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Article

Antiproliferative Evaluation of Novel 4-Imidazolidinone Derivatives as Anticancer Agent Which Triggers ROS-Dependent Apoptosis in Colorectal Cancer Cell

by
Jiuhong Huang
1,2,3,†,
Juanli Wang
1,†,
Guiting Song
1,
Chunsheng Hu
1,
Zhigang Xu
1,
Zhongzhu Chen
1,
Chuan Xu
1,4,* and
Donglin Yang
1,2,*
1
College of Pharmacy, National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Targeted and Innovative Therapeutics, IATTI, Chongqing University of Arts and Sciences, Chongqing 402160, China
2
College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China
3
Chongqing Academy of Chinese Materia Medica, Chongqing 400065, China
4
Department of Oncology, Sichuan Cancer Hospital and Institute, Sichuan Cancer Center, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610041, China
*
Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
†
These authors contributed equally to this work.
Molecules 2022, 27(24), 8844; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27248844
Submission received: 9 November 2022 / Revised: 9 December 2022 / Accepted: 10 December 2022 / Published: 13 December 2022
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Novel Antitumor Drug: Discovery and Synthesis)
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Abstract

:
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most common causes of cancer-related death worldwide, and more therapies are needed to treat CRC. To discover novel CRC chemotherapeutic molecules, we used a series of previously synthesized novel imidazolidin-4-one derivatives to study their anticancer role in several cancer cell lines. Among these compounds, compound 9r exhibited the best anticancer activity in CRC cell lines HCT116 and SW620. We further investigated the anticancer molecular mechanism of compound 9r. We found that compound 9r induced mitochondrial pathway apoptosis in HCT116 and SW620 cells by inducing reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. Moreover, the elevated ROS generation activated the c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) pathway, which further accelerated apoptosis. N-acetylcysteine (NAC), an antioxidant reagent, suppressed compound 9r-induced ROS production, JNK pathway activation, and apoptosis. Collectively, this research synthesized a series of imidazolidin-4-one derivatives, evaluated their anticancer activity, and explored the molecular mechanism of compound 9r-induced apoptosis in CRC cells. The present results suggest that compound 9r has a potential therapeutic role in CRC. Hence, it deserves further exploration as a lead compound for CRC treatment.

1. Introduction

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is still one of the most common causes of cancer-related death in China and worldwide [1,2]. Fluorouracil (5-FU) has been pivotal in CRC chemotherapy [3,4]. Recently, biologic agents were introduced for the management of CRC with the aim of signaling cascades involved in tumor growth, metastatic spread, and apoptosis [5]. However, novel chemotherapeutic compounds with biological activity are still needed for CRC treatment.
Apoptosis is programmed cell death in multicellular organisms, which is involved in many cellular mechanisms, such as homeostasis and the elimination of harmful cells. Aberrant apoptosis is fundamental for carcinogenesis, tumor progression, and the development of anticancer drug resistance. It is considered to be a primary target for drug discovery and development, especially for cancer therapies. In the intrinsic apoptotic pathway, proapoptotic protein Bcl-2-associated X (Bax) accumulates at the mitochondrial outer membrane, which causes translocation to the mitochondrial membrane, resulting in mitochondrial outer membrane permeabilization (MOMP) [6]. MOMP leads to the release of cytochrome c, and then triggers the caspase cascade, which results in apoptosis. Anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-2/Bcl-xL mediates the translocation of Bax to cytosol. Consequently, the ratio of endogenous Bcl-2 to Bax determines whether apoptosis occurs or not [7].
The research spectrum of our lab includes synthesizing various of compounds and evaluating their anticancer activity. Through this approach, we have identified some compounds that exhibit prominent anticancer activity [8,9]. Imidazolidin-4-one compounds exist in many natural products, pharmaceuticals, and privileged scaffolds with remarkable anticancer biological activities [10,11,12,13]. We want to synthesis more imidazolidin-4-one compounds with the aim of finding novel compounds with good anticancer activities [14].
The aim of the present study was to evaluate the anticancer activity of our synthesized imidazolidin-4-one compounds and find the most active compound. We found that compound 9r exhibited prominent anticancer activity in human colorectal cancer cells. We also explored the underlying mechanism of the anticancer role of compound 9r. The results suggest that compound 9r is a promising anticancer agent in colorectal cancer, and it is worth further exploring as a lead compound to treat colorectal cancer.

