the Institutional Review Board of NTUH (201710061MIPB) on 22 December 2017 and conducted according to the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki for all human experimental investigations. The Phase I/II clinical studies were registered at ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT04233840).

Informed Consent Statement

Informed consent was obtained from all participating patients.

Data Availability Statement

Data will be available to external researchers upon reasonable request from the investigators and PharmaEssentia.

Acknowledgments

The authors thank all participants, including the study nurse, coordinator, other investigators, and PharmaEssentia team members, involved in this study. We are grateful to the patients and their families.

Conflicts of Interest

Albert Qin and Chan-Yen Tsai work for the PharmaEssentia Corporation. Pei-Jer Chen has served as a consultant for the PharmaEssentia Corporation. The other authors have no conflicts of interest to declare.

References

  1. Kulik, L.; El-Serag, H.B. Epidemiology and Management of Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Gastroenterology 2019, 156, 477–491.e1. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  2. Global Burden of Disease Liver Cancer Collaboration; Akinyemiju, T.; Abera, S.; Ahmed, M.; Alam, N.; Alemayohu, M.A.; Allen, C.; Al-Raddadi, R.; Alvis-Guzman, N.; Amoako, Y.; et al. The Burden of Primary Liver Cancer and Underlying Etiologies from 1990 to 2015 at the Global, Regional, and National Level: Results from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015. JAMA Oncol. 2017, 3, 1683–1691. [Google Scholar] [PubMed]
  3. Llovet, J.M.; Kelley, R.K.; Villanueva, A.; Singal, A.G.; Pikarsky, E.; Roayaie, S.; Lencioni, R.; Koike, K.; Zucman-Rossi, J.; Finn, R.S. Hepatocellular carcinoma. Nat. Rev. Dis. Primers 2021, 7, 6. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  4. European Association for the Study of the Liver. EASL clinical practice guidelines: Management of hepatocellular carcinoma. J. Hepatol. 2018, 69, 182–236. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  5. Vilarinho, S.; Calvisi, D.F. New advances in precision medicine for hepatocellular carcinoma recurrence prediction and treatment. Hepatology 2014, 60, 1812–1814. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  6. Minami, Y.; Kudo, M. Adjuvant therapy after radical surgery for hepatocellular carcinoma: Still an unmet need. Hepatobiliary Surg. Nutr. 2019, 8, 414–416. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  7. Gao, Y.X.; Ning, Q.Q.; Yang, P.X.; Guan, Y.Y.; Liu, P.X.; Liu, M.L.; Qiao, L.X.; Guo, X.H.; Yang, T.W.; Chen, D.X. Recent advances in recurrent hepatocellular carcinoma therapy. World J. Hepatol. 2023, 15, 460–476. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  8. Agata, Y.; Kawasaki, A.; Nishimura, H.; Ishida, Y.; Tsubata, T.; Yagita, H.; Honjo, T. Expression of the PD-1 antigen on the surface of stimulated mouse T and B lymphocytes. Int. Immunol. 1996, 8, 765–772. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  9. Keir, M.E.; Butte, M.J.; Freeman, G.J.; Sharpe, A.H. PD-1 and its ligands in tolerance and immunity. Annu. Rev. Immunol. 2008, 26, 677–704. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  10. Bardhan, K.; Anagnostou, T.; Boussiotis, V.A. The PD1:PD-L1/2 Pathway from Discovery to Clinical Implementation. Front. Immunol. 2016, 7, 550. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  11. Topalian, S.L.; Drake, C.G.; Pardoll, D.M. Targeting the PD-1/B7-H1 (PD-L1) pathway to activate anti-tumor immunity. Curr. Opin. Immunol. 2012, 24, 207–212. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  12. Gane, E.; Verdon, D.J.; Brooks, A.E.; Gaggar, A.; Nguyen, A.H.; Subramanian, G.M.; Schwabe, C.; Dunbar, P.R. Anti-PD-1 blockade with nivolumab with and without therapeutic vaccination for virally suppressed chronic hepatitis B: A pilot study. J. Hepatol. 2019, 71, 900–907. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  13. Jin, B.; Du, S.; Yang, H. HBsAg seroclearance reduces the risk of late recurrence in HBV-related HCC. J. Hepatol. 2022, 77, 1469–1470. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  14. Ai, L.; Chen, J.; Yan, H.; He, Q.; Luo, P.; Xu, Z.; Yang, X. Research Status and Outlook of PD-1/PD-L1 Inhibitors for Cancer Therapy. Drug Des. Devel. Ther. 2020, 14, 3625–3649. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  15. Naidoo, J.; Page, D.B.; Li, B.T.; Connell, L.C.; Schindler, K.; Lacouture, M.E.; Postow, M.A.; Wolchok, J.D. Toxicities of the anti-PD-1 and anti-PD-L1 immune checkpoint antibodies. Ann. Oncol. 2015, 26, 2375–2391. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  16. Miyachi, N.; Zagrijtschuk, O.; Kang, L.; Yonezu, K.; Qin, A. Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of ropeginterferon alfa-2b in healthy Japanese and Caucasian Subjects After Single Subcutaneous Administration. Clin. Drug Investig. 2021, 41, 391–404. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  17. Huang, Y.W.; Qin, A.; Fang, J.; Wang, T.F.; Tsai, C.W.; Lin, K.C.; Teng, C.L.; Larouche, R. Novel long-acting ropeginterferon alfa-2b: Pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and safety in a phase 1 clinical trial. Br. J. Clin. Pharmacol. 2022, 88, 2396–2407. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  18. Huang, Y.W.; Tsai, C.Y.; Tsai, C.W.; Wang, W.; Zhang, J.; Qin, A.; Teng, C.; Song, B.; Wang, M.X. Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of novel long acting ropeginterferon alfa-2b in healthy Chinese subjects. Adv. Ther. 2021, 38, 4756–4770. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  19. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. FDA Approves Treatment for Rare Blood Disease: Treatment Is First FDA-Approved Option Patients Can Take Regardless of Previous Therapies. 12 November 2021. Available online: https://www.fda.gov/news-events/press-announcements/fda-approves-treatment-rare-blood-disease#:~:text=Rare%20Blood%20Disease-,FDA%20NEWS%20RELEASE,-FDA%20Approves%20Treatment (accessed on 7 September 2023).
  20. European Medicines Agency. Besremi: EPAR-Medicine Overview. 2019. Available online: https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/medicines/human/EPAR/besremi (accessed on 7 September 2023).
  21. Verstovsek, S.; Komatsu, N.; Gill, H.; Jin, J.; Lee, S.E.; Hou, H.A.; Sato, T.; Qin, A.; Urbanski, R.; Shih, W. SURPASS-ET: Phase III study of ropeginterferon alfa-2b versus anagrelide as second-line therapy in essential thrombocythemia. Future Oncol. 2022, 18, 2999–3009. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  22. Huang, Y.W.; Qin, A.; Tsai, C.Y.; Chen, P.J. Novel Pegylated Interferon for the Treatment of Chronic Viral Hepatitis. Viruses 2022, 14, 1128. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  23. Chen, C.T.; Chuang, W.L.; Qin, A.; Zhang, W.H.; Zhu, L.Y.; Zhang, G.Q.; Chen, J.J.; Lo, C.C.; Zhou, X.; Mao, X.; et al. A phase 3 clinical trial validating the potency and safety of an innovative, extra-long-acting interferon in chronic hepatitis C. JGH Open 2022, 6, 782–791. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  24. Qin, A.; Urbansky, R.W.; Yu, L.; Ahmed, T.; Mascrenhas, J. An Alternative Dosing Strategy for Ropeginterferon alfa-2b may Help Improve Outcomes in Myeloproliferative Neoplasms: An Overview of Previous and Ongoing studies with Perspectives on the Future. Front. Oncol. 2023, 13, 1109866. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  25. Jin, J.; Zhang, L.; Qin, A.; Wu, D.; Shao, Z.; Bai, J.; Chen, S.; Duan, M.; Zhou, H.; Xu, N.; et al. A new dosing regimen of ropeginterferon alfa-2b is highly effective and tolerable: Findings from a phase 2 study in Chinese patients with polycythemia vera. Exp. Hematol. Oncol. 2023, 12, 55. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  26. Huang, Y.W.; Hsu, C.W.; Lu, S.N.; Yu, M.L.; Su, C.W.; Su, W.W.; Chien, R.N.; Hsu, C.S.; Hsu, S.J.; Lai, H.C.; et al. Ropeginterferon alfa-2b every 2 weeks as a novel pegylated interferon for patients with chronic hepatitis B. Hepatol. Int. 2020, 14, 997–1008. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  27. Huang, L.R.; Wu, H.L.; Chen, P.J.; Chen, D.S. An immunocompetent mouse model for the tolerance of human chronic hepatitis B virus infection. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2006, 103, 17862–17867. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  28. Liu, F.; Song, Y.; Liu, D. Hydrodynamics-based transfection in animals by systemic administration of plasmid DNA. Gene Ther. 1999, 6, 1258–1266. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  29. Feng, C.; Cao, L.J.; Song, H.F.; Xu, P.; Chen, H.; Xu, J.C.; Zhu, X.Y.; Zhang, X.G.; Wang, X.F. Expression of PD-L1 on CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ Regulatory T Cells of Patients with Chronic HBV Infection and Its Correlation with Clinical Parameters. Viral Immunol. 2015, 28, 418–424. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  30. Sun, C.; Lan, P.; Han, Q.; Huang, M.; Zhang, Z.; Xu, G.; Song, J.; Wang, J.; Wei, H.; Zhang, J.; et al. Oncofetal gene SALL4 reactivation by hepatitis B virus counteracts miR-200c in PD-L1-induced T cell exhaustion. Nat. Commun. 2018, 9, 1241. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  31. Teng, C.F.; Li, T.C.; Wang, T.; Wu, T.H.; Wang, J.; Wu, H.C.; Shyu, W.C.; Su, I.J.; Jeng, L.B. Increased Expression of Programmed Death Ligand 1 in Hepatocellular Carcinoma of Patients with Hepatitis B Virus Pre-S2 Mutant. J. Hepatocell Carcinoma 2020, 7, 385–401. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  32. El-Khoueiry, A.B.; Sangro, B.; Yau, T.; Crocenzi, T.S.; Kudo, M.; Hsu, C.; Kim, T.Y.; Choo, S.P.; Trojan, J.; Welling, T.H., 3rd; et al. Nivolumab in patients with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (CheckMate 040): An open-label, non-comparative, phase 1/2 dose escalation and expansion trial. Lancet 2017, 389, 2492–2502. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  33. Blackburn, S.D.; Shin, H.; Haining, W.N.; Zou, T.; Workman, C.J.; Polley, A.; Betts, M.R.; Freeman, G.J.; Vignali, D.A.A.; Wherry, E.J. Coregulation of CD8+ T cell exhaustion by multiple inhibitory receptors during chronic viral infection. Nat. Immunol. 2009, 10, 29–37. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  34. Sharpe, A.H.; Pauken, K.E. The diverse functions of the PD1 inhibitory pathway. Nat. Rev. Immunol. 2018, 18, 153–167. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  35. Haymaker, C.; Wu, R.; Bernatchez, C.; Radvanyi, L. PD-1 and BTLA and CD8(+) T-cell “exhaustion” in cancer: “Exercising” an alternative viewpoint. Oncoimmunology 2012, 1, 735–738. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  36. Peng, G.; Li, S.; Wu, W.; Tan, X.; Chen, Y.; Chen, Z. PD-1 upregulation is associated with HBV-specific T cell dysfunction in chronic hepatitis B patients. Mol. Immunol. 2008, 45, 963–970. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  37. Salimzadeh, L.; LeBert, N.; Dutertre, C.A.; Gill, U.S.; Newell, E.W.; Frey, C.; Hung, M.; Novikov, N.; Fletcher, S.; Kennedy, P.T.; et al. PD-1 blockade partially recovers dysfunctional virus-specific B cells in chronic hepatitis B infection. J. Clin. Investig. 2018, 128, 4573–4587. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  38. Saung, M.T.; Pelosof, L.; Casak, S.; Donoghue, M.; Lemery, S.; Yuan, M.; Rodriguez, L.; Schotland, P.; Chuk, M.; Davis, G.; et al. FDA Approval Summary: Nivolumab Plus Ipilimumab for the Treatment of Patients with Hepatocellular Carcinoma Previously Treated with Sorafenib. Oncologist 2021, 26, 797–806. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  39. Pu, D.; Yin, L.; Zhou, Y.; Li, W.; Huang, L.; Cai, L.; Zhou, Q. Safety and efficacy of immune checkpoint inhibitors in patients with HBV/HCV infection and advanced-stage cancer: A systematic review. Medicine 2020, 99, e19013. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  40. Burns, E.A.; Muhsen, I.N.; Anand, K.; Xu, J.; Umoru, G.; Arain, A.N.; Abdelrahim, M. Hepatitis B Virus Reactivation in Cancer Patients Treated With Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors. J. Immunother. 2021, 44, 132–139. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  41. Féray, C.; López-Labrador, F.X. Is PD-1 blockade a potential therapy for HBV? JHEP Rep. 2019, 1, 142–144. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  42. Stark, G.R.; Kerr, I.M.; Williams, B.R.; Silverman, R.H.; Schreiber, R.D. How cells respond to Interferons. Annu. Rev. Biochem. 1998, 67, 227–264. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  43. Mazewsky, C.; Perez, R.E.; Fish, E.N.; Platanias, L.C. Type I interferon (IFN)-regulated activation of canonical and non-canonical signaling pathways. Front. Immunol. 