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Article

Synthesis and Antileukemia Activity Evaluation of Benzophenanthridine Alkaloid Derivatives

by
Yaling Tang
1,
Xinglian Xu
2,3,
Jiang Li
2,3,
Lulu Deng
2,3,* and
Shuzhen Mu
2,3,*
1
College of Pharmacy, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
2
State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550014, China
3
The Key Laboratory of Chemistry for Natural Products of Guizhou Province, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guiyang 550014, China
*
Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Molecules 2022, 27(12), 3934; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27123934
Submission received: 20 April 2022 / Revised: 12 June 2022 / Accepted: 13 June 2022 / Published: 19 June 2022
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Abstract

:
Thirty-three benzophenanthridine alkaloid derivatives (1a–1u and 2a–2l) were synthesized, and their cytotoxic activities against two leukemia cell lines (Jurkat Clone E6-1 and THP-1) were evaluated in vitro using a Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8) assay. Nine of these derivatives (1i–l, 2a, and 2i–l) with IC50 values in the range of 0.18–7.94 μM showed significant inhibitory effects on the proliferation of both cancer cell lines. Analysis of the primary structure–activity relationships revealed that different substituent groups at the C-6 position might have an effect on the antileukemia activity of the corresponding compounds. In addition, the groups at the C-7 and C-8 positions could influence the antileukemia activity. Among these compounds, 2j showed the strongest in vitro antiproliferative activity against Jurkat Clone E6-1 and THP-1 cells with good IC50 values (0.52 ± 0.03 μM and 0.48 ± 0.03 μM, respectively), slightly induced apoptosis, and arrested the cell-cycle, all of which suggests that compound 2j may represent a potentially useful start point to undergo further optimization toward a lead compound.

Graphical Abstract

1. Introduction

Leukemia is a broad term for a group of blood cell cancers that begin in stem cells found in the bone marrow. Leukemia occurs most often in adults older than 55, but it is also the most common cancer in children younger than 15; in particular, the incidence rates of leukemia are the highest in early childhood and later adulthood [1,2]. Patients with leukemia usually have serious complications, such as autoimmune cytopenia [3], bleeding [4], electrolyte imbalance, and hyperuricemia [5]; therefore, leukemia seriously threatens human health and quality of life.
Currently, chemotherapy and hematopoietic stem-cell bone marrow transplantation are still the main treatments for leukemia. However, bone marrow transplantation involves a complicated process that requires antigen compatibility between the donor and recipient. Although these methods can lead to remission in most patients, the recurrence rate is very high, and the long-term survival rate is low. Notably, high-dose combination chemotherapy can cause patients to develop drug resistance and serious side-effects, such as bone marrow suppression, gastrointestinal reactions, and cardiotoxicity [6,7,8,9].
Among the many available drugs to treat leukemia, imatinib and all-trans-retinoic acid (ATRA) plus arsenic trioxide (ATO) are widely used worldwide. Although there has been great success with reducing the symptoms of patients with leukemia after treatment with these drugs, the side-effects and early mortality they can cause remain significant, which are major barriers to treating leukemia patients [10,11]. In recent years, a number of new treatments for leukemia emerged. For example, CEP-701, which is an FLT3 inhibitor, was assessed in leukemia, with the hope that it represents the development of an important new molecularly targeted therapy for this disease [12,13]. Therefore, whether to improve the treatment and long-term survival rates of patients with leukemia, or to find new treatments for leukemia, it is extremely important to research and develop effective new drugs.
Natural products, as an important source of drugs and drug lead compounds, have the advantages of unique mechanisms, remarkable results, low toxicity, and few side-effects. Many well-known natural products with various applications, such as artemisinin, paclitaxel, and vinblastine, come from a wide variety of Chinese herbal medicines found abundantly in China. Therefore, drug candidates for treating leukemia could be obtained through the structural optimization of natural lead compounds. Z. nitidum is an important Chinese herbal medicine that possesses various antitumor active ingredients. Benzophenanthridine alkaloids are some of the most important active ingredients abundantly found in this plant. At present, this type of alkaloid has been found to have a variety of biological activities with antibacterial [14,15,16], analgesic, anti-inflammatory [17], antiviral [18], anti-phytopathogenic [19] and antitumor [20,21,22,23,24,25] effects. However, there are few reports on the antileukemia activity of benzophenanthridine alkaloids.
Our previous studies indicated that certain benzophenanthridine alkaloids showed strong inhibitory effects on leukemia cell lines [26,27]. To continue our research, two active benzophenanthridine alkaloids, chelerythrine (1) and sanguinarine (2) (Figure 1), which were found in high abundance, were selected as the starting compounds for structural modification to obtain antileukemia drug candidates with better activity. Therefore, thirty-three benzophenanthridine alkaloid derivatives (1a–1u and 2a–2l) were synthesized, and their antileukemia activities against two leukemia cell lines (Jurkat Clone E6-1 and THP-1) were evaluated in vitro (According to the preliminary screening results in Table S2 in the Supplementary Materials, we selected these two leukemia cells for activity test). Among them, nine derivatives (1i–l, 2a and 2i–l) showed significant inhibitory effects on the proliferation of Jurkat Clone E6-1 and THP-1 cells. In particular, compound 2j displayed the strongest inhibition against Jurkat Clone E6-1 and THP-1 cells, with IC50 values of 0.52 ± 0.03 μM and 0.48 ± 0.03 μM, respectively. Furthermore, the influence of compound 2j on the cell-cycle and apoptosis in both leukemia cell lines was tested.
Herein, we report the synthesis and antileukemia activity evaluation of a series of novel benzophenanthridine alkaloid derivatives of chelerythrine (1) and sanguinarine (2) (1a–1u and 2a–2l). Their cytotoxic activities and initial structure–activity relationships (SARs) are also reported.

