Next Article in Journal
Biotechnological Production of Carotenoids Using Low Cost-Substrates Is Influenced by Cultivation Parameters: A Review
Next Article in Special Issue
Genome-Wide Identification of ARF Transcription Factor Gene Family and Their Expression Analysis in Sweet Potato
Previous Article in Journal
Aurora B Tension Sensing Mechanisms in the Kinetochore Ensure Accurate Chromosome Segregation
Previous Article in Special Issue
Anthocyanin Biosynthesis Genes as Model Genes for Genome Editing in Plants
 
 
Search for Articles:
Title / Keyword
Author / Affiliation / Email
Journal
Article Type
 
 
Advanced Search
 
Section
Special Issue
Volume
Issue
Number
Page
 
Journals
IJMS
Volume 22
Issue 16
10.3390/ijms22168793
ijms-logo
Submit to this Journal Review for this Journal Propose a Special Issue
► Article Menu

Article Menu

share Share announcement Help format_quote Cite question_answer Discuss in SciProfiles thumb_up
...
Endorse textsms
...
Comment
first_page
settings
Order Article Reprints
Font Type:
Arial Georgia Verdana
Font Size:
Aa Aa Aa
Line Spacing:
Column Width:
Background:
Article

Genome-Wide Identification and Expression Analysis of BBX Transcription Factors in Iris germanica L.

by
Yinjie Wang
1,2,
Yongxia Zhang
1,2,
Qingquan Liu
1,2,
Ting Zhang
1,2,
Xinran Chong
1,2 and
Haiyan Yuan
1,2,*
1
Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China
2
The Jiangsu Provincial Platform for Conservation and Utilization of Agricultural Germplasm, Nanjing 210014, China
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2021, 22(16), 8793; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22168793
Submission received: 9 July 2021 / Revised: 9 August 2021 / Accepted: 12 August 2021 / Published: 17 August 2021
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Plant Genomics and Genome Editing)
Browse Figures
Review Reports Versions Notes

Abstract

:
The family of B-box (BBX) transcription factors contains one or two B-BOX domains and sometimes also features a highly conserved CCT domain, which plays important roles in plant growth, development and stress response. Nevertheless, no systematic study of the BBX gene family in Iris germanica L. has been undertaken. In this study, a set of six BBX TF family genes from I. germanica was identified based on transcriptomic sequences, and clustered into three clades according to phylogenetic analysis. A transient expression analysis revealed that all six BBX proteins were localized in the nucleus. A yeast one-hybrid assay demonstrated that IgBBX3 has transactivational activity, while IgBBX1, IgBBX2, IgBBX4, and IgBBX5 have no transcriptional activation ability. The transcript abundance of IgBBXs in different tissues was divided into two major groups. The expression of IgBBX1, IgBBX2, IgBBX3 and IgBBX5 was higher in leaves, whereas IgBBX4 and IgBBX6 was higher in roots. The stress response patterns of six IgBBX were detected under phytohormone treatments and abiotic stresses. The results of this study lay the basis for further research on the functions of BBX gene family members in plant hormone and stress responses, which will promote their application in I. germanica breeding.

1. Introduction

Transcription factors (TFs) play primary roles in gene expression regulation. According to their conserved domains, TFs can be divided into different gene families. The B-box (BBX) proteins form a class of zinc finger transcription factors containing one or two B-box domains near their N-terminus, and some members also feature a highly conserved CCT (CONSTANS, CO-like, and TOC1) domain near their C-terminus [1]. In Arabidopsis, the BBX TF family has 32 members and divided into five groups according to the number of B-box domains and the presence of a CCT domain. Groups I (AtBBX1 through AtBBX6) and II (AtBBX7 through AtBBX13) have two B-boxes and a CCT domain, whereas group III (AtBBX14 through AtBBX17) has one B-box and a CCT domain; Group IV (AtBBX18 through AtBBX25) has two B-box domains without the CCT domain and Group V (AtBBX26 through AtBBX32) has only a single B-box domain [2,3]. The BBX TF family has 30 members in the rice (Oryza sativa) genome [4], 25 members in the pear (Pyrus bretschneideri Rehd) genome [5], 28 members in the petunia (Petunia hybrid) genome [3] and 64 members in the apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) genome [6]. However, to date, there have been no studies about the members of BBX family in Iris germanica L.
BBXs are key factors are involved in the regulation of growth and development, including flowering, shade-avoidance response, seedling photomorphogenesis, biotic and abiotic stresses and plant hormonal pathways [1,3,7,8]. BBX TFs are best known for regulating flowering. AtBBX1/CO is a core factor in the flowering pathway under long day conditions [9]. CO regulates the expression of the Flowering Locus T (FT) gene, a prominent floral inducer [10]. The group I and II members COL3 (AtBBX4), COL5 (AtBBX6) and COL9 (AtBBX7) were reported to be involved in flowering regulation [11,12,13]. The group IV members AtBBX19 and AtBBX24 were also reported to regulate flowering [14,15]. Overexpression of the BBX group V gene EIP6 (AtBBX32), has been shown to repress flowering under long day conditions [16].
Several studies have been reported that the BBX family members are also involved in abiotic stress responses and hormonal signaling networks. In Arabidopsis thaliana, AtBBX18 plays a negative role in thermotolerance [17]. Overexpression of BBX24 in Arabidopsis can enhance salinity tolerance [18]. Meanwhile, over-expression of OsBBX25 has been reported to enhance the salt and drought tolerance of A. thaliana [19]. In Chrysanthemum (Chrysanthemum morifolium), CmBBX24 has been shown to improve tolerance to drought and low temperature [20]. In Solanum plants, SsBBX24 gene responded to PEG and salt treatments, but not to water or low temperature deficit [21]. BZS1, a B-box protein, negatively regulates the brassinosteroid and light signaling pathways [22].
Iris germanica L., which is often called Pogon Iris, is one of the most popular ornamental species in the genus Iris [23]. To our knowledge, little information has been reported on the isolation and functional analysis of BBX TFs in I. germanica. Here, we isolated six BBX TFs in I. germanica based on a set of transcriptomic data. Subsequently, the transcription levels of BBX TFs in different tissues, and under various stress and phytohormone treatments, were investigated. The results provide a foundation for further functional characterization of BBX genes in I. germanica.