2020, 11, 606456. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  44. Theofilopoulos, A.N.; Baccala, R.; Beutler, B.; Kono, D.H. Type I interferons (alpha/beta) in immunity and autoimmunity. Annu. Rev. Immunol. 2005, 23, 307–336. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  45. Piehler, J.; Thomas, C.; Garcia, K.C.; Schreiber, G. Structural and dynamic determinants of type I interferon receptor assembly and their functional interpretation. Immunol. Rev. 2012, 250, 317–334. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  46. Parker, B.S.; Rautela, J.; Hertzog, P.J. Antitumour actions of interferons: Implications for cancer therapy. Nat. Rev. Cancer. 2016, 16, 131–144. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  47. Voest, E.E.; Kenyon, B.M.; O’Reilly, M.S.; Truitt, G.; D’Amato, R.J.; Folkman, J. Inhibition of angiogenesis in vivo by interleukin 12. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 1995, 87, 581–586. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  48. Singh, R.K.; Gutman, M.; Bucana, C.D.; Sanchez, R.; Llansa, N.; Fidler, I.J. Interferons alpha and beta down-regulate the expression of basic fibroblast growth factor in human carcinomas. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 1995, 92, 4562–4566. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  49. Roos, G.; Leandersson, T.; Lundgren, E. Interferon-induced cell cycle changes in human hemapoietic cell lines and fresh leukemic cells. Cancer Res. 1984, 44, 5358–5362. [Google Scholar]
  50. Grandér, D.; Sangfelt, O.; Erickson, S. How does interferon exert its cell growth inhibitory effect? Eur. J. Haematol. 1997, 59, 129–135. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  51. Qin, X.Q.; Tao, N.; Dergay, A.; Moy, P.; Fawell, S.; Davis, A.; Wilson, J.M.; Barsoum, J. Interferon-beta gene therapy inhibits tumor formation and causes regression of established tumors in immune-deficient mice. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 1998, 95, 14411–14416. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  52. Qin, A. An anti-cancer surveillance by the interplay between interferon-beta and retinoblastoma protein RB1. Front. Oncol. 2023, 13, 1173467. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  53. Qin, X.Q.; Beckham, C.; Brown, J.L.; Lukashev, M.; Barsoum, J. Human and mouse IFN-β gene therapy exhibits different anti-tumor mechanisms in mouse models. Mol. Ther. 2001, 4, 356–364. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  54. Brown, J.L.; Barsoum, J.; Qin, X.Q. CD4+ T helper cell-independent anti-tumor response mediated by murine IFN-beta gene delivery in immunocompetent mice. J. Interferon Cytokine Res. 2002, 22, 719–728. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  55. Cooksley, W.G.; Piratvisuth, T.; Lee, S.D.; Mahachai, V.; Chao, Y.C.; Tanwandee, T.; Chutaputti, A.; Chang, W.Y.; Zahm, F.E.; Pluck, N. Peginterferon alpha-2a (40 kDa): An advance in the treatment of hepatitis B e antigen-positive chronic hepatitis B. J. Viral Hepat. 2003, 10, 298–305. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  56. Marcellin, P.; Lau, G.K.; Bonino, F.; Farci, P.; Hadziyannis, S.; Jin, R.; Lu, Z.M.; Piratvisuth, T.; Germanidis, G.; Yurdaydin, C.; et al. Peginterferon alfa-2a alone, lamivudine alone, and the two in combination in patients with HBeAg-negative chronic hepatitis B. N. Engl. J. Med. 2004, 351, 1206–1217. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  57. Janssen, H.L.A.; Zonneveld, M.V.; Senturk, H.; Zeuzem, S.; Akarca, U.S.; Cakaloglu, Y.; Simon, C.; So, T.M.K.; Gerken, G.; de Man, R.A.; et al. Pegylated interferon alfa-2b alone or in combination with lamivudine for HBeAg-positive hepatitis B: A randomized trial. Lancet 2005, 365, 123–129. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  58. Liang, K.H.; Hsu, C.W.; Chang, M.L.; Chen, Y.C.; Lai, M.W.; Yeh, C.T. Peginterferon is superior to nucleos(t)ide analogues for prevention of hepatocellular carcinoma in chronic hepatitis B. J. Infect. Dis. 2016, 213, 966–974. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  59. Zhu, Y.; Chen, M.; Xu, D.; Li, T.E.; Zhang, Z.; Li, J.H.; Wang, X.Y.; Yang, X.; Lu, L.; Jia, H.L.; et al. The combination of PD-1 blockade with interferon-α has a synergistic effect on hepatocellular carcinoma. Cell. Mol. Immunol. 