2. Results and Discussion

2.1. Design and Synthesis of the Benzophenanthridine Alkaloid Derivatives

In our previous studies, bocconoline (Figure 1), a benzophenanthridine alkaloid isolated from Z. nitidum, showed good antiproliferative effects on leukemia cells and low toxicity [27]. It differs structurally from other benzophenanthridine alkaloids due to the hydroxymethyl group at the C-6 position. Therefore, it was speculated that this substitution might play a crucial role in reducing the toxicity of this compound. In addition, through literature investigation, we found that the introduction of appropriate groups (malonic esters, dialkyl phosphites, nitro alkanes, or indoles) at the C-6 position could enhance its activities [21]. Hence, in order to discover more benzophenanthridine alkaloid derivatives with good antileukemia activity and low toxicity, two natural benzophenanthridine alkaloids with good antileukemia activity, chelerythrine (1) and sanguinarine (2), were chosen as starting points, and a series of their derivatives, 1a–1u and 2a–2l, were synthesized by changing the substituent at the C-6 position (The 1H- and 13C-NMR, HR-ESI-MS and HPLC spectra of all compounds S5–S103, S106–S138 are shown in the Supplementary Materials). The synthetic routes for the target compounds are shown in Figure 2. Briefly, structural modification of chelerythrine (1) and sanguinarine (2) mainly involved changing the substituent at the C-6 position by nucleophilic addition, including the introduction of cyano [28], indole, malonic ester [21], ester [29], allyl [30], and acetonyl units. To obtain compounds 1b and 2b, reduction of the C=N double bond at the C-6 position was achieved by treatment with NaBH4 [14]. The ethyl acetate units in compounds 1e and 2e were converted to hydroxyethyls in compounds 1f and 2f with LiAlH4 [31]. Additionally, compounds 1n–q were synthesized via the Claisen–Schmidt reaction [32].

