Laser Light Treatment Improves the Mineral Composition, Essential Oil Production and Antimicrobial Activity of Mycorrhizal Treated Pelargoniumgraveolens
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. Laser Improved Mycorrhizal Colonization in P. graveolens Plants
2.2. Improved Colonization in Plant-Initiated from Laser Light Treated Seeds Increased Biomass Accumulation and Biological Value of P. graveolens
2.3. Mycorrhiza Induced Mineral Uptake by P. graveolens Is Improved by Laser Light Treatment
2.4. Co-Application of Mycorrhiza and Laser Light Treatment Induced the Production of Essential Oils and Their Precursors
2.5. Laser Light Boosted the Antibacterial Properties of Mycorrhiza Inoculated P. graveolens Plant
3. Discussion
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. AMF Symbiont
4.2. Experimental Setup
4.3. AMF Growth Analysis
4.4. Elemental Analysis
4.5. Determination of the Nutritional Value
Proximate Composition Analysis
4.6. Determination of Essential Oils
4.7. Antibacterial Activity
4.8. Statistical Analysis
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Sample Availability
References
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Growth Parameters | No Irradiation | Laser Irradiation | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Control | Mycorrhizal | Control | Mycorrhizal | |
Colonization (% root) | 0 ± 0 a | 38.7 ± 3.1 b | 0 ± 0 a | 49.3 ± 3.7 c |
Hyphal length (cm/g soil) | 0 ± 0 a | 13.1 ± 1.4 b | 0 ± 0 a | 19.4 ± 0.7 c |
Number of arbuscules/cm root | 0 ± 0 a | 5.2 ± 0.2 b | 0 ± 0 a | 6.8 ± 0.3 c |
Metabolites (mg/g DW) | No Irradiation | Laser Irradiation | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Control | Mycorrhizal | Control | Mycorrhizal | |
Total protein | 148.68 ± 8 a | 158.3 ± 9 b | 163.5 ± 11.8 b | 186.5 ± 6.5 c |
Total sugar | 59.68 ± 2.6 a | 61.7 ± 3.6 a | 64.1 ± 3.9 a | 76.4 ± 3.1 b |
Total phenols | 11.07 ± 1.2 a | 14.5 ± 1 b | 17.5 ± 1 a | 21.5 ± 1 c |
Total flavonoids | 0.53 ± 0.1 a | 0.8 ± 0.1 b | 0.8 ± 0.1 b | 1.2 ± 0.1 c |
Total alkaloid | 18.5 ± 1.6 a | 26.3 ± 2 b | 19.4 ± 2.4 a | 24.1 ± 2.9 b |
Minerals (mg/g DW) | No Irradiation | Laser Irradiation | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Control | Mycorrhizal | Control | Mycorrhizal | |
K | 12.2 ± 0.7 a | 17.7 ± 0.5 b | 16.4 ± 0.8 b | 26.9 ± 0.7 c |
P | 4.57 ± 0.4 a | 6.67 ± 0.3 b | 5.89 ± 0.6 a | 8.16 ± 0.3 c |