2. Results

2.1. Anticancer Activity Evaluation of Compounds 9

In our previous study, we synthesized a small library of 4-imidazolidinones (Scheme 1) [14]. To evaluate the anticancer activity of compounds 9, we first examined the tumor cell growth inhibition activity in human cancer cell lines. Results from 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay showed that compounds 9 inhibited tumor cell growth in cervical adenocarcinoma cells (HeLa), colorectal carcinoma cells (HCT116) and glioblastoma cells (U87). Only a few compounds exhibited anticancer activity in hepatoma cells (Hep3B) (Figure 1A). Some structure–activity relationship (SAR) aspects were investigated in terms of their anticancer activity based on the nature of N-substitution on the 1-imidazolyl ring and the nature of substitution (aliphatic/aromatic) on the 2,5-imidazolyl ring (Scheme 1 and Table S1). The halogenated aromatic substitution on the 1-imidazolyl ring slightly increases anticancer activity ((9a, 9c, 9d) > 9e), while the methoxy-conjugated benzene substitution reduced the anticancer activity (9b < 9e). Among the aliphatic substitution on the 2-imidazolyl ring, the influence of substituent on anticancer activity was observed as acyclic propyl > cyclobutyl (9l > 9k). With aromatic substitution on the 5-imidazolyl ring, furyl-substitution significantly enhanced the anticancer activity (9r > 9l).
Among all the compounds, compound 9r showed the most promising anticancer activity. Therefore, it was selected for further biological studies. Since all compounds 9 had better anticancer activity in HCT116 cells than in other cancer cells (Figure 1A), we selected two colorectal cancer cell lines, HCT116 and SW620, for the following study. The structure of compound 9r is shown in Figure 1B.
We tested the anticancer activity of compound 9r in two colorectal cancer cell lines, HCT116 and SW620. The results revealed that the cell growth inhibition rate was elevated as the concentration of compound 9r increased, and the inhibition rate increased with a fixed concentration of compound 9r as time passed (Figure 1C). To confirm that compound 9r was not degraded by esterases, amidases, or other enzymes in the cell culture medium [15], we checked the presence of compound 9r in cell culture medium with high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The results showed that compound 9r was stable in cell culture medium after 48-hour incubation (Figure S1). Additionally, compound 9r had low cytotoxicity in normal human colon cells (FHC) (Figure S2). These results indicate that compound 9r suppresses CRC cell growth in a time- and dosage-dependent manner. The half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) of compound 9r equals 9.44 μM and 10.95 μM in HCT116 and SW620, respectively. The results of the colony formation assay show that compound 9r suppresses tumor formation in HCT116 and SW620 (Figure 1D). All these results indicate that compound 9r has good anticancer activity in CRC cells.

2.2. Compound 9r Induces Apoptosis

Previous results show that compound 9r kills all cells at high concentration (Figure 1D). Therefore, we want to know whether compound 9r induces cell death in colorectal cancer cells. The propidium iodide (PI) staining assay indicated that as the concentration of compound 9r increased, the cell number decreased and PI positive cells increased (Figure 2A). The results indicate that compound 9r induces cell death in the cultured colorectal cancer cells of HCT116 and SW620.
Programed cell death, called apoptosis, is the main reason for chemical reagent-induced cell death in cancer cells. We want to explore whether compound 9r triggered apoptosis in colorectal cancer cells. Fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) was applied to the colorectal cancer cells of HCT116 and SW620 after compound 9r treatment. The results revealed that apoptotic cells increased as the concentration of compound 9r increased in HCT116 and SW620 cells (Figure 2B). These results show that compound 9r induces apoptosis in colorectal cancer cells.

2.3. Compound 9r Triggers Mitochondrial Apoptosis

To explore which pathway was activated to trigger apoptosis by compound 9r, we examined the mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm) of compound 9r-treated HCT116 and SW620 cells. Compound 9r induced the loss of mitochondrial membrane potential (Figure 2C). In accordance with the FACS results, the compound 9r treatment also increased the cleavage of caspase-8, caspase-3 and poly ADP-ribose polymerase (PARP) (Figure 3A). Compound 9r also upregulated the expression of proapoptotic protein Bax and down regulated the expression of antiapoptotic proteins Bcl-xL and Bcl-2 (Figure 3A). The ratio of Bax to Bcl-2 was upregulated by the 9r treatment, which resulted in apoptosis. These results suggest that compound 9r can trigger mitochondrial apoptosis in colorectal cancer cells.