2.2. In Vitro Antileukemia Activity and SAR Analysis

2.2.1. Inhibitory Effects on Leukemia Cell Proliferation

The cytotoxic activities of the 33 synthesized derivatives tested at 20 μM were evaluated in two leukemia cell lines (Jurkat Clone E6-1 and THP-1) using a Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8) assay with doxorubicin hydrochloride (DOX) as a positive control. The results of the preliminary bioassay are listed in Table 1.
As shown in Table 1, the in vitro activity data revealed that nine derivatives (1i–l, 2a, and 2i–l) showed significant inhibitory effects on these leukemia cell lines with IC50 values ranging from 0.5 to 8.0 μM and from 0.1 to 6.0 μM, respectively. Notably, compounds 2a and 2j exhibited excellent activities in both cell lines with good IC50 values of 0.53 ± 0.05 μM and 0.52 ± 0.03 μM for Jurkat Clone E6-1 and 0.18 ± 0.03 μM and 0.48 ± 0.03 μM for THP-1, respectively. From the results of the activity data, it could be seen that compound 2a showed good activity, but 2a could not show a good dose dependence in the further study of the cell cycle and apoptosis. However, compound 2j showed a better dose dependence than 2a. Therefore, compound 2j might be a potential antileukemia compound and was chosen for further evaluation.
Molecules 27 03934 i100
Table
Table 1. IC50 values of 33 derivatives against leukemia cell lines in vitro ( x ¯ ± SD, n = 3).
Table 1. IC50 values of 33 derivatives against leukemia cell lines in vitro ( x ¯ ± SD, n = 3).
CompoundRIC50 (μM)
Jurkat Clone E6-1THP-1
1a Molecules 27 03934 i001>20>20
1b Molecules 27 03934 i002>20>20
1c Molecules 27 03934 i003>20>20
1d Molecules 27 03934 i004>20>20
1e Molecules 27 03934 i005>20>20
1f Molecules 27 03934 i006>20>20
1g Molecules 27 03934 i007>20>20
1h Molecules 27 03934 i008>20>20
1i Molecules 27 03934 i0097.94 ± 0.105.78 ± 0.23
1j Molecules 27 03934 i0102.61 ± 0.191.87 ± 0.02
1k Molecules 27 03934 i0112.48 ± 0.134.45 ± 0.34
1l Molecules 27 03934 i0125.64 ± 0.205.88 ± 0.07
1m Molecules 27 03934 i013>20>20
1n Molecules 27 03934 i014>20>20
1o Molecules 27 03934 i015>20>20
1p Molecules 27 03934 i016>20>20
1q Molecules 27 03934 i017>20>20
1r Molecules 27 03934 i018>20>20
1s Molecules 27 03934 i019>20>20
1t Molecules 27 03934 i020>20>20
1u Molecules 27 03934 i021>20>20
2a Molecules 27 03934 i0220.53 ± 0.050.18 ± 0.03
2b Molecules 27 03934 i023>20>20
2c Molecules 27 03934 i024>20>20
2d Molecules 27 03934 i025>20>20
2e Molecules 27 03934 i026>20>20
2f Molecules 27 03934 i027>20>20
2g Molecules 27 03934 i028>20>20
2h Molecules 27 03934 i029>20>20
2i Molecules 27 03934 i0301.30 ± 0.051.46 ± 0.06
2j Molecules 27 03934 i0310.52 ± 0.030.48 ± 0.03
2k Molecules 27 03934 i0321.23 ± 0.081.38 ± 0.04
2l Molecules 27 03934 i0330.91 ± 0.041.17 ± 0.13
1 5.58 ± 0.134.70 ± 0.07
2 1.56 ± 0.091.60 ± 0.13
Doxorubicin hydrochloride 0.12 ± 0.010.10 ± 0.01

2.2.2. Effects of Compound 2j on Cellular Apoptosis

Two leukemia cell lines (Jurkat Clone E6-1 and THP-1) were treated with compound 2j at concentrations of 0.25, 0.5, and 1.0 μM for 48 h at 37 °C. The apoptosis rates induced by treatment with compound 2j are shown in Figure 3.
Compared with the control group (0.92% ± 0.09% for Jurkat Clone E6-1 cells and 0.69% ± 0.08% for THP-1 cells), after treating the cells with compound 2j for 48 h, the rates of apoptosis increased in a dose-dependent manner. When Jurkat Clone E6-1 and THP-1 cells were treated with 0.5 μM and 1.0 μM compound 2j, their apoptosis rates increased significantly from 7.07% ± 0.43% to 17.84% ± 0.65% and from 6.01% ± 0.52% to 16.23% ± 1.15%, respectively (p < 0.001 vs. control group). These results suggested that compound 2j could slightly induce apoptosis in these two leukemia cell lines.

2.2.3. Effects of Compound 2j on the Cell-Cycle

Cell-cycle assays in the Jurkat Clone E6-1 and THP-1 cell lines were performed using flow cytometry, and the results are shown in Figure 4. When these two types of cells were treated with compound 2j for 48 h at concentrations ranging from 0 μM to 1.0 μM, the numbers of cells in the G0/G1 phase increased significantly in a dose-dependent manner, which was accompanied by decreases in the G2/M populations. However, the percentages of cells in the S phase were not significantly different. These results showed that compound 2j could induce cell-cycle arrest in the G0/G1 phase.

