Evaluation of the Astragalus exscapus L. subsp. transsilvanicus Roots’ Chemical Profile, Phenolic Composition and Biological Activities
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results and Discussion
2.1. Proximate Analysis
2.2. Fatty Acid Composition Analysis of the ASTRA Roots by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS)
2.3. Qualitateive and Quantitative Analysys of the Extracts by LC-DAD-ESI-MS
2.4. Bioactive Composition and Antioxidant Activity Analysis
2.5. Antimicrobial Activity Assay
2.6. Cell Proliferation Assay
3. Materials and Methods
3.1. Chemicals and Solvents
3.2. Plant Material and Proximate Analysis
3.3. Identification of the Monosaccharides Found in the ASTRA Roots by HPLC–RID
3.4. Fatty Acid Analysis by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS)
3.5. Ultrasound Assisted Extraction of Isoflavones
3.6. Qualitative and Quantitative Determinations of Isoflavones
3.7. Bioactive Composition and Antioxidant Activity Analysis
3.7.1. Total Phenolic Content
3.7.2. Total Flavonoids Content
3.7.3. Antioxidant Activity by DPPH
3.8. Antimicrobial Capacities
3.9. Cell Culture
3.9.1. Cell Proliferation Assay
3.9.2. Measurement of LDH Release Level
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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% | |
---|---|
Ash (DW) | 0.021 ± 0.01 |
Protein (DW) | 1.042 ± 0.02 |
Lipids (DW) | 8.471 ± 0.01 |
Moisture | 6.598 ± 0.06 |
Carbohydrates (DW) | 82.868 ± 0.04 |
Identified Fatty Acids | % |
---|---|
C 8:0 Caprylic acid | 0.06 |
C 10:0 Capric acid | 0.07 |
C 12:0 Lauric acid | 0.19 |
C 14:0 Myrsitic acid | 0.93 |
C 15:0 Pentadecanoic acid | 0.54 |
C 16:0 Palmitic acid | 17.30 |
C 16:1 (n-9) cis-7-hexadecenoic acid | 0.89 |
C 16:1 (n-7) palmitoleic acid | 0.34 |
C 17:0 Margaric acid | 0.88 |
C 18:0 Stearic acid | 8.76 |
C 18:1 (n-9) Oleic acid | 15.61 |
C 18:1 (n-7) Vaccenic acid | 1.95 |
C 18:2 n-6 linoleic acid | 31.10 |
C 18:3 n-3 α-linolenic acid | 14.21 |
C 20:0 Arachidic acid | 1.10 |
C 20:1 n-9 Eicosenoic acid | 0.50 |
C 21:0 Heneicosylic acid | 0.32 |
C 22:0 Behenic acid | 1.94 |
C 23:0 Tricosylic acid | 1.54 |
C 24:0 Lignoceric acid | 1.77 |
Total | 100.00 |
Ʃ SFAs | 35.41 |
Ʃ MUFAs | 19.28 |
Ʃ PUFAs | 45.30 |
Ʃ n-3 PUFAs | 14.21 |
Ʃ n-6 PUFAs | 31.10 |
n-6/n-3 | 2.19 |
PUFAs/SFAs | 1.28 |
Peak No. | Retention Time Rt (min) | UV λmax (nm) | [M+H]+ (m/z) | Compound | Subclass |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 12.53 | 257, 286 (sh) | 533 | Calycosin-glucoside-malonate | Isoflavone |
2 | 15.64 | 257, 286 (sh) | 447 | Calycosin-glucoside | Isoflavone |
3 | 17.56 | 250, 300 (sh) | 517 | Formononetin-glucoside-malonate | Isoflavone |
4 | 19.11 | 250, 300 (sh) | 431 | Formononetin-glucoside (Ononin) | Isoflavone |
5 | 20.85 | 257, 286 (sh) | 285 | Calycosin | Isoflavone |
6 | 23.61 | 250, 300 (sh) | 269 | Formononetin | Isoflavone |
7 | 25.85 | 245 | 785 | Astragaloside IV | Triterpene |
Peak No. | Compound | Methanol Extract (50%) | Etanol Extract (50%) | Water Extract |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Calycosin-glucoside-malonate | 38.81 ± 0.26 | 20.38 ± 0.06 | 37.07 ± 0.13 |
2 | Calycosin-glucoside | 15.91 ± 0.16 | 27.89 ± 0.13 | 2.51 ± 0.32 |
3 | Formononetin-glucoside-malonate | 91.76± 0.10 | 90.85 ±0.13 | 26.71 ± 0.06 |
4 | Formononetin-glucoside (Ononin) | 1.99 ± 0.03 | 1.20 ±0.03 | 0.69 ±0.13 |
5 | Calycosin | 2.11 ± 0.10 | 16.90 ± 0.19 | 5.47 ± 0.16 |
6 | Formononetin | 2.43 ± 0.39 | 12.67 ± 0.10 | 17.77 ± 0.13 |
7 | Astragaloside IV | 425.32 ± 0.06 | 389.13 ± 0.10 | 391.70 ± 0.39 |
Sum of phenolic compounds | 578.33 ± 0.42 | 559.03 ± 0.25 | 481.92 ± 0.10 |
Biological Activities | |
---|---|
TPC (µg GAE/mL) | 110.79 ± 4.00 |
TFC (µg QE/mL) | 14.81 ± 2.22 |
DPPH (µM Trolox) | 463.51 ± 2.59 |
Gram (+) Bacteria | Gram (−) Bacteria | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Sample | S. aureus | S. epidermis | E. coli | P. aeruginosa | S. enterica |
A1 | 0.703 | 0.703 | n.b. | n.b. | n.b. |
A2 | 0.371 | 0.371 | n.b. | n.b. | n.b. |
A3 | 0.356 | 0.356 | n.b. | n.b. | n.b. |
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Szabo, K.; Ranga, F.; Elemer, S.; Varvara, R.A.; Diaconeasa, Z.; Dulf, F.V.; Vodnar, D.C. Evaluation of the Astragalus exscapus L. subsp. transsilvanicus Roots’ Chemical Profile, Phenolic Composition and Biological Activities. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2022, 23, 15161. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms232315161
Szabo K, Ranga F, Elemer S, Varvara RA, Diaconeasa Z, Dulf FV, Vodnar DC. Evaluation of the Astragalus exscapus L. subsp. transsilvanicus Roots’ Chemical Profile, Phenolic Composition and Biological Activities. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2022; 23(23):15161. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms232315161
Chicago/Turabian StyleSzabo, Katalin, Floricuta Ranga, Simon Elemer, Rodica Anita Varvara, Zorita Diaconeasa, Francisc Vasile Dulf, and Dan Cristian Vodnar. 2022. "Evaluation of the Astragalus exscapus L. subsp. transsilvanicus Roots’ Chemical Profile, Phenolic Composition and Biological Activities" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, no. 23: 15161. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms232315161