Copper in Gynecological Diseases
Abstract
:1. Introduction
1.1. Copper Metabolism
1.1.1. Copper Uptake
1.1.2. Copper Distribution
1.1.3. Copper Excretion
1.2. Copper Homeostasis
1.3. Copper and Pathogenesis
1.3.1. Copper and Cell Proliferation
1.3.2. Copper and Angiogenesis
1.3.3. Copper and Metastasis
2. Copper in Gynecological Diseases
2.1. Ovarian Diseases
2.1.1. Ovarian Cancer
2.1.2. Polycystic Ovary Syndrome
2.2. Uterine Diseases
2.2.1. Uterine Cervix Cancer
2.2.2. Endometrial Cancer
2.2.3. ‘Benign’ Diseases
3. Therapeutic Strategies
3.1. Copper Chelators
3.1.1. D-penicillamine
3.1.2. Trientine
3.1.3. Tetrathiomolybdate
Disease | Trial Phase | Intervention | Trial ID | Status | Study Completion |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Breast Cancer | Phase 2 | TM | NCT00195091 | Active, not recruiting | 06/2025 |
Wilson’s Disease | Phase 2 | ALXN1840 | NCT04422431 | Completed | 05/2023 |
EOC, TC, PPC | Phase 1–2 | Trientine 2HC + PLD + carboplatin | NCT03480750 | Completed | 12/2019 |
Advanced cancers | Phase 1 | Trientine 4HC + carboplatin | NCT01178112 | Completed | 08/2014 |
EOC, TC, PPC | Phase 2 | Elesclomol + paclitaxel | NCT00888615 | Completed | 08/2016 |
CC | Phase 2 | 64CuII(atsm) | NCT00794339 | Terminated | 12/2011 |
CIN | Phase 2 | Curcumin | NCT04266275 | Not yet recruiting | 03/2025 |
CC | Phase 1–2 | Curcumin + radiotherapy | NCT05947513 | Not yet recruiting | 11/2024 |
CC | Phase 2 | Curcumin | NCT04294836 | Withdrawn | 12/2023 |
EDT | Phase 2 | Curcumin | NCT04493476 | Unknown Status | 12/2022 |
CC, EC | Phase 2 | Pembrolizumab + radiation + curcumin + immune modulatory cocktail | NCT03192059 | Completed | 06/2021 |
EC | Phase 2 | Curcumin | NCT02017353 | Completed | 10/2016 |
3.2. Copper Ionophores
3.2.1. Disulfiram and Dithiocarbamates
3.2.2. Clioquinol
3.2.3. Elesclomol and Derivatives
3.2.4. Bis(thiosemicarbazones)
3.3. New Therapeutic Strategies
3.3.1. Cu-Based Nanoparticles
3.3.2. Natural Compounds Derived from Plants
Curcumin
Coumarins
4. Concluding Remarks
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
Akt | Protein kinase B |
ALDH | Aldehyde dehydrogenase |
ALXN1840 | Bis-choline tetrathiomolybdate |
ARID1A | AT-rich interactive domain-containing protein 1A |
Arp | Actin-related proteins |
ATOX1 | Antioxidant chaperone 1 |
ATP | Adenosine triphosphate |
ATP7A | Copper-transporting ATPase alpha |
ATP7B | Copper-transporting ATPase beta |
BRAF | Serine/threonine-protein kinase B-raf |
CA-9 | Carbonic anhydrase 9 |
Cas9 | CRISPR-associated protein 9 |
CC | Cervical cancer |
CCDC | Coiled-coil domain containing protein |
CCO | Cytochrome C oxidase |
CCS | Copper chaperone for superoxide dismutase |
CD31 | Cluster of differentiation 31 |
CDDP | Cisplatin |
CIN | Cervical intraepithelial neoplasia |
CMRGs | Copper-metabolism related genes |
COMMD | Copper metabolism MURR1 domain-containing protein |
COX11 | CCO copper chaperone 11 |
COX17 | CCO copper chaperone 17 |
COX19 | CCO assembly factor 19 |
Cp | Ceruloplasmin |
CRISPR | Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats |
CTR1 | Copper transporter 1 |
CTR2 | Copper transporter 2 |
Cu | Copper |
Cu IUDs | Copper intrauterine devices |
CuS NPs | Copper sulfide nanoparticles |
CXCR | C-X-C motif chemokine receptor |
DβH | Dopamine-β-hydroxylase |
DCYTB | Duodenal cytochrome B |
DHA | Docosahexaenoic acid |
DMT1 | Divalent metal transporter 1 |
DSF | Disulfiram |
EC | Endometrial cancer |
ECM | Extracellular matrix |
EDT | Endometriosis |
EGFR | Epidermal growth factor receptor |
EMT | Epithelial-mesenchymal transition |
EOC | Epithelial ovarian cancer |
ERK | Extracellular signal-regulated kinase |
FDX1 | Ferredoxin-1 |
FGF | Fibroblast growth factor |
GSH | Glutathione |
2HC | Dihydrochloride |
4HC | Tetrahydrochloride |
HIF-1α | Hypoxia-inducible factor 1-alpha |
HO-1 | Heme oxygenase 1 |
HOMA-IR | Homeostatic model assessment for insulin resistance |
HPV | Human papillomavirus |
HREs | Hypoxia response elements |
ICAM | Intercellular adhesion molecule |
IKKs | Inhibitory kappa B kinases |