2.2.4. SAR Analysis

As shown in Table 1, preliminary SAR studies were undertaken on the basis of the above cytotoxicity evaluation. Among the compounds synthesized, nine derivatives (1i–l, 2a, and 2i–l) showed significant inhibitory effects on the proliferation of Jurkat Clone E6-1 and THP-1 cells with IC50 values ranging from 0.1 to 8.0 μM. However, the other derivatives displayed weak or no inhibitory activity against the two leukemia cell lines. These results indicated that compounds containing cyano and malonic esters groups at the C-6 position of the benzophenanthridine alkaloid scaffold showed higher cytotoxic activity than the other types of compounds, and compounds with different substituents at the C-6 position exhibited different inhibitory activities. Compounds 2a and 2i–l showed much stronger cytotoxicity, with IC50 values of 0.53 μM, 1.30 μM, 0.52 μM, 1.23 μM, and 0.91 μM (in Jurkat Clone E6-1 cells) and 0.18 μM, 1.46 μM, 0.48 μM, 1.38 μM, and 1.17 μM (in THP-1 cells), respectively, than compounds 1i–l. These results implied that the antileukemia activities of the derivatives substituted with a methylenedioxy moiety at the C-7 and C-8 positions were greater than those of the derivatives substituted with methoxyl groups at the C-7 and C-8 positions. In other words, the antileukemia activities of the sanguinarine derivatives were significantly better than those of the chelerythrine derivatives. Therefore, it could be speculated that suitable nucleophilic groups, such as malonic esters and cyano, might enhance the antileukemia activity. Moreover, the substituents at the C-7 and C-8 positions were key units that affected the inhibitory activity of the compounds against the tested leukemia cell lines.

3. Materials and Methods

3.1. General Chemistry

Unless otherwise noted, all solvents and reagents were purchased from commercial sources, and some reactions were carried out under inert atmosphere and drying solvents with relevant specifications (extra dry, with molecular sieves, water ≤ 50 ppm (by K.F.) EnergySeal) purchased from commercial sources. All reactions were monitored by thin-layer chromatography (TLC) on silica gel GF254 plates (Qingdao Haiyang Chem. Ind. Ltd. P.R. Qingdao, China); spots were visualized with ultraviolet light (UV, Shanghai Jingke Ind. Co., Ltd., Shanghai, China) and 5% H2SO4 in ethanol. The following abbreviations are used: s = singlet, d = doublet, t = triplet, m = multiplet, and br.s = broad singlet. All first-order splitting patterns were assigned on the basis of appearance. All derivatives were purified by silica gel column chromatography. 1H- and 13C-NMR data were recorded with an INOVA-600 MHz spectrometer in CDCl3, CD3OD, acetone-d6, or DMSO-d6 (Anhui Zesheng Tech. Co., Ltd., Hefei, Anhui, China) at room temperature, and the chemical shifts are shown relative to tetramethylsilane (TMS). High-resolution mass spectra were obtained using a Bruker microTOF-Q mass spectrometer.

3.2. Preparation of Raw Materials

Due to the low content of chelerythrine (1) and sanguinarine (2) in Z. nitidum, and it being difficult to enrich, we purchased the Macleaya cordata total alkaloids with higher content for enrichment and separation to obtain raw materials. TLC was used to identify the components of 1 and 2. The gradient elution of petroleum ether/ethyl acetate system (v/v: 10:1→1:1) was carried out by silica gel column chromatography, and five fractions (Fr.1–Fr.5) were obtained. Fr.2–Fr.4 were separated and purified by repeated silica gel column chromatography (petroleum ether/ethyl acetate: 4/1, 2/1, 1/1; CH3Cl/CH3OH: 49/1, 20/1, etc.) to obtain these two raw materials. Their structure was further determined by 1H- and 13C-NMR (The 1H- and 13C-NMR and HPLC spectra of the two compounds S1–S4, S104–S105 are shown in the Supplementary Materials).