2.4. Compound 9r Induces Caspase-Dependent Apoptosis

Compound 9r induces the loss of mitochondrial membrane potential, which implies that compound 9r induces intrinsic apoptosis. To validate whether compound 9r-triggered apoptosis is caspase-pathway-dependent, we treated HCT116 and SW620 cells with general caspase inhibitor z-VAD-fmk before compound 9r treatment. The FACS results show that compound 9r-induced apoptosis is dramatically suppressed by the pretreatment of z-VAD-fmk (Figure 3B). The compound 9r-induced decrease in cell viability was also suppressed by pretreatment with z-VAD-fmk (Figure 3C). These results demonstrate that compound 9r induces caspase-dependent apoptosis.

2.5. Compound 9r Induces ROS Production

Many chemical reagents trigger apoptosis by inducing reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. We want to know whether compound 9r promoted ROS generation. A DCFH-DA (2′-7′dichlorofluorescin diacetate) probe was used to detect ROS in compound 9r-treated cells. The results show that the amount of ROS increases as the concentration of compound 9r is elevated in HCT116 and SW620 cells (Figure 4A).

2.6. Compound 9r Induces Apoptosis through ROS Generation Which Activates JNK Pathway

The accumulation of ROS in cells leads to oxidative stress, which activates the c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) pathway. We want to know whether compound 9r activated the JNK pathway in colorectal cancer cells. Human colorectal cancer HCT116 and SW620 cells were treated with different concentration of compound 9r for 24 h and subjected to Western blot assay. The results show that, as the concentration of compound 9r increased, the phosphorylation of JNK and its substrate c-Jun was elevated (Figure 4B), which means that JNK pathway was activated. These results indicate that compound 9r induces ROS production, which activates JNK pathway.
To find out whether compound 9r-triggered apoptosis was ROS dependent, we used antioxidant agent N-acetylcysteine (NAC) to block ROS generation. The fluorescent images show that compound 9r-induced ROS production was completely blocked by NAC (Figure 5A). Accordingly, compound 9r-triggered apoptosis in HCT116 and SW620 cells was suppressed by NAC (Figure 5B). The compound 9r-activated JNK pathway and caspase pathway were also inhibited by NAC (Figure 5C). Finally, the decrease in compound 9r-induced cell viability was reversed by NAC in HCT116 and SW620 cells (Figure 5D). All these data imply that compound 9r induces ROS generation, which activates the JNK pathway and caspase pathway, and finally, the activation of the JNK pathway and caspase pathway results in apoptosis.
In summary, we synthesized a series of 4-imidazolidinones and evaluated their anticancer activity in various cancer cell lines. From the in-cell anticancer activity screen, we found compound 9r exhibited the best activity among these compounds. We further investigated the anticancer activity of compound 9r in colorectal cancer cells. The underlying anticancer mechanism of compound 9r is that this compound induces ROS accumulation, which activates the JNK pathway and then the caspase pathway, finally resulting in apoptosis (Figure 6). Compound 9r-triggered ROS generation and caspase-dependent apoptosis were suppressed by NAC.

