Polydeoxyribonucleotide Exerts Protective Effect Against CCl4-Induced Acute Liver Injury Through Inactivation of NF-κB/MAPK Signaling Pathway in Mice
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. Level of AST and ALT, Expression of CYP2E1 and UPC2
2.2. Liver Morphology and Histopathological Score
2.3. Level of Pro-Inflammatory Cytokines
2.4. NF-κB Activation and MAPK Signaling Pathway
2.5. cAMP Concentration, P-CREB vs. CREB Ratio, and P-PKA vs. PKA Ratio
2.6. Cleaved Caspase-3 and Cleaved Caspase-9 Expression, and Bax vs. Bcl-2 Ratio
3. Discussion
4. Methods
4.1. Animals and Classification
4.2. Inducing Acute Liver Injury using CCl4 and Treatment
4.3. Blood Sampling, Liver Index, and Tissue Preparation
4.4. Hematoxylin and Eosin (H&E) Staining and Liver Injury Score Analysis
4.5. Concentration of ALT and AST
4.6. Concentration of Pro-Inflammatory Cytokines and cAMP
4.7. Western Blot Analysis
4.8. Data Analysis
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
ALI | Acute liver injury |
ALT | Alanine aminotransferase |
AST | Aspartate aminotransferase |
Bax | Bcl-2-associated X protein |
Bcl-2 | B-cell lymphoma-2 |
cAMP | cyclic adenosine-3′,5′-monophosphate |
CCl4 | Carbon tetrachloride |
CREB | cAMP response element-binding protein |
CYP2E1 | cytochrome P450 2E1 |
DMPX | 7-dimethyl-1-propargylxanthine |
ELISA | Enzyme-linked immunoassay |
ERK | Extracellular signal-regulated kinase |
H&E | Hematoxylin and eosin |
IL-1β | Interleukin-1β |
IL-6 | Interleukin-6 |
IκB-α | Nuclear factor-κB inhibitor-α |
JNK | c-Jun N-terminal kinase |
MAPK | Mitogen-activated protein kinases |
NF-κB | Nuclear factor-κB |
PDRN | Polydeoxyribonucleotide |
PKA | Protein kinases A |
TNF-α | Tumor necrosis factor-α |
UCP2 | uncoupling protein2 |
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Grade | Periportal Bridging Necrosis | Centrilobular Degeneration and Necrosis | Portal Inflammation |
---|---|---|---|
0 | None | None | None portal inflammation |
1 | Mild piecemeal necrosis | Mild (ballooning degeneration and/or scattered foci of hepatocellular necrosis in <20% of lobules or nodules) | Mild (sprinkling of inflammatory cells in <20% portal tracts) |
2 | Moderate piece necrosis (involves less than 50% of the circumference of most portal tracts) | Moderate (involvement of 20~40% of lobules or nodules) | Moderate (increased inflammatory cells in 20~40% of portal tracts) |
3 | Marked piecemeal necrosis (involves more than 50% of the circumference of most portal tracts) | Marked (involvement of 50% of lobules or nodules) | Marked (increased inflammatory cells in 50% of portal tracts) |
4 | Marked piecemeal necrosis plus bridging necrosis | Very marked (involvement of >60% of lobules or nodules) | Very marked (dense packing of inflammatory cells in >60% of portal tracts |
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Ko, I.-G.; Jin, J.-J.; Hwang, L.; Kim, S.-H.; Kim, C.-J.; Han, J.H.; Lee, S.; Kim, H.I.; Shin, H.P.; Jeon, J.W. Polydeoxyribonucleotide Exerts Protective Effect Against CCl4-Induced Acute Liver Injury Through Inactivation of NF-κB/MAPK Signaling Pathway in Mice. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2020, 21, 7894. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21217894
Ko I-G, Jin J-J, Hwang L, Kim S-H, Kim C-J, Han JH, Lee S, Kim HI, Shin HP, Jeon JW. Polydeoxyribonucleotide Exerts Protective Effect Against CCl4-Induced Acute Liver Injury Through Inactivation of NF-κB/MAPK Signaling Pathway in Mice. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2020; 21(21):7894. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21217894
Chicago/Turabian StyleKo, Il-Gyu, Jun-Jang Jin, Lakkyong Hwang, Sang-Hoon Kim, Chang-Ju Kim, Jin Hee Han, Seunghwan Lee, Ha Il Kim, Hyun Phil Shin, and Jung Won Jeon. 2020. "Polydeoxyribonucleotide Exerts Protective Effect Against CCl4-Induced Acute Liver Injury Through Inactivation of NF-κB/MAPK Signaling Pathway in Mice" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 21, no. 21: 7894. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21217894