2. Results

2.1. Identification and Phylogenetic Analysis of IgBBX Genes in I. germanica

The six isolated BBX sequences were designated as IgBBX1 through IgBBX6 (GenBank: MW357644-MW357649). Full-length cDNA varied from 749 to 1478 bp, and their predicted protein products comprised from 197 (IgBBX3) to 475 (IgBBX6) residues. Full details of the IgBBX sequences are given in Table 1. The conserved domains of IgBBX were identified by the SMART and Pfam database (Figure S1a). Among these six IgBBX proteins, IgBBX1, IgBBX2 and IgBBX6 contained two B-BOX domains plus a conserved CCT domain. IgBBX3, IgBBX4, and IgBBX5 consisted of two B-BOX domains without a CCT domain. The protein sequence alignment and motifs logos showed that the B-Box 1 and B-Box 2 domains of the IgBBX had similar conserved amino acid residues, and the CCT domain was also highly conserved in the IgBBX family (Figure S1b).
To evaluate the evolutionary relationship between Arabidopsis and I. germanica BBX proteins, the deduced amino acid sequences of the BBX genes identified were completely aligned. A combined phylogenetic tree was then constructed using the neighbor-joining method and bootstrap analysis (1000 reiterations) (Figure 1). IgBBX1 and 2 belong to BBX subfamily group Ⅰ, while IgBBX3, 4 and 5 all belong to BBX subfamily group Ⅳ, and IgBBX6 belongs to BBX subfamily group Ⅱ.

2.2. Subcellular Localization and Transcription Activation of IgBBX Genes

To obtain evidence that the IgBBXs acted as transcription factors, the subcellular localization of six IgBBXs was investigated by transient expression in tobacco epidermal cells with a transgene comprising IgBBX fused to green fluorescent protein (GFP) driven by the CaMV35S promoter. The experiment showed that the IgBBX-GFP activity was restricted to the nucleus and colocalized with the nuclear marker D53-mCherry, while empty GFP was ubiquitously distributed in both the cytoplasm and the nucleus (Figure 2).
IgBBXs were further fused to the DNA binding domain (BD) to investigate the transcription activation activity in yeast cells. The negative control pGBKT7 or pGBKT7-IgBBX3 construct was unable to grow on either the SD/-His-Ade containing X-α-gal medium or SD/-His-Ade medium, whereas the positive control (pCL1), or pGBKT7-IgBBX1, pGBKT7-IgBBX2, pGBKT7-IgBBX4, pGBKT7-IgBBX5, and pGBKT7-IgBBX6 constructs grew extremely well on both media (Figure 3).

2.3. Expression Profile of IgBBX in Different Plant Tissues

Since no BBX factors have been previously documented in I. germanica, we investigated the expression profiles of these genes. The results showed six IgBBX genes were differentially transcribed throughout the plant (Figure 4). The expression of IgBBX1, IgBBX2, IgBBX3 and IgBBX5 was higher in leaves, whereas IgBBX4 and IgBBX6 was higher in roots. The expression of IgBBX2, IgBBX3 and IgBBX5 was barely expressed in roots.

2.4. Expression Profile of IgBBX Genes after ABA, MeJA and SA Phytohormones Treatment

The transcription levels of IgBBX1 and IgBBX2 were substantially up-regulated after a 3 and 6 h of exposure to ABA; however, IgBBX3, IgBBX4 and IgBBX5 were down-regulated throughout the treatment, and IgBBX6 was only marginally induced at 3 and 6 h (Figure 5a). The BBX family genes exhibited different expression patterns under MeJA treatment. IgBBX1 and IgBBX2 were induced by the treatment, whereas IgBBX3 and IgBBX5 were repressed. The transcripts of IgBBX4 were increased at 3 h, but the transcript abundance then declined, whereas IgBBX6 was only induced at 24 h (Figure 5b). When subjected to SA treatment, IgBBX3 was induced at 3 h but was down-regulated thereafter. IgBBX1 and IgBBX2 were induced within 1 h, whereas the expression of IgBBX4 and IgBBX5 was down-regulated by the entire treatment and the expression of IgBBX6 was increased at the end of the period (Figure 5c).

2.5. Transcription Profiling of IgBBX Genes under Abiotic Stress

Regarding the response to salinity stress, IgBBX1 and IgBBX4 were all up-regulated after a 3 h exposure to NaCl, whereas the expression of IgBBX6 was strongly induced at both the 6 and 12 h time points. The transcript abundance of IgBBX2 was down-regulated throughout the treatment. IgBBX3 was strongly down-regulated after 6 h, while IgBBX5 was repressed at 12 h but increased after 24 h (Figure 6a). When challenged with PEG6000, IgBBX1 was induced at 12 h but repressed after 24 h. The expression of IgBBX2 was significantly decreased at all time points. The expression of IgBBX3, IgBBX4 and IgBBX5 were gradually increased over the course of the first 6 h, after which they fell away somewhat, then gradually increased to a normal level at 24 h. IgBBX6 was rapidly increased after 3 h of treatment and then decreased to the normal level at 24 h (Figure 6b). Under low temperature, IgBBX1, IgBBX3, IgBBX4 and IgBBX5 were all initially induced, but later moderately repressed. IgBBX2 was rapidly down-regulated in contrast to the up-regulation of IgBBX6 (Figure 6c). IgBBX1 and IgBBX4 were strongly up-regulated by wounding at 1 h, but later rapidly repressed at 3 h and then significantly increased after 6 h. IgBBX2 and IgBBX5 were up-regulated at 1 h, but later rapidly repressed after 3 h and, then gradually increased to normal level at 24 h. IgBBX3 was rapidly repressed at 3 h, then gradually increased to normal level at 24 h. IgBBX6 was strongly up-regulated by wounding at 6 h and 12 h, and then significantly decreased after 12 h (Figure 6d).