3. Discussion

The compounds with imidazolidinone scaffold have many biological activity [16,17]. A series of imidazolidinone derivatives were reported to be potent phosphodiesterase 4 inhibitors [18]. There has been much research focused on 2-imidazolidinones [19,20,21], but few 4-imidazolidinones have been studied. A previous study reported that 4-imidazolidinone compounds selectively inhibited human neutrophil elastase [22]. A series of 4-imidazolidinone derivatives exhibited modest anticancer cytotoxicity against a variety of cancer cell lines [23]. With the aim of searching for more 4-imidazolidinone compounds with anticancer activity, we synthesized a batch of compounds with a 4-imidazolidinone motif consistent with the previous description [14] and evaluated their anticancer effect in cultured human cancer cells. We also explored the molecular mechanism of anticancer activity of compound 9r, which harbored the best anticancer effect among these compounds in colorectal cancer cells.
Apoptosis is an important anticancer mechanism induced by many chemotherapies [24]. The intrinsic apoptosis pathway involves Bcl-2 family proteins, including the proapoptotic proteins Bax and Bid, as well as antiapoptotic proteins Bcl-2 and Bcl-xL [25]. Apoptosis is suppressed in CRC as the expression of antiapoptotic Bcl-2 proteins is up regulated [26]. Many small molecules that target Bcl-2 have been identified and used for cancer treatment [27,28,29]. Our study found that compound 9r increased the expression of Bax, which induced MOMP and then triggered the apoptosis pathway. The expression level of Bcl-2 and Bcl-xL decreased after compound 9r treatment, which suppressed the antiapoptosis effect of Bcl-2. However, more studies should be carried out to confirm whether compound 9r targets Bcl-2 to induce apoptosis.
In general, the ROS level is higher in most of cancer cells compared to their normal counterpart cells [30]. Excess ROS generation leads to a loss of mitochondrial membrane potential, resulting in mitochondrial pathway-dependent apoptosis [31]. Many drugs or agents used for the treatment of CRC exert their anticancer effect through ROS-dependent cell death [32]. Our study shows that compound 9r promotes ROS generation in colorectal cancer cells, which then triggers mitochondrial pathway dependent apoptosis. Furthermore, elevated ROS generation induces oxidative stress that activates the JNK pathway, which is well-known as a stress-activated protein kinase which leads to apoptosis. Taken together, compound 9r induces ROS accumulation in cells, which leads to MOMP and JNK pathway activation, and finally results in apoptosis. Similar to previously reported agents used to treat CRC, compound 9r exerts an anticancer role by promoting ROS generation.
In summary, we used a batch of previously synthesized imidazolidin-4-one compounds to explore their anticancer activity. The in vitro experiments show that compound 9r plays a prominent role in inducing cell death in colorectal cancer HCT116 cells and SW620 cells. The compound 9r treatment increases ROS generation, which subsequently leads to the upregulation of Bax/Bcl-2 and the activation of the mitochondrial-dependent apoptotic pathway. Moreover, compound 9r also activates JNK pathway, which induces apoptosis.

4. Materials and Methods

4.1. Chemical Synthesis of Compounds 9

Previously, we reported a post-Ugi/decarboxylative C(sp3)-N bond formation cascade reaction that proceeds under microwave irradiation to construct 4-imidazolidinones and drug-like spiroimidazolones [14]. Compounds 9 were synthesized as previously reported (Scheme 1) [14].
As part of our continued efforts to develop multicomponent reaction for therapeutic development [33], we reported a novel post-Ugi 4-component (U-4CR) cascade reaction for the synthesis of 4-imidazolones as previously reported [14]. We initially investigated the scope of the reaction to prepare a small library of 4-imidazolidinones. In all cases, initial Ugi products were obtained in good yields following the removal of the reaction solvent without further purification. A variety of different starting materials were successfully employed for the construction of structurally diverse 4-imidazolidinones with good yields, indicating a good functional group tolerance (Scheme 1).

4.2. Cell Culture

The human cervical adenocarcinoma cells of Hela, colorectal carcinoma cells of HCT116 and SW620, hepatoma cells of Hep3B, glioblastoma cells of U87, and fetal colon cells of FHC were obtained from Cobier Biotechnology (Cobier, Nanjing, China). U87 cells, SW620 cells, and Hep3B cells were cultured in high-glucose Dulbecco’s modified eagle medium (DMEM, Hyclone, Logan, UT, USA) supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS, Gibco, Australia origin). Hela cells were cultured in Roswell Park Memorial Institute (RPMI) 1640 medium (Hyclone, Logan, UT, USA) with 10% FBS. HCT116 cells were cultured in McCoy’s 5A medium (Hyclone, Logan, UT, USA) supplemented with 10% FBS. FHC cells were cultured in DMEM:F12 medium supplemented with 10% FBS, 0.005 mg/mL insulin and 20 ng/mL human recombinant EGF. Cells were maintained at 37 °C under a humidified atmosphere and 5% CO2.

4.3. Reagents and Antibodies

The chemical reagents used in this study, 3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5-diphenyl-tetrazolium bromide (MTT), NAC, DAPI, PI, and DMSO, were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich. The inhibitor z-VAD-fmk was purchased from Beyotime Biotechnology. The primary antibodies, Bax, Bcl-2, Bcl-xL, cleaved caspase-8, caspase-3, cleaved caspase-3, PARP, cleaved PARP, P-JNK, JNK, P-c-Jun, c-Jun, and α-Tubulin were purchased from Cell Signaling Technology.

4.4. MTT Assay

Cells were seeded into wells of a 96-well plate at 4 × 103 cells per well in 100 µL of the corresponding medium. After incubation for 24 h, cells were treated with compound 9r at various concentrations, followed by continuous incubation for 24, 48, or 72 h. A 20 μL MTT solution was directly added to each well, and the incubation was continued for an additional 4 h. Finally, the purple formazan crystals were dissolved in DMSO. The absorbance was measured with a microplate reader (Bio-Tek, Winooski, VT, USA) at a wavelength of 570 nm.