3.3. Procedure for Synthesizing Benzophenanthridine Alkaloid Derivatives

3.3.1. Synthesis of Compounds 1a and 2a

Trimethylsilyl cyanlde (TMSCN) (200 μL, 0.194 mmol) and 4-dimethylaminopyridine (DMAP) (60 mg, 0.492 mmol) were added to a stirred solution of 1 or 2 (0.144 mmol) in dry dichloromethane (DCM) (10 mL) at room temperature, and the reaction mixture was stirred under reflux for 14 h. After the reaction was complete, the mixture was washed with saturated NaHCO3 solution three times and filtered. The filtrate was washed with an aqueous hydrochloric acid solution (0.1 mol/L, 5 × 10 mL), and then the organic layer was collected, dried over anhydrous Na2SO4, and concentrated under vacuum. The crude products were washed with methanol and filtered, and then dried under vacuum to obtain target compounds 1a and 2a.
Compound 1a: light-yellow powder; yield: 65.1%; 1H-NMR (600 MHz, CDCl3) δ 7.74 (d, J = 8.6 Hz, 1H), 7.68 (s, 1H), 7.61 (d, J = 8.6 Hz, 1H), 7.58 (d, J = 8.5 Hz, 1H), 7.16 (s, 1H), 7.10 (d, J = 8.5 Hz, 1H), 6.09 (s, 2H), 5.67 (s, 1H), 4.03 (s, 3H), 3.98 (s, 3H), 2.65 (s, 3H); 13C-NMR (151 MHz, CDCl3) δ 152.37, 148.53, 147.97, 146.08, 138.61, 131.31, 126.66, 125.15, 125.05, 122.94, 120.72, 119.86, 119.37, 118.34, 113.50, 104.48, 101.22, 100.60, 61.29, 56.00, 48.58, 41.56. HR-ESI-MS (m/z) calculated for C22H19O4N2 [M + H]+ 375.1331, found 375.1339.
Compound 2a: khaki powder; yield: 61.2%; 1H-NMR (600 MHz, CDCl3) δ 7.72 (d, J = 8.5 Hz, 1H), 7.68 (s, 1H), 7.58 (d, J = 8.5 Hz, 1H), 7.39 (d, J = 8.1 Hz, 1H), 7.15 (s, 1H), 6.98 (d, J = 8.2 Hz, 1H), 6.14 (dd, J = 15.9, 1.6 Hz, 2H), 6.10 (d, J = 1.9 Hz, 2H), 5.35 (s, 1H), 2.69 (s, 3H); 13C-NMR (151 MHz, CDCl3) δ 148.61, 148.02, 147.82, 145.03, 138.48, 131.28, 126.70, 125.92, 125.35, 123.15, 120.08, 117.39, 117.11, 109.41, 107.62, 104.47, 102.20, 101.26, 100.57, 48.75, 41.44. HR-ESI-MS (m/z) calculated for C21H15O4N2 [M + H]+ 359.1018, found 359.1026.

3.3.2. Synthesis of Compounds 1b and 2b

NaBH4 (10 mg, 0.264 mmol) was added to a solution of 1 or 2 (0.052 mmol) in MeOH (5 mL) at room temperature. The reaction mixture was stirred for 0.5 h at the same temperature. After the reaction was complete, acetic acid was added to remove the excess NaBH4 and concentrated under vacuum. The residue was dissolved in dry DCM and extracted with saturated aqueous NaCl (3 × 10 mL). The organic layer was collected, dried over anhydrous Na2SO4, and concentrated under vacuum. Finally, the crude products were purified by silica gel column chromatography (petroleum ether (PE)/ethyl acetate (EA), 10:1) to obtain the target compounds.
Compound 1b: light-yellow powder; yield: 89.7%; 1H-NMR (600 MHz, CDCl3) δ 7.73 (d, J = 8.5 Hz, 1H), 7.70 (s, 1H), 7.53 (d, J = 8.5 Hz, 1H), 7.50 (d, J = 8.4 Hz, 1H), 7.14 (s, 1H), 6.97 (d, J = 8.4 Hz, 1H), 6.07 (s, 2H), 4.32 (s, 2H), 3.95 (s, 3H), 3.90 (s, 3H), 2.62 (s, 3H); 13C-NMR (151 MHz, CDCl3) δ 152.30, 148.09, 147.49, 146.14, 142.75, 130.83, 126.41, 126.30, 126.27, 124.28, 123.80, 120.15, 118.70, 111.00, 104.37, 101.04, 100.75, 61.12, 55.84, 48.76, 41.32. HR-ESI-MS (m/z) calculated for C21H20O4N [M + H]+ 350.1381, found 350.1387.
Compound 2b: white powder; yield: 94.7%; 1H-NMR (600 MHz, CDCl3) δ 7.71 (d, J = 8.0 Hz, 2H), 7.50 (d, J = 8.5 Hz, 1H), 7.32 (d, J = 8.1 Hz, 1H), 7.13 (s, 1H), 6.88 (d, J = 8.1 Hz, 1H), 6.07 (d, J = 7.7 Hz, 4H), 4.23 (s, 2H), 2.65 (s, 3H); 13C-NMR (151 MHz, CDCl3) δ 148.17, 147.54, 147.13, 144.66, 142.54, 130.84, 127.29, 126.55, 124.43, 123.97, 120.38, 116.22, 113.65, 107.21, 104.37, 101.35, 101.07, 100.77, 48.47, 41.59. HR-ESI-MS (m/z) calculated for C20H16O4N [M + H]+ 334.1069, found 334.1074.