3. Discussion

BBX protein is one of the important transcription factors that plays an important role in many developmental processes including flowering, seedling photomorphogenesis, shade-avoidance response, responses to biotic and abiotic stresses and plant hormonal pathways [1]. The function and evolution of BBX genes have been identified in Arabidopsis [14], rice (Oryza sativa L. cv. Nipponbare) [24], Chrysanthemum [25], pear (Pyrus pyrifolia) [26], and tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) [27]. However, little is known about the I. germanica BBX family. In this study, six BBX genes were identified in I. germanica based on transcriptome data. The BBX family was divided into five classes according to their conserved domains in Arabidopsis [28]. To clarify the phylogenetic relationships among the IgBBX genes, a combined phylogenetic tree was constructed based on the alignment of Arabidopsis and I. germanica BBX. According to the phylogenetic tree, six IgBBXs were divided into three groups (Figure 2), which were similar to those of Arabidopsis and rice [4,28]. All six of the BBX family proteins were located, as would be expected for TFs, in the nucleus (Figure 2), and consistent with the previous results [26,29,30]. Most BBX proteins have been proven to act as transcriptional activators of downstream genes [2,31], and yeast-based transient transformation assays suggested that IgBBX1, 2, 4, 5 and 6 possessed trans-activational activity (Figure 3). It is therefore probable that in planta these five TFs function as transcriptional activators of various downstream genes.
Gene expression patterns can provide important clues for gene function, and qRT-PCR was used to examine the expression of IgBBX genes in roots, leaves and flowers (Figure 4). The expression profiles revealed that the expression of IgBBX in different tissues showed spatial variations. The expression of IgBBX3 and 5 was widely expressed in leaves and flowers, indicating that they might play roles in regulating leaf and flower development, which is consistent with previously described functional roles of BBX genes during flower development [14]. The expression of IgBBX4 and 6 was highly expressed in the roots, indicating that they possibly regulate the development of roots in I. germanica. However, additional studies are needed to determine the functions of these IgBBX genes.
As BBX family TFs play important roles in plant development and stress responses [3], we investigated the responses of IgBBXs to various plant hormones and abiotic stress treatments. The results showed that IgBBXs were both up-regulated and down-regulated by the treatments (Figure 5 and Figure 6), suggesting that IgBBXs might be involved in responses to various phytohormones that elicit a stress response. Emerging evidence suggests that pathways regulated by the phytohormones ABA, SA and MeJA are involved in a substantial amount of crosstalk between biotic and abiotic stress signaling pathways [32]. In chrysanthemum (Chrysanthemum morifolium), CmBBX24 plays a dual role, modulating both flowering time and abiotic stress tolerance by influencing GA biosynthesis [20]. ABA treatments down-regulated the expression of CmBBX19 in Chrysanthemum morifolium, and CmBBX19 modulated drought tolerance mainly through inducing changes in the expression of ABA-dependent pathway genes, such as CmRAB18 and CmRD29B [25]. qRT-PCR analysis showed that the expression of MdBBX10 was significantly induced by exogenous abscisic acid (ABA) treatment in apple roots and leaves [33]. Here, IgBBX3, IgBBX4 and IgBBX5 were down-regulated by ABA application, whereas IgBBX1, IgBBX2 and IgBBX6 were not (Figure 5A), which was similar to results with apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) [6]. However, little is known about the role of the BBX gene family in SA and MeJA hormonal signaling pathways. Our results may provide the basis for advancing studies on BBX family genes in stress phytohormone signaling.
Accumulating evidence suggests that many BBX proteins are involved in the regulation of plant abiotic stress responses [27]. In this study, it was clear that the various stress treatments affected the transcription level of different combinations of 6 IgBBX genes, suggesting that most of them were involved in the stress response of I. germanica. In pear, 16 out of 37 PbBBXs were regulated by drought treatment, and 13 out of 16 were up-regulated or down-regulated within 12 h of dehydration [34]. CmBBX19, a homolog of AtBBX19 is down-regulated by drought stress [25], similar to its homolog IgBBX3. For PEG stress, the expression of CmBBX22, an ortholog of AtBBX22, gradually increased in abundance over the course of the first 6 h, and then decreased slightly in Chrysanthemum morifolium [35]. Similarly, expression of IgBBX4, its I. germanica homolog, gradually increased over the course of the first 6 h, after which it somewhat decreased, and then gradually increased to the normal level at 24 h by PEG treatment, suggesting a conserved function in drought tolerance of IgBBX4. In Petunia, three PhBBX genes responded to drought stress, eight PhBBX genes responded to salt stress, and 18 PhBBX genes responded to cold stress [3]. In apple, the expression of MdBBX10 was strongly induced by NaCl and polyethylene glycol in roots and leaves [33]. In grapevine, some stress-related cis-acting elements (low-temperature, drought and wound) were found in the promoter regions of the VvBBX genes [36]. Here, the expression of IgBBX3 was up-regulated by salt, drought and wound stresses (Figure 6), suggesting IgBBX3 might play an important role in response to multiple abiotic stress networks. Since very few studies have investigated the role of BBX genes in heat, cold and wound stresses, this work lays the basis for further research on the functions of BBX gene family members in different abiotic stress tolerance.