4.5. Colony Formation Assay

Cells at a density of 600 cells per well were seeded into a 6-well plate. After an incubation of 24 h, cells were treated with compound 9r at concentration of 0, 10, 20 and 30 µM for 48 h. Cells were cultured with fresh medium for an additional 14 days. Then, the media was removed, and cells were washed with PBS thrice and fixed with 4% paraformaldehyde for 20 min at room temperature. Cells were washed with PBS thrice and stained with 1% crystal violet for 30 min. After the crystal violet was removed, the plate was rinsed with PBS and allowed to air dry. Cells were imaged with a scanner (Epson Perfection V800 Photo).

4.6. DAPI/PI Staining Assay

Cells were evenly dispersed on 12-well plates at a density of 2 × 104 cells per well. After being incubated overnight, the cells were treated with compound 9r at different concentrations for 24 h. Then, the cells were washed thrice with PBS and fixed with 4% Paraformaldehyde for 20 min at room temperature, followed by staining with DAPI (10 μg/mL) and PI (5 μg/mL) for 30 min. The images of the stained cells were taken using an inverted fluorescence microscope (IX73 Olympus).

4.7. Apoptosis Analysis

Cells were seeded into 6-well plates at 2 × 105 cells per well, incubated overnight, and treated with compound 9r at various concentrations for 48 h. Cells were harvested with 0.1% trypsin and washed with cold PBS twice, which was followed by resuspension in binding buffer. Afterwards, 5 μL of Annexin V fluorescein isothiocyanate (Annexin V-FITC) and 10 μL of propidium iodide (PI) were added, the mixture was kept in the dark for 15 min at room temperature, and finally, 200 μL of binding buffer was added. The cells were analyzed immediately by using flow cytometry (BD Accuri C6).

4.8. Mitochondrial Membrane Potential Assay

Cells were seeded into 6-well plates at a density of 2 × 105 cells per well and incubated overnight. After treatment with different concentrations of compound 9r for 24 h, the cells were harvested with 0.1% trypsin and washed twice with cold PBS. Cells were then suspended in 1 × JC-1 staining buffer (Beyotime Biotechnology, Shanghai, China) and incubated at 37 °C for 30 min in the dark. The relative fluorescence intensity of each sample was analyzed using flow cytometry with the setting of FL1A at 530 nm and FL2H 585 nm.

4.9. Measurement of Intracellular ROS

The level of intracellular ROS was estimated quantitatively using a peroxide-sensitive fluorescent probe, DCFH-DA (2′,7-dichlorofluorescein diacetate), which is oxidized in the presence of peroxides to the highly fluorescent DCF (2′,7-dichlorofluorescein). Cells were seeded into a 12-well plate at a density of 2 × 104 cells per well. After being incubated overnight, cells were treated with compound 9r at different concentrations for 24 h in the absence or presence of 5 mM of NAC for 2 h at 37 °C. The cells were then treated with 10 μM DCFH-DA for 30 min at 37 °C. The images of the stained cells were immediately taken with an inverted fluorescence microscope.

4.10. Western Blotting

Cells were harvested after compound 9r treatment, and then lysed in a RIPA buffer containing protease and phosphatase inhibitors. Lysates were quantified using the BCA assay kit (Beyotime Biotechnology). A total of 50 µg proteins was separated by SDS-PAGE and transferred onto polyvinyldene difluoride (PVDF, Millipore Corporation, Burlington, MA, USA) membranes afterward. Membranes were blocked with 1 × QuickBlock™ Blocking Buffer (Beyotime Biotechnology) for 1 h, which was followed by incubation with specific primary antibodies at 4 °C overnight and fluorescence-conjugated secondary antibody at room temperature for 1 h. Immunoreactive proteins were visualized using the Odyssey Fluorescence Scanner.

5. Conclusions

The present study shows that compound 9r induces apoptosis in the colorectal carcinoma cells HCT116 and SW620. The underlying mechanism of compound 9r was found to induce ROS generation, which triggers apoptosis and the activation of the JNK pathway. These results provide a novel insight, revealing that imidazolidin-4-one compounds exert an anticancer effect by inducing ROS-mediated apoptosis. The compound 9r is worthy of further exploration as a lead compound to treat colorectal cancer.