2022, 19, 726–737. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  60. Hu, B.; Yu, M.; Ma, X.; Sun, J.; Liu, C.; Wang, C.; Wu, S.; Fu, P.; Yang, Z.; He, Y.; et al. IFNα Potentiates Anti-PD-1 Efficacy by Remodeling Glucose Metabolism in the Hepatocellular Carcinoma Microenvironment. Cancer Discov. 2022, 12, 1718–1741. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  61. Yeh, S.H.; Tsai, C.Y.; Kao, J.H.; Liu, C.J.; Kuo, T.J.; Lin, M.W.; Huang, W.L.; Lu, S.F.; Jih, J.; Chen, D.S.; et al. Quantification and genotyping of hepatitis B virus in a single reaction by real-time PCR and melting curve analysis. J. Hepatol. 2004, 41, 659–666. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  62. PharmaEssentia. US FDA Package Insert: BESREMI® (Ropeginterferon Alpha-2b-njft). 2021. Available online: https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2021/761166s000lbl.pdf (accessed on 3 October 2023).
  63. Bristol Myers Squibb. US FDA Package Insert: OPDIVO (Nivolumab) Injection. 2023. Available online: https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2023/125554s119lbl.pdf (accessed on 3 October 2023).
Ijms 25 00433 g001
Figure 1. HBsAg (A) and HBV viral titer (B) in HBV-carrying CBA/CaJ mice.
Figure 1. HBsAg (A) and HBV viral titer (B) in HBV-carrying CBA/CaJ mice.
Ijms 25 00433 g001
Ijms 25 00433 g002
Figure 2. Summary of subject disposition in Phase I study.
Figure 2. Summary of subject disposition in Phase I study.
Ijms 25 00433 g002
Ijms 25 00433 g003
Figure 3. Percentage change in HBsAg in Phase I study. (A) Percentage change in HBsAg in each subject. (B) Mean percentage change in HBsAg.
Figure 3. Percentage change in HBsAg in Phase I study. (A) Percentage change in HBsAg in each subject. (B) Mean percentage change in HBsAg.
Ijms 25 00433 g003
Table 1. Mean HBsAg and HBsAg clearance rate at the end of the animal study.
Table 1. Mean HBsAg and HBsAg clearance rate at the end of the animal study.
Treatment GroupsMean HBsAg (IU/mL)HBsAg Clearance Rate
PBS471.90% (0/6)
Anti-PD1 (6 doses)398.620% (2/10)
Anti-PD1 (10 doses)769.110% (1/10)
rmIFN-α (2 weeks)441.20% (0/6)
rmIFN-α (6 weeks)504.70% (0/6)
rmIFN-α (2 weeks) +
anti-PD1 (6 doses)		107.8 (p-value = 0.0012)20% (2/10)
rmIFN-α (6 weeks) +
anti-PD1 (6 doses)		94.3 (p-value = 0.0009)44.4% (4/9)
rmIFN-α (12 weeks) +
anti-PD1 (6 doses)		162.1 (p-value = 0.0040)0% (0/10)
Table 2. Summary of demographics and baseline characteristics in the Phase I clinical study.
Table 2. Summary of demographics and baseline characteristics in the Phase I clinical study.
CharacteristicsP1101 + Anti-PD1
N = 12
Cohort 1
n = 6		Cohort 2
n = 6		Total
n = 12
Age, years
Mean (SD)64.2 (6.1)59.5 (12.9)61.8 (10.3)
Range (Min–Max)53–7240–7540–75
Gender
Male, n (%)5 (83%)4 (67%)9 (75%)
Female, n (%)1 (17%)2 (33%)3 (25%)
Liver Cirrhosis
Yes3 (50%)3 (50%)6 (50%)
No3 (50%)3 (50%)6 (50%)
Max: maximal; Min: minimal; SD: standard deviation.
Table 3. Summary of adverse events (AEs) in the Phase I study.
Table 3. Summary of adverse events (AEs) in the Phase I study.
AEs, n (%) Cohort 1 (n = 6)Cohort 2 (n = 6)Total (n = 12)
Any AE6 (100)6 (100)12 (100.0)
Any SAE0 (0)0 (0)0 (0)
AEs occurring in >10% of patients n (%)Grade 1Grade 2Grade 3Grade 1Grade 2Grade 3
Pyrexia4 (66.7)0 (0)0 (0)2 (33.3)0 (0)0 (0)6 (50.0)
ALT increased1 (16.7)1 (16.7)1 (16.7)0 (0)2 (33.3)0 (0)5 (41.7)
AST increased1 (16.7)1 (16.7)1 (16.7)0 (0)2 (33.3)0 (0)5 (41.7)
Fatigue2 (33.3)0 (0)0 (0)2 (33.3)0 (0)0 (0)4 (33.3)
Neutrophil count decreased0 (0)1 (16.7)1 (16.7)0 (0)1 (16.7)0 (0)3 (25.0)
Decreased appetite1 (16.7)0 (0)0 (0)0 (0)0 (0)1 (16.7)2 (16.7)
Insomnia1 (16.7)00 (0)1 (16.7)0 (0)0 (0)2 (16.7)
AE: adverse event; SAE: serious adverse event; ALT: alanine transaminase; AST: aspartate aminotransferase. Note: (1) % = percentage of patients with n as the denominator.
Disclaimer/Publisher’s Note: The statements, opinions and data contained in all publications are solely those of the individual author(s) and contributor(s) and not of MDPI and/or the editor(s). MDPI and/or the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to people or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content.