4. Materials and Methods

4.1. Plant Materials and Stress Treatments

Iris germanica L. cultivar (cv.) ‘2010200’ as the plant material was grown in the Iris Resource Collection Garden of Institute of Botany, Nanjing Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Botanical Garden (118°78′–119°14′E; 31°14′–32°37′N) P. R. China. Test plants were obtained from clonally propagated, 1-year-old plants were grown in a plant incubator (MT8070iE, shoreline Technology, Xubang, Jinan, China) under controlled conditions (22 °C, 40% relative humidity and 160 μmol m−2 s−1 light) and LD conditions (16: 8 h, light: Dark).
A variety of abiotic stresses were imposed, including 200 mM NaCl for salinity treatment and 20% w/v polyethylene glycol (PEG 6000) for drought treatment [37], low temperature (4 °C) and wounding. For NaCl and PEG 6000 assays, young plants were transferred to liquid medium containing the stress agent, and the leaves were sampled at various time points [38]. Cold stress was imposed at 4 °C in a plant incubator (Haier, Qingdao, China). The wounding treatment involved cutting the second fully expanded leaf. The phytohormone treatments involved spraying the leaves with either 50 μM abscisic acid (ABA) [39], 1 mM methyl JA (MeJA) [40] or 200 μM SA [41]. Leaves were separately collected prior to the stress treatment and then after 0, 1, 3, 6, 12, and 24 h of each treatment, and all the material was immediately frozen in liquid nitrogen and stored at −80 °C. Each treatment was replicated three times.

4.2. Isolation and Sequencing of Full-Length IgBBX cDNAs

Total RNA was extracted from leaves using the RNAiso reagent (TaKaRa, Tokyo, Japan) following the manufacturer’s protocol. The first cDNA strand was synthesized from a 1 μg aliquot of total RNA using SuperScript III reverse transcriptase (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA, USA). All of the putative BBX sequences downloaded from TAIR (https://www.arabidopsis.org/ accessed on 15 April 2021) were used to query the Iris lactea var. chinensis transcriptome data [42,43]. Based on the transcriptome database of I. lactea var. chinensis [42,43], primer pairs (Table S1) were designed to amplify a fragment of the IgBBX sequences, and RACE PCR was then used to obtain the full-length cDNA. For the 3′-RACE, the oligo (dT) primer dT-AP was used to synthesize the first-strand cDNA, followed by a nested PCR using the adaptor primer (dT-R) (Table S1). For the 5′-RACE, the AAP and AUAP primers provided with 5′-RACE System kit v2.0 (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA, USA) were used in a nested PCR (Table S1). PCR products were purified using the Biospin Gel Extraction kit (Bio Flux, Hangzhou, China) and cloned into the pMD19-T easy (TaKaRa, Tokyo, Japan) for sequencing. Finally, pairs of gene-specific primers (IgBBXx-ORF-F/R, Table S1) were designed to amplify each open reading frame (ORF) sequence. The conserved motif of IgBBX proteins were analyzed by the Multiple Em for Motif Elicitation website (MEME, https://wwwmeme.sdsc.edu/meme/meme.html accessed on 29 July 2021). Subsequently, the IgBBX proteins were further verified for the presence of the B-BOX domain using SMART (http://smart.embl-heidelberg.de/ accessed on 29 July 2021) and Pfam (http://pfam.sanger.ac.uk/ accessed on 29 July 2021) searches.

4.3. Sequence Alignment and Phylogenetic Tree Construction

A. thaliana BBX sequences were downloaded from the Arabidopsis thaliana transcription factor database [44] and combined with the newly acquired IgBBX sequences to perform a multiple alignment analysis based on ClustalW software [45]. The subsequent phylogenetic tree was derived using MEGA version 7.0 software (https://www.megasoftware.net/home accessed on 8 May 2021) [46], applying the Neighbor-Joining algorithm with 1000 bootstrap replicates. The MEME v4.10.2 program [47] served to identify the motifs present in the six IgBBX proteins using the parameter settings suggested by Huang et al. [19], and retaining only motifs associated with an E value < 1 × 10−5.

4.4. Subcellular Localization of IgBBX Genes

The p35S::GFP-IgBBX constructs were introduced into tobacco epidermal cells via the Agrobacterium-infiltrated tobacco (Nicotiana benthamiana) leaf method [26]. The plasmid of IgBBX for transient transformation was generated using the Invitrogen Gateway system, according to the manufacturer’s instructions. The IgBBX ORFs, lacking the stop codon, were amplified using a Phusion®High-Fidelity PCR kit (New England Biolabs, Ipswich, MA, USA) (primers listed in Table S1), then inserted into the pMD19-T easy vector (TaKaRa, Tokyo, Japan) to allow its sequencing-based validation. Each pENTRTM1A-IgBBX plasmid was previously subjected to the LR Clonase™ II enzyme mix (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA, USA) reaction to obtain GFP-fused constructs using the binary vector pMDC43, resulting in the plasmid p35S::GFP-IgBBX. For transient expression, Agrobacterium tumefaciens strain EHA105 carrying the pMDC43 and pMDC43-IgBBX was grown separately to OD600 = 0.8 and coinfiltrated with the p19 strain into leaves of five-week-old N. benthamiana. The YFP fluorescent signals were monitored 48 to 72 h after infiltration using a confocal laser scanning microscopy (LSM 700, Carl Zeiss).

4.5. Transactivation Activity Assay of IgBBX Genes

The ORF (open reading frame) of each IgBBX was cloned into the pGBKT7 vector (Clontech, Mountain View, CA, USA) at the EcoR I/BamH I or EcoR I/Pst I restriction sites (primer sequences given in Table S1) to generate the pBD-IgBBX construct, which was then transformed into the yeast strain Y2H (Clontech, Mountain View, CA, USA) [48]. Selection for transformants carrying either one of the pBD-IgBBXs, or an empty pGBKT7, was selected by culturing on SD/-Trp medium, while the pCL1 transformants were selected on SD/-Leu medium. All three classes of transformant cells were transferred to an SD/-His-Ade medium supplemented with 20 mg/mL or 0 mg/mL X-α-gal to observe cell growth. Since the expression of His3 is regulated by the GAL4-BD region, a IgBBX TF possessing activation ability should bind to the GAL4-BD upstream promoter sequence of His3, thereby activating its expression and enabling the transformed cells to grow on SD/-His-Ade containing 20 mg/mL X-α-gal [48].