Supplementary Materials

The following supporting information can be downloaded at: https://www.mdpi.com/article/10.3390/molecules27248844/s1, Figure S1: HPLC chromatograms of standards of compound 9r. Figure S2: FHC cell viability after compound 9r treated for 72 h; Table S1: The inhibition rate of compounds 9 in tumor cells.

Author Contributions

Conceptualization, J.H. and Z.X.; methodology, J.W.; validation, J.W. and G.S.; formal analysis, J.H. and C.H.; investigation, J.W.; writing—original draft preparation, J.H. and J.W.; writing—review and editing, J.H. and C.X.; supervision, Z.C. and C.X.; project administration, Z.X. and D.Y.; funding acquisition, J.H. and D.Y. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

Funding

This research was funded by Natural Science Foundation of Chongqing, grant number cstc2020jcyj-msxmX0595; Science and Technology Research Program of Chongqing Municipal Education Commission, grant number KJQN201901331, KJZD-K202001302, and KJQN202201330; Scientific Research Foundation of the Chongqing University of Arts and Sciences, grant number P2021YX05.

Institutional Review Board Statement

Not applicable.

Informed Consent Statement

Not applicable.

Data Availability Statement

Not applicable.

Acknowledgments

We would like to thank the laboratory members from IATTI for valuable advice and helpful discussions.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Sample Availability

Samples of the compounds 9 are available from the authors.