3.3.3. Synthesis of Compounds 1c, 1d, 1r–u, and 2c, 2d

The indole compounds (two equivalents) were added to a solution of 1 or 2 (0.052 mmol) in CH3CN (10 mL) at room temperature. Each reaction mixture was stirred at the same temperature until the reaction was complete and then concentrated under vacuum. After that, the crude products were purified by silica gel column chromatography to obtain the target compounds.
Compound 1c: The crude product was purified by silica gel column chromatography (PE/EA, 1.5:1) to obtain the target compound 1c: white powder; yield: 43.5%; 1H-NMR (600 MHz, acetone-d6) δ 9.39 (s, 1H), 7.82–7.75 (m, 2H), 7.71 (d, J = 8.5 Hz, 1H), 7.66 (s, 1H), 7.62 (d, J = 2.4 Hz, 1H), 7.41 (d, J = 8.5 Hz, 1H), 7.17 (d, J = 8.6 Hz, 1H), 7.05 (s, 1H), 7.01 (d, J = 8.5 Hz, 1H), 6.63 (dd, J = 8.6, 2.4 Hz, 1H), 6.18 (q, J = 1.2 Hz, 1H), 6.05 (d, J = 1.0 Hz, 1H), 5.99 (d, J = 1.0 Hz, 1H), 5.96 (d, J = 1.1 Hz, 1H), 3.96 (s, 3H), 3.77 (s, 3H), 2.88 (s, 3H); 13C-NMR (151 MHz, Acetone-d6) δ 152.46, 150.59, 147.87, 147.38, 146.41, 141.07, 131.77, 131.00, 128.23, 128.14, 127.44, 125.62, 124.32, 123.92, 123.27, 119.77, 118.74, 115.88, 111.65, 111.41, 111.28, 104.30, 103.85, 101.06, 100.71, 60.13, 55.23, 54.52, 41.61. HR-ESI-MS (m/z) calculated for C29H25O5N2 [M + H]+ 481.1755, found 481.1758.
Compound 1d: The crude product was purified by silica gel column chromatography (PE/EA, 4:1) to obtain the target compound 1d: white powder; yield: 41.9%; 1H-NMR (600 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 10.69 (d, J = 2.6 Hz, 1H), 8.05 (d, J = 2.1 Hz, 1H), 7.78 (d, J = 8.7 Hz, 1H), 7.72 (d, J = 8.6 Hz, 1H), 7.51 (s, 1H), 7.42 (d, J = 8.5 Hz, 1H), 7.20 (d, J = 8.6 Hz, 1H), 7.19–7.16 (m, 2H), 7.00 (dd, J = 8.6, 2.1 Hz, 1H), 6.22–6.20 (m, 1H), 6.07 (d, J = 6.0 Hz, 2H), 5.86 (d, J = 1.1 Hz, 1H), 3.91 (s, 3H), 3.72 (s, 3H), 2.78 (s, 3H); 13C-NMR (151 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 152.47, 148.16, 147.52, 146.15, 140.73, 135.41, 130.91, 128.18, 127.46, 126.98, 125.42, 125.21, 124.20, 123.83, 123.50, 121.33, 120.29, 119.66, 119.57, 116.19, 113.43, 112.48, 104.53, 101.58, 100.26, 61.04, 56.17, 54.27, 42.32. HR-ESI-MS (m/z) calculated for C29H24O3N2Cl [M + H]+ 499.1413, found 499.1419.
Compound 1r: The crude product was purified by silica gel column chromatography (PE/EA, 4:1) to obtain the target compound 1r: white solid; yield: 52.5%; 1H-NMR (600 MHz, CDCl3) δ 8.18 (dd, J = 7.8, 1.1 Hz, 1H), 7.71 (d, J = 8.5 Hz, 1H), 7.68 (s, 1H), 7.63 (d, J = 8.6 Hz, 1H), 7.56 (s, 1H), 7.37 (d, J = 8.5 Hz, 1H), 7.20–7.18 (m, 1H), 7.17–7.15 (m, 1H), 7.11 (ddd, J = 8.1, 6.9, 1.2 Hz, 1H), 7.05 (d, J = 8.5 Hz, 1H), 6.98 (s, 1H), 6.26 (dd, J = 2.5, 1.1 Hz, 1H), 6.04 (d, J = 1.2 Hz, 1H), 6.00 (d, J = 1.4 Hz, 1H), 5.94 (d, J = 1.4 Hz, 1H), 3.98 (s, 3H), 3.80 (s, 3H), 2.89 (s, 3H); 13C-NMR (151 MHz, CDCl3) δ 152.23, 147.76, 147.26, 146.31, 141.13, 136.51, 130.89, 128.20, 127.46, 127.23, 125.85, 124.01, 123.30, 122.99, 121.65, 120.49, 119.64, 119.22, 118.95, 117.60, 111.35, 110.85, 104.08, 101.21, 100.81, 61.19, 55.83, 54.35, 42.32. HR-ESI-MS (m/z) calculated for C29H23O4N2 [M − H]− 463.1646, found 463.1652.
Compound 1s: The crude product was purified by silica gel column chromatography (PE/EA, 1:1) to obtain the target compound 1s: brown powder; yield: 40.0%; 1H-NMR (600 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 9.96 (d, J = 2.7 Hz, 1H), 7.80 (d, J = 8.5 Hz, 1H), 7.71 (d, J = 8.6 Hz, 1H), 7.53 (s, 1H), 7.42 (d, J = 8.5 Hz, 1H), 7.25 (d, J = 2.2 Hz, 1H), 7.18 (s, 1H), 7.15 (d, J = 8.6 Hz, 1H), 6.87 (d, J = 8.4 Hz, 1H), 6.42 (dd, J = 8.5, 2.2 Hz, 1H), 6.07 (s, 1H), 6.03 (s, 1H), 5.87 (d, J = 2.5 Hz, 1H), 5.74 (s, 1H), 3.90 (s, 3H), 3.67 (s, 3H), 2.77 (s, 3H); 13C-NMR (151 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 152.40, 147.98, 147.44, 145.99, 141.23, 141.03, 130.88, 130.68, 128.27, 128.15, 127.20, 125.35, 124.30, 123.58, 123.41, 120.25, 119.33, 114.72, 112.28, 112.18, 111.83, 104.44, 103.52, 101.46, 100.71, 60.89, 56.12, 54.49, 42.54. HR-ESI-MS (m/z) calculated for C29H26O4N3 [M + H]+ 480.1914, found 480.1918.