4.6. Transcription Analysis of the IgBBX Genes

Transcription analysis was achieved using qRT-PCR, based on the IgBBX-RT-F/R primers listed in Table S1. Each 20 μL amplification reaction mixture contained 10 μL SYBR® Premix Ex Taq™ II (TaKaRa, Tokyo, Japan), 0.4 μL of each primer (10 μM), 4.2 μL H2O and 5 μL cDNA template. The PCR cycling regime comprised an initial denaturing step of 95 °C for 2 min, followed by 40 cycles of 95 °C for 10 s, 55 °C for 15 s and 72 °C for 20 s, after which a melting curve analysis was conducted following each assay to confirm the specificity of the amplicons. The UBC9 gene (GenBank: MT302552) was employed as a reference sequence [23]. Relative changes in each gene expression level were quantitated based on three biological replicates via the 2−∆∆Ct method [49].

4.7. Data Analysis

The relative transcription levels of each IgBBX were log2 transformed and the profiles were compared using Cluster v3.0 software [50] and visualized using Treeview [51]. The data were analyzed by Student’s t-test using SPSS v17.0 software (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA).

5. Conclusions

Our study provided the first genome-wide analysis of the BBX gene family in I. germanica. The expression of six IgBBX TFs in response to various phytohormones and abiotic stresses treatments was characterized. The results of this study lay the basis for further research on the functions of the BBX gene family members in different abiotic stress tolerances, which will promote their application in I. germanica breeding.

Supplementary Materials

The following are available online at https://www.mdpi.com/article/10.3390/ijms22168793/s1.

Author Contributions

Y.W. and H.Y. conceived and designed the experiments. Y.W., Y.Z. and T.Z. performed the experiments and collected the data. Y.W. and X.C. analyzed the data. Y.W., Q.L. and H.Y. prepared reagents/materials/analysis tools. Y.W. wrote the paper. Y.W. and H.Y. revised the paper. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

Funding

The work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (31801901), the Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu (BK20180314), the Foundation of Key Laboratory of Landscaping (KF201901), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, P.R. China, and the Jiangsu Key Laboratory for the Research and Utilization of Plant Resources (JSPKLB201814).

Institutional Review Board Statement

Not applicable.

Informed Consent Statement

Not applicable.

Data Availability Statement

The data supporting the results of this study can be obtained in the Supplementary Materials of this article and can be obtained from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.