Ca | 2.32 ± 0.3 a | 3.4 ± 0.2 ab | 2.95 ± 0.2 a | 4.3 ± 0.3 b |
Mg | 1.81 ± 0.3 a | 2.7 ± 0.2 ab | 2 ± 0.3 a | 3.47 ± 0.3 b |
Na | 0.39 ± 0.1 a | 0.61 ± 0.1 b | 0.53 ± 0.1 ab | 0.65 ± 0.1 b |
Fe | 0.15 ± 0 a | 0.23 ± 0 ab | 0.21 ± 0 a | 0.27 ± 0 bc |
Zn | 0.04 ± 0 a | 0.06 ± 0 a | 0.06 ± 0 a | 0.05 ± 0 a |
Parameters | No Irradiation | Laser Irradiation | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Control | Mycorrhizal | Control | Mycorrhizal | |
Oil yield (%) | 12.8 ± 0.3 a | 12.7 ± 0.5 a | 13.4 ± 0.5 a | 16.8 ± 0.4 b |
Essential oil (% dry weight) | 3.1 ± 0.1 a | 3.48 ± 0.2 a | 3.8 ± 0.2 a | 4.6 ± 0.1 a |
Total essential oil (%) | ||||
Beta-Citronellol | 16.4 ± 0.1 a | 17.1 ± 0.1 a | 18.3 ± 0.1 b | 20.4 ± 0.1 b |
Citronellyl formate | 7.3 ± 0.6 a | 7.8 ± 0.8 a | 8.9 ± 0.9 a | 9.3 ± 0.7 b |
Citronellyl propionate | 0.09 ± 0 a | 0.08 ± 0 a | 0.09 ± 0 a | 0.14 ± 0 b |
Geraniol | 20.1 ± 0.8 a | 27.7 ± 1 b | 22.6 ± 1.1 b | 34.8 ± 0.9 c |
Geraniol formate | 7.05 ± 0.7 a | 8.73 ± 1 a | 7.76 ± 1 a | 9.8 ± 0.8 b |
α-pinene | 1.04 ± 0.1 a | 1.68 ± 0.1 a | 1.68 ± 0.1 a | 1.7 ± 0.1 a |
Limonene | 0.17 ± 0 a | 0.16 ± 0 a | 0.15 ± 0 a | 0.26 ± 0 b |
Myrcene | 0.33 ± 0 a | 0.19 ± 0 a | 0.19 ± 0 a | 0.18 ± 0 a |
Linalool | 4.04 ± 0.1 a | 4.99 ± 0.2 b | 4.17 ± 0.2 a | 5.33 ± 0.1 b |
Cis-β-ocimene | 0.24 ± 0.1 a | 0.27 ± 0.1 a | 0.25 ± 0.1 a | 0.31 ± 0.1 a |
Sabinene | 0.3 ± 0 a | 0.5 ± 0 b | 0.27 ± 0 a | 0.48 ± 0 b |
p-cymene | 0.57 ± 0 a | 0.52 ± 0 a | 0.54 ± 0 a | 0.8 ± 0 b |
Beta-phellandrene | 0.7 ± 0.1 a | 0.75 ± 0.1 a | 0.95 ± 0.1 b | 0.91 ± 0.1 b |
I-Menthol | 0.04 ± 0.1 a | 0.13 ± 0.2 b | 0.04 ± 0.2 a | 0.08 ± 0.1 b |
I-Menthone | 4.55 ± 0.2 a | 5.12 ± 0.2 a | 5.36 ± 0.2 a | 5.9 ± 0.2 a |
Nerol | 3.66 ± 0.2 a | 4.18 ± 0.3 a | 4.31 ± 0.3 a | 5.91 ± 0.3 b |
Beta-bourbonene | 0.75 ± 0.4 a | 1.02 ± 0.5 a | 0.82 ± 0.5 a | 0.93 ± 0.4 a |
Beta-cubebene | 0.94 ± 0.2 a | 1.11 ± 0.3 a | 1.55 ± 0.3 ab | 2.6 ± 0.2 b |
z-citral | 0.04 ± 0 a | 0.05 ± 0 a | 0.05 ± 0 a | 0.06 ± 0 a |
α-Terpinene | 0.04 ± 0 a | 0.07 ± 0 b | 0.04 ± 0 a | 0.085 ± 0 b |
Trans-caryophyllene | 1.67 ± 0 a | 1.84 ± 0 a | 1.97 ± 0 a | 1.97 ± 0 a |
Isoledene | 1.4 ± 0 a | 2.55 ± 0 b | 1.65 ± 0 b | 2.95 ± 0 b |
Germacrene-D | 3.83 ± 0 a | 3.48 ± 0 a | 3.71 ± 0 a | 5.3 ± 0 b |
Ledene | 3.19 ± 0 a | 3.31 ± 0 a | 3.53 ± 0 a | 3.97 ± 0 a |
δ-cadinene | 1.83 ± 0 a | 1.52 ± 0 a | 1.61 ± 0 a | 2.7 ± 0 b |