Compound 1t: The crude product was purified by silica gel column chromatography (PE/EA, 3:1) to obtain the target compound 1t: white powder; yield: 36.4%; 1H-NMR (600 MHz, CDCl3) δ 8.00 (d, J = 7.9 Hz, 1H), 7.73–7.66 (m, 2H), 7.63 (d, J = 8.5 Hz, 1H), 7.33 (d, J = 8.5 Hz, 1H), 7.19 (s, 1H), 7.15–7.04 (m, 2H), 6.95 (s, 1H), 6.87 (d, J = 7.1 Hz, 1H), 6.06 (dd, J = 2.5, 1.2 Hz, 1H), 6.01 (d, J = 1.1 Hz, 1H), 5.99 (s, 1H), 5.92 (d, J = 1.4 Hz, 1H), 3.99 (s, 3H), 3.77 (s, 3H), 2.88 (s, 3H), 2.15 (s, 3H); 13C-NMR (151 MHz, CDCl3) δ 152.24, 147.79, 147.26, 146.31, 141.15, 136.01, 130.87, 128.34, 127.45, 126.62, 125.84, 124.04, 123.28, 122.83, 122.12, 119.96, 119.64, 119.35, 118.89, 118.08, 117.78, 111.33, 104.10, 101.19, 100.81, 61.19, 55.86, 54.36, 42.32, 16.22. HR-ESI-MS (m/z) calculated for C30H27O4N2 [M + H]+ 479.1959, found 479.1065.
Compound 1u: The crude product was purified by silica gel column chromatography (PE/EA, 4:1) to obtain the target compound 1u: white powder; yield: 43.3%; 1H-NMR (600 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 10.59 (s, 1H), 7.78 (d, J = 8.7 Hz, 1H), 7.75–7.68 (m, 2H), 7.54 (s, 1H), 7.42 (d, J = 8.6 Hz, 1H), 7.17 (d, J = 8.4 Hz, 3H), 6.84 (td, J = 9.2, 2.6 Hz, 1H), 6.22 (d, J = 2.5 Hz, 1H), 6.07 (d, J = 11.6 Hz, 2H), 5.84 (s, 1H), 3.91 (s, 3H), 3.72 (s, 3H), 2.78 (s, 3H); 13C-NMR (151 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 156.20, 152.46, 148.12, 147.51, 146.13, 140.80, 133.60, 130.91, 127.53, 127.01, 125.69, 125.24, 124.18, 123.77, 120.28, 119.56, 116.47, 112.82, 112.42, 109.61, 109.43, 104.90, 104.53, 101.56, 100.33, 61.02, 56.15, 54.35, 42.30. HR-ESI-MS (m/z) calculated for C29H24O4N2F [M + H]+ 483.1710, found 483.1715.
Compound 2c: The crude product was purified by silica gel column chromatography (PE/EA, 1:1) to obtain the target compound 2c: khaki powder; yield: 35.8%; 1H-NMR (600 MHz, CDCl3) δ 7.69 (d, J = 7.9 Hz, 2H), 7.52 (d, J = 2.5 Hz, 1H), 7.50 (s, 1H), 7.40 (dd, J = 9.7, 8.3 Hz, 2H), 7.02 (d, J = 9.2 Hz, 2H), 6.94 (d, J = 8.1 Hz, 1H), 6.70 (dd, J = 8.6, 2.5 Hz, 1H), 6.35–6.30 (m, 1H), 6.06 (dd, J = 9.4, 1.5 Hz, 2H), 6.01 (d, J = 1.4 Hz, 1H), 5.96 (d, J = 1.3 Hz, 1H), 5.73 (d, J = 1.1 Hz, 1H), 2.88 (s, 3H); 13C-NMR (151 MHz, CDCl3) δ 149.22, 147.89, 147.35, 147.07, 144.90, 140.92, 131.86, 130.91, 127.68, 127.53, 126.66, 125.24, 123.97, 123.57, 119.95, 116.58, 111.83, 111.60, 111.54, 107.50, 104.75, 104.16, 102.06, 101.42, 101.14, 100.89, 54.33, 42.70. HR-ESI-MS (m/z) calculated for C28H21O5N2 [M + H]+ 465.1441, found 465.1445.
Compound 2d: The crude product was purified by silica gel column chromatography (PE/EA, 4:1) to obtain the target compound 2d: white powder; yield: 27.5%; 1H-NMR (600 MHz, CDCl3) δ 8.09 (s, 1H), 7.70–7.66 (m, 2H), 7.64 (s, 1H), 7.41 (d, J = 2.1 Hz, 1H), 7.39 (d, J = 2.5 Hz, 1H), 7.06 (d, J = 1.5 Hz, 2H), 7.02 (s, 1H), 6.95 (d, J = 8.2 Hz, 1H), 6.38 (dd, J = 2.6, 1.2 Hz, 1H), 6.09 (q, J = 1.5 Hz, 2H), 6.01 (dd, J = 18.7, 1.3 Hz, 2H), 5.75 (d, J = 1.2 Hz, 1H), 2.89 (s, 3H); 13C-NMR (151 MHz, CDCl3) δ 148.09, 147.46, 147.14, 144.85, 140.72, 134.82, 130.90, 127.84, 127.40, 126.51, 125.08, 124.11, 123.95, 123.68, 122.11, 119.91, 119.63, 116.71, 116.37, 115.47, 111.92, 107.62, 104.15, 101.46, 100.97, 54.18, 42.70, 14.21. HR-ESI-MS (m/z) calculated for C28H20O4N2Cl [M + H]+ 483.1102, found 483.1106.