References

  1. Gangappa, S.N.; Botto, J.F. The BBX family of plant transcription factors. Trends Plant Sci. 2014, 19, 460–470. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  2. Ping, Q.; Cheng, P.L.; Huang, F.; Ren, L.P.; Cheng, H.; Guan, Z.Y.; Fang, W.M.; Chen, S.M.; Chen, F.D.; Jiang, J.F. The heterologous expression in Arabidopsis thaliana of a chrysanthemum gene encoding the BBX family transcription factor CmBBX13 delays flowering. Plant Physiol. Bioch. 2019, 144, 480–487. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  3. Wen, S.Y.; Zhang, Y.; Deng, Y.; Chen, G.J.; Yu, Y.X.; Wei, Q. Genomic identifcation and expression analysis of the BBX transcription factor gene family in Petunia hybrida. Mol. Biol. Rep. 2020, 47, 6027–6041. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  4. Huang, J.; Zhao, X.; Weng, X.; Wang, L.; Xie, W. The rice B-Box zinc finger gene family: Genomic identification, characterization, expression profiling and diurnal analysis. PLoS ONE 2012, 7, e48242. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  5. Cao, Y.; Han, Y.; Meng, D.; Li, D.; Jiao, C.; Jin, Q.; Lin, Y.; Cai, Y. B-BOX genes: Genome-wide identification, evolution and their contribution to pollen growth in pear (Pyrus bretschneideri Rehd). BMC Plant Biol. 2017, 17, 156. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
  6. Liu, X.; Li, R.; Dai, Y.Q.; Chen, X.S.; Wang, X.Y. Genome-wide identification and expression analysis of the B-box gene family in the Apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) genome. Mol. Genet. Genom. 2017, 293, 303–315. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  7. Chaurasia, A.K.; Patil, H.B.; Azeez, A.; Subramaniam, V.R.; Krishna, B.; Sane, A.P.; Sane, P.V. Molecular characterization of CONSTANS-Like (COL) genes in banana (Musa acuminata L. AAA Group, cv. Grand Nain). Physiol. Mol. Biol Plant 2016, 22, 1–15. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  8. Min, J.H.; Chung, J.S.; Lee, K.H.; Kim, C.S. The CONSTANS-like 4 transcription factor, AtCOL4, positively regulates abiotic stress tolerance through an abscisic acid-dependent manner in Arabidopsis. J. Integr. Plant Biol. 2015, 57, 313–324. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  9. An, H.; Roussot, C.; Suárez-López, P.; Corbesier, L.; Vincent, C.; Piñeiro, M.; Hepworth, S.; Mouradov, A.; Justin, S.; Turnbull, C.; et al. CONSTANS acts in the phloem to regulate a systemic signal that induces photoperiodic flowering of Arabidopsis. Development 2004, 131, 3615–3626. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  10. Suárez-López, P.; Wheatley, K.; Robson, F.; Onounch, H.; Valverde, F.; Coupland, G. CONSTANS mediates between the circadian clock and the control of flowering in Arabidopsis. Nature 2001, 416, 1116–1120. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  11. Tripathi, P.; Carvallo, M.; Hamilton, E.E.; Preuss, S.; Kay, S.A. Arabidopsis B-BOX32 interacts with CONSTANS-LIKE3 to regulate flowering. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2017, 114, 172–177. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
  12. Hassidim, M.; Harir, Y.; Yakir, E.; Kron, I.; Green, R.M. Over-expression of CONSTANSLIKE 5 can induce flowering in short-day grown Arabidopsis. Planta 2009, 230, 481–491. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  13. Cheng, X.F.; Wang, Z.Y. Overexpression of COL9, a CONSTANSLIKE gene, delays flowering by reducing expression of CO and FT in Arabidopsis thaliana. Plant J. 2005, 43, 758–768. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  14. Wang, C.Q.; Guthrie, C.; Sarmast, M.K.; Dehesh, K. BBX19 interacts with CONSTANS to repress FLOWERING LOCUS T transcription, defining a flowering time checkpoint in Arabidopsis. Plant Cell 2014, 26, 3589–3602. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  15. Li, F.; Sun, J.; Wang, D.; Bai, S.; Clarke, A.K.; Holm, M. The B-box family gene STO (BBX24) in Arabidopsis thaliana regulates flowering time in different pathways. PLoS ONE 2014, 9, e87544. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  16. Park, H.Y.; Lee, S.Y.; Seok, H.Y.; Kim, S.H.; Sung, Z.R.; Moon, Y.H. EMF1 interacts with EIP1, EIP6 or EIP9 involved in the regulation of flowering time in Arabidopsis. Plant Cell Physiol. 2011, 52, 1376–1388. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  17. Wang, Q.; Tu, X.; Zhang, J.; Chen, X.; Rao, L. Heat stress-induced BBX18 negatively regulates the thermotolerance in Arabidopsis. Mol. Biol. Rep. 2013, 40, 2679–2688. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  18. Nagaoka, S.; Takano, T. Salt tolerance-related protein STO binds to a Myb transcription factor homologue and confers salt tolerance in Arabidopsis. J. Exp. Bot. 2003, 54, 2231–2237. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  19. Huang, S.; Gao, Y.; Liu, J.; Peng, X.; Niu, X.; Fei, Z.; Cao, S.; Liu, Y. Genome-wide analysis of WRKY transcription factors in Solanum lycopersicum. Mol. Genet. Genom. 2012, 287, 495–513. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  20. Yang, Y.; Ma, C.; Xu, Y.; Wei, Q.; Imtiaz, M.; Lan, H.; Gao, S.; Cheng, L.; Wang, M.; Fei, Z. A zinc finger protein regulates flowering time and abiotic stress tolerance in chrysanthemum by modulating gibberellin biosynthesis. Plant Cell 2014, 26, 2038. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  21. Kielbowicz-Matuk, A.; Rey, P.; Rorat, T. Interplay between circadian rhythm, time of the day and osmotic stress constraints in the regulation of the expression of a Solanum Double B-box gene. Ann. Bot. 2014, 113, 831–842. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  22. Fan, X.Y.; Sun, Y.; Cao, D.M.; Bai, M.Y.; Luo, X.M.; Yang, H.J.; Wei, C.Q.; Zhu, S.W.; Sun, Y.; Chong, K.; et al. BZS1, a B-box protein, promotes photomorphogenesis downstream of both brassinosteroid and light signaling pathways. Mol. Plant 2012, 5, 591–600. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  23. Wang, Y.J.; Zhang, Y.X.; Liu, Q.Q.; Liu, L.Q.; Huang, S.Z.; Yuan, H.Y. Reference gene selection for qRT-PCR normalization in Iris germanica L. Phyton Int. J. Exp. Bot. 2020, 90, 277–290. [Google Scholar]
  24. Bai, B.; Zhao, J.; Li, Y.P.; Zhang, F.; Zhou, J.J.; Chen, F.; Xie, X.Z. OsBBX14 delays heading date by repressing florigen gene expression under long and short-day conditions in rice. Plant Sci. 2016, 247, 25–34. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  25. Xu, Y.J.; Zhao, X.; Aiwaili, P.; Mu, X.Y.; Zhao, M.; Zhao, J.; Cheng, L.N.; Ma, C.; Gao, J.P.; Hong, B. A zinc finger protein BBX19 interacts with ABF3 to affect drought tolerance negatively in chrysanthemum. Plant J. 2020, 103, 1783–1795. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  26. Bai, S.L.; Tao, R.Y.; Tang, Y.X.; Yin, L.; Ma, Y.J.; Ni, J.B.; Yan, X.H.; Yang, Q.S.; Wu, Z.Y.; Zeng, Y.L.; et al. BBX16, a B-box protein, positively regulates light-induced anthocyanin accumulation by activating MYB10 in red pear. Plant Biotechnol. J. 2019, 17, 1985–1997. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