IL | Interleukin |
IMS | Mitochondrial intermembrane space |
IR | Insulin resistance |
JNK | c-Jun N-terminal kinase |
LC3 | Microtubule-associated protein light chain 3 |
LDH | Lactate dehydrogenase |
LOX | Lysyl oxidase |
LOXL | LOX-like proteins |
MAPK | Mitogen-activated protein kinase |
MCP-1 | Monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 |
MEK | Mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase |
MEMO1 | Mediator of cell motility 1 |
MMP | Matrix metalloproteinase |
MT | Metallothionein |
MTF1 | Metal-regulatory transcription factor 1 |
NADPH | Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate |
NF-κB | Nuclear factor kappa B |
NO | Nitric oxide |
NPs | Nanoparticles |
Nrf2 | Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 |
NSAID | Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug |
OC | Ovarian cancer |
p53 | Tumor protein p53 |
PARP | Poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase |
PBT2 | 5,7-dichloro-2-[(dimethylamino)methyl]-8-hydroxyquinoline |
PCOS | Polycystic ovary syndrome |
PDGF | Platelet-derived growth factor |
PI3K | Phosphoinositide 3-kinase |
PLD | Pegylated liposomal doxorubicin |
PPAR | Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor |
PPC | Primary peritoneal cancer |
RAF | Rapidly accelerated fibrosarcoma |
ROS | Reactive oxygen species |
SCO1 | Synthesis of cytochrome C oxidase 1 |
SDF-1 | Stromal cell-derived factor 1 |
SOD | Superoxide dismutase |
STAT | Signal transducer and activator of transcription |
STEAP | Six-transmembrane epithelial antigen of the prostate |
TC | Fallopian tube cancer |
TCA | Tricarboxylic acid |
TGF-β | Transforming growth factor beta |
TGN | Trans-Golgi network |
TM | Ammonium tetrathiomolybdate |
TMD | Transmembrane domain |
TNF | Tumor necrosis factor |
TNFR | TNF receptor |
TRAMP | Transgenic adenocarcinoma of the mouse prostate |
ULK | Unc-51 like autophagy activating kinase |
VCAM | Vascular cell adhesion protein |
VEGF | Vascular endothelial growth factor |
VEGFR | VEGF receptor |
WASH | Wiskott–Aldrich syndrome protein and SCAR homolog |
XIAP | X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis protein |
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Cuproenzyme | Function |
---|---|
LOX | Required for the formation of the extracellular matrix. |
SOD | Catalyzes the conversion of superoxide radicals to molecular oxygen and hydrogen peroxide. |
Cp | Multicopper ferroxidase; principal Cu carrier in serum. |
Hephaestin | Multicopper ferroxidase. It supports the transportation of Fe released from intestinal enterocytes. |
CCO | Electron transfer protein. It catalyzes ATP production. |
Tyrosinase | Catalyzes phenol oxidation; it is required for melanin synthesis, a fundamental pigment for hair, skin, and eyes. |
DβH | Oxidoreductase. It catalyzes the conversion of dopamine to epinephrine. |
MEK | Kinases that belong to the mitogen-activated protein kinase cascade and that mainly promote cell proliferation and survival. |
ULK1/2 | Autophagy-initiating kinases. |
MEMO1 | Regulation of cell motility and ROS production. |
Compound Name | Chemical Formula | Structural Formula 1 |
---|---|---|
D-penicillamine | C5H11NO2S | |
Trientine | C6H18N4 | |
Tetrathiomolybdate | MoS4 |
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Conforti, R.A.; Delsouc, M.B.; Zorychta, E.; Telleria, C.M.; Casais, M. Copper in Gynecological Diseases. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2023, 24, 17578. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms242417578
Conforti RA, Delsouc MB, Zorychta E, Telleria CM, Casais M. Copper in Gynecological Diseases. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2023; 24(24):17578. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms242417578
Chicago/Turabian StyleConforti, Rocío A., María B. Delsouc, Edith Zorychta, Carlos M. Telleria, and Marilina Casais. 2023. "Copper in Gynecological Diseases" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 24, no. 24: 17578. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms242417578