Share and Cite

MDPI and ACS Style

Qin, A.; Wu, C.-R.; Ho, M.-C.; Tsai, C.-Y.; Chen, P.-J. Sequential Therapy with Ropeginterferon Alfa-2b and Anti-Programmed Cell Death 1 Antibody for Inhibiting the Recurrence of Hepatitis B-Related Hepatocellular Carcinoma: From Animal Modeling to Phase I Clinical Results. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2024, 25, 433. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25010433

AMA Style

Qin A, Wu C-R, Ho M-C, Tsai C-Y, Chen P-J. Sequential Therapy with Ropeginterferon Alfa-2b and Anti-Programmed Cell Death 1 Antibody for Inhibiting the Recurrence of Hepatitis B-Related Hepatocellular Carcinoma: From Animal Modeling to Phase I Clinical Results. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2024; 25(1):433. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25010433

Chicago/Turabian Style

Qin, Albert, Chang-Ru Wu, Ming-Chih Ho, Chan-Yen Tsai, and Pei-Jer Chen. 2024. "Sequential Therapy with Ropeginterferon Alfa-2b and Anti-Programmed Cell Death 1 Antibody for Inhibiting the Recurrence of Hepatitis B-Related Hepatocellular Carcinoma: From Animal Modeling to Phase I Clinical Results" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 25, no. 1: 433. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25010433

Note that from the first issue of 2016, this journal uses article numbers instead of page numbers. See further details here.

Article Metrics

Back to TopTop