  27. Chu, Z.N.; Wang, X.; Li, Y.; Yu, H.Y.; Li, J.H.; Lu, Y.G.; Li, H.X.; Ouyang, B. Genomic organization, phylogenetic and expression analysis of the B-BOX gene family in Tomato. Front. Plant Sci. 2016, 7, 1552. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
  28. Khanna, R.; Kronmiller, B.; Maszle, D.R.; Coupland, G.; Holm, M.; Mizuno, T.; Wu, S.H. The Arabidopsis B-box zinc finger family. Plant Cell 2009, 21, 3416–3420. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  29. Lu, J.; Sun, J.J.; Jiang, A.Q.; Bai, M.J.; Fan, C.G.; Liu, J.Y.; Ning, G.G.; Wang, C.Q. Alternate expressions of CONSTANS-LIKE 4 in short days and CONSTANS in long days facilitate day-neutral response in Rosa chinensis. J. Exp. Bot. 2020, 71, 4057–4068. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  30. Chen, H.; Huang, F.; Liu, Y.N.; Cheng, P.L.; Guan, Z.Y.; Fang, W.M.; Chen, S.M.; Chen, F.D.; Jiang, J.F. Constitutive expression of the chrysanthemum CmBBX29 delays flowering time in transgenic Arabidopsis. Can. J. Plant Sci. 2019, 100, 86–94. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  31. Sheng, P.K.; Wu, F.Q.; Tan, J.J.; Zhang, H.; Ma, W.W.; Chen, L.P.; Wang, J.C.; Wang, J.; Zhu, S.S.; Guo, X.P.; et al. A CONSTANS-like transcriptional activator, OsCOL13, functions as a negative regulator of flowering downstream of OsphyB and upstream of Ehd1 in rice. Plant Mol. Biol. 2016, 92, 209–222. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  32. Fujita, M.; Fujita, Y.; Noutoshi, Y.; Takahashi, F.; Narusaka, Y.; Yamaguchi-Shinozaki, K.; Shinozaki, K. Crosstalk between abiotic and biotic stress responses: A current view from the points of convergence in the stress signaling networks. Curr. Opin. Plant Biol. 2006, 9, 436–442. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  33. Liu, X.; Li, R.; Dai, Y.Q.; Yuan, L.; Sun, Q.H.; Zhang, S.Z.; Wang, X.Y. A B-box zinc finger protein, MdBBX10, enhanced salt and drought stresses tolerance in Arabidopsis. Plant Mol. Biol. 2019, 99, 437–447. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  34. Zou, Z.; Wang, R.; Wang, R.; Yang, S.; Yang, Y. Genome-wide identification, phylogenetic analysis, and expression profiling of the BBX family genes in pear. J. Hortic. Sci. Biotechnol. 2018, 93, 37–50. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  35. Liu, Y.N.; Chen, H.; Ping, Q.; Zhang, Z.X.; Guan, Z.Y.; Fang, W.M.; Chen, S.M.; Chen, F.D.; Jiang, J.F.; Zhang, F. The heterologous expression of CmBBX22 delays leaf senescence and improves drought tolerance in Arabidopsis. Plant Cell Rep. 2019, 38, 15–24. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  36. Wei, H.R.; Wang, P.P.; Chen, J.Q.; Li, C.J.; Wang, Y.Z.; Yuan, Y.B.; Fang, J.G.; Leng, X.P. Genome-wide identification and analysis of B-BOX gene family in grapevine reveal its potential functions in berry development. BMC Plant Biol. 2020, 20, 72. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  37. Gao, C.Y.; Li, P.L.; Song, A.P.; Wang, H.B.; Wang, Y.J.; Ren, L.P.; Qi, X.Y.; Chen, F.D.; Jiang, J.F.; Chen, S.M. Isolation and characterization of six AP2/ERF transcription factor genes in Chrysanthemum nankingense. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2015, 16, 2052–2065. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  38. Song, A.P.; Gao, T.W.; Li, P.L.; Chen, S.M.; Guan, Z.Y.; Wu, D.; Xin, J.J.; Fang, Q.Q.; Zhao, K.K.; Chen, F.D. Transcriptome-Wide identification and expression profiling of the DOF transcription factor gene family in Chrysanthemum morifolium. Front. Plant Sci. 2016, 7, 199. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  39. Ricachenevsky, F.K.; Sperotto, R.A.; Menguer, P.K.; Fett, J.P. Identification of Fe-excess-induced genes in rice shoots reveals a WRKY transcription factor responsive to Fe, drought and senescence. Mol. Biol. Rep. 2010, 37, 3735–3745. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  40. Gao, T.W.; Zhang, W.W.; Song, A.P.; An, C.; Xin, J.J.; Jiang, J.F.; Guan, Z.Y.; Chen, F.D.; Chen, S.M. Phylogenetic and transcriptional analysis of chrysanthemum GRAS transcription factors. Biol. Plant. 2018, 62, 711–720. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  41. Alaey, M.; Babalar, M.; Naderi, R.; Kafi, M. Effect of pre- and post-harvest salicylic acid treatment on physio-chemical attributes in relation to vase-life of rose cut flowers. Postharvest Biol. Technol. 2011, 61, 91–94. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  42. Gu, C.S.; Xu, S.; Wang, Z.Q.; Liu, L.Q.; Zhang, Y.X.; Deng, Y.M.; Huang, S.Z. De novo sequencing, assembly, and analysis of Iris lactea var. chinensis roots’ transcriptome in response to salt stress. Plant Physiol. Biochem. 2018, 125, 1–12. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  43. Gu, C.S.; Liu, L.Q.; Deng, Y.M.; Zhang, Y.X.; Wang, Z.Q.; Yuan, H.Y.; Huang, S.Z. De novo characterization of the Iris lactea var. chinensis transcriptome and an analysis of genes under cadmium or lead exposure. Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf. 2017, 144, 507–513. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  44. Guo, A.Y.; He, K.; Liu, D.; Bai, S.N.; Gu, X.C.; Wei, L.P.; Luo, J.C. DATF: A database of Arabidopsis transcription factors. Bioinformatics 2005, 21, 2568–2569. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  45. Larkin, M.A.; Blackshields, G.; Brown, N.P.; Chenna, R.; Mcgettigan, P.A.; Mcwilliam, H.; Valentin, F.; Wallace, I.M.; Wilm, A.; Lopez, R.; et al. Clustal W and Clustal X version 2.0. Bioinformatics 2007, 23, 2947–2948. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  46. Kumar, S.; Stecher, G.; Tamura, K. MEGA7: Molecular evolutionary genetics analysis version 7.0 for bigger datasets. Mol. Biol. Evol. 2016, 33, 1870–1874. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  47. Bailey, T.L.; Johnson, J.; Grant, C.E.; Noble, W.S. The MEME Suite. Nucleic Acids Res. 2015, 43, W39–W49. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
  48. Wang, Y.J.; Sheng, L.P.; Zhang, H.R.; Du, X.P.; An, C.; Xia, X.L.; Chen, F.D.; Jiang, J.F.; Chen, S.M. CmMYB19 over-expression improves aphid tolerance in chrysanthemum by promoting lignin synthesis. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2017, 18, 619. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