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Molecules 27 08844 sch001 550
Scheme 1. Protocol for the synthesis of compounds 9.
Scheme 1. Protocol for the synthesis of compounds 9.
Molecules 27 08844 sch001
Molecules 27 08844 g001 550
Figure 1. Compounds 9 inhibit tumor cell proliferation and viability. (A). Compounds 9 inhibits cancer cell proliferation. Hela, HCT116, Hep3B, and U87 cells were treated with compounds 9 at the concentration of 10 μM for 48 h, cell growth inhibition rate compared with DMSO treatment was measured with MTT assay. Data are represented as mean ± SD (n = 5), the figure only shows the inhibition rate between 0 and 100. (B). The chemical structure of compound 9r. (C). HCT116 and SW620 cell were treated with indicated concentrations of compound 9r for 6, 12, 24 and 48 h; cell growth inhibition rate was measured with MTT assay. Data are demonstrated as the mean ± SD (n = 3). (D). Colony formation assay was performed to assess cell growth ability in vitro after treatment with the indicated concentrations of compound 9r.
Figure 1. Compounds 9 inhibit tumor cell proliferation and viability. (A). Compounds 9 inhibits cancer cell proliferation. Hela, HCT116, Hep3B, and U87 cells were treated with compounds 9 at the concentration of 10 μM for 48 h, cell growth inhibition rate compared with DMSO treatment was measured with MTT assay. Data are represented as mean ± SD (n = 5), the figure only shows the inhibition rate between 0 and 100. (B). The chemical structure of compound 9r. (C). HCT116 and SW620 cell were treated with indicated concentrations of compound 9r for 6, 12, 24 and 48 h; cell growth inhibition rate was measured with MTT assay. Data are demonstrated as the mean ± SD (n = 3). (D). Colony formation assay was performed to assess cell growth ability in vitro after treatment with the indicated concentrations of compound 9r.
Molecules 27 08844 g001
Molecules 27 08844 g002 550
Figure 2. Compound 9r induces apoptosis in colorectal cancer cells. (A). Cell death induced by compound 9r was observed with a fluorescence microscope after DAPI and PI staining. HCT116 and SW620 cells were treated with indicated concentrations of compound 9r for 24 h. Cells exhibiting red fluorescence indicated apoptosis or necrosis, the cell nucleus was stained with DAPI. Scale bar represents 100 μm. (B). Apoptosis was measured and analyzed via flow cytometry using Annexin V-FITC/PI staining. Cells were treated with the indicated concentration of compound 9r for 48 h. Bar figure represents the apoptotic rate. Data are represented as mean ± SD (n = 3). (C). The mitochondrial membrane potential was measured by flow cytometry using JC-1 staining. Cells were treated with the indicated concentrations of compound 9r for 24 h. Results indicating the intensity of green fluorescence are shown as fold changes from control from three independent experiments. Data are represented as mean ± SD (n = 3). DAPI: 4′, 6-diamidino-2-phenylindole.
Figure 2. Compound 9r induces apoptosis in colorectal cancer cells. (A). Cell death induced by compound 9r was observed with a fluorescence microscope after DAPI and PI staining. HCT116 and SW620 cells were treated with indicated concentrations of compound 9r for 24 h. Cells exhibiting red fluorescence indicated apoptosis or necrosis, the cell nucleus was stained with DAPI. Scale bar represents 100 μm. (B). Apoptosis was measured and analyzed via flow cytometry using Annexin V-FITC/PI staining. Cells were treated with the indicated concentration of compound 9r for 48 h. Bar figure represents the apoptotic rate. Data are represented as mean ± SD (n = 3). (C). The mitochondrial membrane potential was measured by flow cytometry using JC-1 staining. Cells were treated with the indicated concentrations of compound 9r for 24 h. Results indicating the intensity of green fluorescence are shown as fold changes from control from three independent experiments. Data are represented as mean ± SD (n = 3). DAPI: 4′, 6-diamidino-2-phenylindole.
Molecules 27 08844 g002
Molecules 27 08844 g003 550
Figure 3. Compound 9r induces apoptosis through caspase-dependent pathways. (A). The expression of apoptotic proteins (Bax, Bcl-xL, Bcl-2, cleaved caspase-8, cleaved caspase-3, PARP and cleaved PARP) was measured using Western blotting, α-Tubulin was used as loading control. Cells were treated with the indicated concentrations of compound 9r for 48 h. (B). Apoptosis was measured by flow cytometry using Annexin V-FITC/PI staining. General caspases inhibitor z-VAD-fmk pretreatment reserved compound 9r-induced apoptosis in HCT116 and SW620 cells. Cells were pretreated with 50 μM z-VAD-fmk for 2 h before being exposed to 30 μM compound 9r for 48 h. Bar figure represents the apoptotic rate of indicated compound treatment. Data are represented as mean ± SD (n = 3). Significance was tested by Student’s t-test (** p < 0.01). (C). Cell viability of compound 9r-treated HCT116 and SW620 cells. Cells were preincubated with 50 μM z-VAD-fmk for 2 h before treatment with 30 μM compound 9r for 24 h, and the cell viability was measured by MTT assay. Data are demonstrated as the mean ± SD (n = 3). Significance was tested by Student’s t-test (** p < 0.01).
Figure 3. Compound 9r induces apoptosis through caspase-dependent pathways. (A). The expression of apoptotic proteins (Bax, Bcl-xL, Bcl-2, cleaved caspase-8, cleaved caspase-3, PARP and cleaved PARP) was measured using Western blotting, α-Tubulin was used as loading control. Cells were treated with the indicated concentrations of compound 9r for 48 h. (B). Apoptosis was measured by flow cytometry using Annexin V-FITC/PI staining. General caspases inhibitor z-VAD-fmk pretreatment reserved compound 9r-induced apoptosis in HCT116 and SW620 cells. Cells were pretreated with 50 μM z-VAD-fmk for 2 h before being exposed to 30 μM compound 9r for 48 h. Bar figure represents the apoptotic rate of indicated compound treatment. Data are represented as mean ± SD (n = 3). Significance was tested by Student’s t-test (** p < 0.01). (C). Cell viability of compound 9r-treated HCT116 and SW620 cells. Cells were preincubated with 50 μM z-VAD-fmk for 2 h before treatment with 30 μM compound 9r for 24 h, and the cell viability was measured by MTT assay. Data are demonstrated as the mean ± SD (n = 3). Significance was tested by Student’s t-test (** p < 0.01).