Neryl acetate | 1.58 ± 0 a | 2.75 ± 0.1 b | 1.64 ± 0.1 a | 2.97 ± 0 b |
Geranyl tiglate | 1.77 ± 0.1 a | 1.98 ± 0.1 a | 3.15 ± 0.1 b | 3.37 ± 0.1 b |
Mintsulfide | 2.5 ± 0.7 a | 4.62 ± 0.9 b | 4.46 ± 1 b | 6.12 ± 0.8 c |
Essential oil precursors | ||||
Phenylalanine | 3.37 ± 0.2 a | 3.43 ± 0.3 a | 3.53 ± 0.3 a | 5.41 ± 0.2 b |
Cinnamic acid | 4.55 ± 0.4 a | 7.36 ± 0.5 b | 3.32 ± 0.6 a | 7.4 ± 0.5 b |
Shikimic acid | 72.9 ± 2.5 a | 87.6 ± 3.4 b | 81.21 ± 3.6 a | 90.4 ± 1.4 b |
Bacterial Specie | No Irradiation | Laser Irradiation | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Control | Mycorrhizal | Control | Mycorrhizal | |
Zones of Inhibition (mm) | ||||
Bacillus subtilis | 13.2 ± 0.6 a | 21 ± 1.3 b | 18.1 ± 0.8 b | 25.1 ± 1 c |
Streptococcussalivarius | 21.8 ± 0.4 a | 30 ± 1.4 b | 23.54 ± 1 a | 32.1 ± 0.9 b |
Escherichia coli | 18.6 ± 0.6 a | 25 ± 1.8 b | 16.05 ± 0.8 a | 35.31 ± 1.2 c |
Pseudomonas aeruginosa | 19.3 ± 1 a | 29 ± 1.1 b | 17.98 ± 0.9 a | 23.54 ± 1 a |
Sarcina lutea | 14.7 ± 0.5 a | 23 ± 1.2 b | 22.47 ± 1.2 b | 31.03 ± 0.9 c |
Staphylococcus aureus | 15.8 ± 1.2 a | 22 ± 1 b | 14.98 ± 1.8 a | 23.54 ± 1.1 b |
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Okla, M.K.; Rubnawaz, S.; Dawoud, T.M.; Al-Amri, S.; El-Tayeb, M.A.; Abdel-Maksoud, M.A.; Akhtar, N.; Zrig, A.; AbdElgayed, G.; AbdElgawad, H. Laser Light Treatment Improves the Mineral Composition, Essential Oil Production and Antimicrobial Activity of Mycorrhizal Treated Pelargoniumgraveolens. Molecules 2022, 27, 1752. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27061752
Okla MK, Rubnawaz S, Dawoud TM, Al-Amri S, El-Tayeb MA, Abdel-Maksoud MA, Akhtar N, Zrig A, AbdElgayed G, AbdElgawad H. Laser Light Treatment Improves the Mineral Composition, Essential Oil Production and Antimicrobial Activity of Mycorrhizal Treated Pelargoniumgraveolens. Molecules. 2022; 27(6):1752. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27061752
Chicago/Turabian StyleOkla, Mohammad K., Samina Rubnawaz, Turki M. Dawoud, Saud Al-Amri, Mohamed A. El-Tayeb, Mostafa A. Abdel-Maksoud, Nosheen Akhtar, Ahlem Zrig, Gehad AbdElgayed, and Hamada AbdElgawad. 2022. "Laser Light Treatment Improves the Mineral Composition, Essential Oil Production and Antimicrobial Activity of Mycorrhizal Treated Pelargoniumgraveolens" Molecules 27, no. 6: 1752. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27061752