  49. Livak, K.J.; Schmittgen, T.D. Analysis of relative gene expression data using real-time quantitative PCR and the 2−ΔΔCt Method. Methods 2001, 25, 402–408. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  50. De Hoon, M.J.; Imoto, S.; Nolan, J.; Miyano, S. Open source clustering software. Bioinformatics 2004, 20, 1453–1454. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  51. Eisen, M.B.; Spellman, P.T.; Brown, P.O.; Botstein, D. Cluster analysis and display of genome-wide expression patterns. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 1998, 95, 14863–14868. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
Ijms 22 08793 g001 550
Figure 1. Phylogenetic analysis of BBX peptide sequences of I. germanica and A. thaliana. Sequences were aligned using ClustalW software and the subsequent phylogenetic tree constructed applying the Neighbor-joining algorithm. The red arcs indicate the various groups defined by the presence of known BBX domains. Dots indicate likely homologs.
Figure 1. Phylogenetic analysis of BBX peptide sequences of I. germanica and A. thaliana. Sequences were aligned using ClustalW software and the subsequent phylogenetic tree constructed applying the Neighbor-joining algorithm. The red arcs indicate the various groups defined by the presence of known BBX domains. Dots indicate likely homologs.
Ijms 22 08793 g001
Ijms 22 08793 g002 550
Figure 2. The subcellular localization of transiently expressed IgBBX TF fusion transgene in tobacco (N. benthamiana). The upper row shows the effect of the control p35S::GFP transgene and the lower rows that of the test transgene p35S::GFP-IgBBX. Bars = 50 μm. mRFP-NLS: a mRFP-labelled nuclear marker.
Figure 2. The subcellular localization of transiently expressed IgBBX TF fusion transgene in tobacco (N. benthamiana). The upper row shows the effect of the control p35S::GFP transgene and the lower rows that of the test transgene p35S::GFP-IgBBX. Bars = 50 μm. mRFP-NLS: a mRFP-labelled nuclear marker.
Ijms 22 08793 g002
Ijms 22 08793 g003 550
Figure 3. Transcriptional activity of the IgBBX TFs in yeast. SD/His-/Ade-: SD medium lacking histidine and adenine (on left side); X-a-gal: SD/His-/Ade- medium containing 20 mg/mL X-α-gal (on right side). pCL1 and an empty pGBKT7 are positive and negative controls, respectively.
Figure 3. Transcriptional activity of the IgBBX TFs in yeast. SD/His-/Ade-: SD medium lacking histidine and adenine (on left side); X-a-gal: SD/His-/Ade- medium containing 20 mg/mL X-α-gal (on right side). pCL1 and an empty pGBKT7 are positive and negative controls, respectively.
Ijms 22 08793 g003
Ijms 22 08793 g004 550
Figure 4. Expression profiles of IgBBX genes in various tissues. Blue and red indicate down-regulated and up-regulated transcript abundance, respectively, compared to the relevant controls (root). Bar on the top right corner represents log 2 transformed values.
Figure 4. Expression profiles of IgBBX genes in various tissues. Blue and red indicate down-regulated and up-regulated transcript abundance, respectively, compared to the relevant controls (root). Bar on the top right corner represents log 2 transformed values.
Ijms 22 08793 g004
Ijms 22 08793 g005 550
Figure 5. Expression profiles of IgBBX genes in leaf tissue following spraying with (a) abscisic acid (ABA), (b) methyl jasmonate (MeJA), and (c) salicylic acid (SA) treatments. Blue and red indicate down-regulated and up-regulated transcript abundance, respectively, compared to the relevant controls (0 h sample is an untreated sample). Bar on the top right corner represents log 2 transformed values.
Figure 5. Expression profiles of IgBBX genes in leaf tissue following spraying with (a) abscisic acid (ABA), (b) methyl jasmonate (MeJA), and (c) salicylic acid (SA) treatments. Blue and red indicate down-regulated and up-regulated transcript abundance, respectively, compared to the relevant controls (0 h sample is an untreated sample). Bar on the top right corner represents log 2 transformed values.
Ijms 22 08793 g005
Ijms 22 08793 g006 550
Figure 6. Expression profiles of IgBBX genes in leaf tissue following exposure to (a) salinity stress, (b) drought stress, (c) high temperature (40 °C), and (d) wound treatments. Blue and red indicate down-regulated and up-regulated transcript abundance, respectively, compared to the relevant controls (0 h sample is an untreated sample). Bar on the top right corner represents log 2 transformed values.
Figure 6. Expression profiles of IgBBX genes in leaf tissue following exposure to (a) salinity stress, (b) drought stress, (c) high temperature (40 °C), and (d) wound treatments. Blue and red indicate down-regulated and up-regulated transcript abundance, respectively, compared to the relevant controls (0 h sample is an untreated sample). Bar on the top right corner represents log 2 transformed values.
Ijms 22 08793 g006
Table
Table 1. IgBBX gene sequences and the identity of likely A. thaliana homologs.
Table 1. IgBBX gene sequences and the identity of likely A. thaliana homologs.
Gene.GenBank
Accession No.		cDNA
Length (bp)		Amino Acids Length (aa)AtBBX
Orthologs		Locus
Name		E-Value
IgBBX1MW3576441176312AtBBX6AT5G576602 × 10−52
IgBBX2MW357645987328AtBBX4AT2G247902 × 10−76
IgBBX3MW357646749197AtBBX19AT4G389601 × 10−74
IgBBX4MW357647919192AtBBX22AT1G786003 × 10−76
IgBBX5MW357648894246AtBBX24AT1G060402 × 10−86
IgBBX6MW3576491478475AtBBX12AT2G335001 × 10−63
Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Share and Cite

MDPI and ACS Style

Wang, Y.; Zhang, Y.; Liu, Q.; Zhang, T.; Chong, X.; Yuan, H. Genome-Wide Identification and Expression Analysis of BBX Transcription Factors in Iris germanica L. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2021, 22, 8793. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22168793

AMA Style

Wang Y, Zhang Y, Liu Q, Zhang T, Chong X, Yuan H. Genome-Wide Identification and Expression Analysis of BBX Transcription Factors in Iris germanica L. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2021; 22(16):8793. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22168793

Chicago/Turabian Style

Wang, Yinjie, Yongxia Zhang, Qingquan Liu, Ting Zhang, Xinran Chong, and Haiyan Yuan. 2021. "Genome-Wide Identification and Expression Analysis of BBX Transcription Factors in Iris germanica L." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 16: 8793. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22168793

Note that from the first issue of 2016, this journal uses article numbers instead of page numbers. See further details here.

Article Metrics

Back to TopTop