Molecules 27 08844 g003
Molecules 27 08844 g004 550
Figure 4. Compound 9r induces ROS production and activates JNK pathway. (A). Fluorescence images of cells stained with DCFH-DA probe. Cells were treated with the indicated concentrations of compound 9r for 24 h. Scale bar represents 100 μm. (B). Expressions of JNK, Phospho-JNK (P-JNK), c-Jun and Phospho-c-Jun (P-c-Jun) were determined by Western blotting after treatment with the indicated concentrations of compound 9r for 48 h, α-Tubulin was used as a loading control.
Figure 4. Compound 9r induces ROS production and activates JNK pathway. (A). Fluorescence images of cells stained with DCFH-DA probe. Cells were treated with the indicated concentrations of compound 9r for 24 h. Scale bar represents 100 μm. (B). Expressions of JNK, Phospho-JNK (P-JNK), c-Jun and Phospho-c-Jun (P-c-Jun) were determined by Western blotting after treatment with the indicated concentrations of compound 9r for 48 h, α-Tubulin was used as a loading control.
Molecules 27 08844 g004
Molecules 27 08844 g005 550
Figure 5. Compound 9r induces JNK pathway activation and apoptosis through ROS generation. (A). Fluorescence images of cells stained with DCFH-DA probe and DAPI. Cells were pretreated with or without 5 mM of NAC for 2 h followed by 30 μM of compound 9r treatment for additional 24 h. Scale bar represents 100 μm. (B). Cell apoptosis was measured by flow cytometry using Annexin V-FITC/PI staining. Cells were pretreated with or without 5 mM of NAC for 2 h, followed by 30 μM of compound 9r exposure for 24 h. Data represent the apoptosis rate of HCT116 and SW620 cells treated with indicated compound. Bar figures depict the apoptotic rate of indicated compound treatment. Data are represented as mean ± SD (n = 3). Significance was tested by using Student’s t-test (** p < 0.01). (C). Expression of JNK, P-JNK, c-Jun, P-c-Jun, cleaved caspase-3, PARP and cleaved PARP proteins was quantified by Western blotting; α-Tubulin was used as a loading control. HCT116 and SW620 cells were treated with 30 μM of compound 9r for 24 h with or without 5 mM of NAC pre-treatment. (D). Cell viability was measured with MTT assay. Cells were preincubated with 5 mM NAC for 2 h before treatment with 30 μM compound 9r for 24 h, Data are demonstrated as the mean ± SD (n = 3). Significance was tested by using Student’s t-test (** p < 0.01).
Figure 5. Compound 9r induces JNK pathway activation and apoptosis through ROS generation. (A). Fluorescence images of cells stained with DCFH-DA probe and DAPI. Cells were pretreated with or without 5 mM of NAC for 2 h followed by 30 μM of compound 9r treatment for additional 24 h. Scale bar represents 100 μm. (B). Cell apoptosis was measured by flow cytometry using Annexin V-FITC/PI staining. Cells were pretreated with or without 5 mM of NAC for 2 h, followed by 30 μM of compound 9r exposure for 24 h. Data represent the apoptosis rate of HCT116 and SW620 cells treated with indicated compound. Bar figures depict the apoptotic rate of indicated compound treatment. Data are represented as mean ± SD (n = 3). Significance was tested by using Student’s t-test (** p < 0.01). (C). Expression of JNK, P-JNK, c-Jun, P-c-Jun, cleaved caspase-3, PARP and cleaved PARP proteins was quantified by Western blotting; α-Tubulin was used as a loading control. HCT116 and SW620 cells were treated with 30 μM of compound 9r for 24 h with or without 5 mM of NAC pre-treatment. (D). Cell viability was measured with MTT assay. Cells were preincubated with 5 mM NAC for 2 h before treatment with 30 μM compound 9r for 24 h, Data are demonstrated as the mean ± SD (n = 3). Significance was tested by using Student’s t-test (** p < 0.01).
Molecules 27 08844 g005
Molecules 27 08844 g006 550
Figure 6. Scheme of this research. Compound 9r activates JNK pathway by inducing ROS generation. The activated JNK pathway induces the loss of mitochondrial membrane potential, which triggers caspase cascade-mediated apoptosis.
Figure 6. Scheme of this research. Compound 9r activates JNK pathway by inducing ROS generation. The activated JNK pathway induces the loss of mitochondrial membrane potential, which triggers caspase cascade-mediated apoptosis.
Molecules 27 08844 g006
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Huang, J.; Wang, J.; Song, G.; Hu, C.; Xu, Z.; Chen, Z.; Xu, C.; Yang, D. Antiproliferative Evaluation of Novel 4-Imidazolidinone Derivatives as Anticancer Agent Which Triggers ROS-Dependent Apoptosis in Colorectal Cancer Cell. Molecules 2022, 27, 8844. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27248844

AMA Style

Huang J, Wang J, Song G, Hu C, Xu Z, Chen Z, Xu C, Yang D. Antiproliferative Evaluation of Novel 4-Imidazolidinone Derivatives as Anticancer Agent Which Triggers ROS-Dependent Apoptosis in Colorectal Cancer Cell. Molecules. 2022; 27(24):8844. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27248844

Chicago/Turabian Style

Huang, Jiuhong, Juanli Wang, Guiting Song, Chunsheng Hu, Zhigang Xu, Zhongzhu Chen, Chuan Xu, and Donglin Yang. 2022. "Antiproliferative Evaluation of Novel 4-Imidazolidinone Derivatives as Anticancer Agent Which Triggers ROS-Dependent Apoptosis in Colorectal Cancer Cell" Molecules 27, no. 24: 8844. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27248844

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