3.3.4. Synthesis of Compounds 1e and 2e

Ethyl trimethylsilyl acetate (24 mg, 0.164 mmol) and CsF (23 mg, 0.151 mmol) were added to a stirred solution of 1 or 2 (0.052 mmol) in CH3CN (15 mL) at room temperature. Each reaction mixture was stirred for 4–5 h at the same temperature until the reaction was complete and then concentrated under vacuum. After that, the crude products were purified by silica gel column chromatography to obtain the target products.
Compound 1e: The crude product was purified by silica gel column chromatography (PE/EA, 4:1) to obtain the target compound 1e: white solid; yield: 52.0%; 1H-NMR (600 MHz, CDCl3) δ 7.73 (d, J = 8.6 Hz, 1H), 7.59–7.55 (m, 2H), 7.50 (d, J = 8.4 Hz, 1H), 7.12 (s, 1H), 6.99 (d, J = 8.5 Hz, 1H), 6.06 (s, 2H), 5.03 (dd, J = 11.1, 4.4 Hz, 1H), 4.22–4.13 (m, 2H), 3.99 (s, 3H), 3.95 (s, 3H), 2.67 (s, 3H), 2.42–2.29 (m, 2H), 1.21 (t, J = 7.2 Hz, 3H); 13C-NMR (151 MHz, CDCl3) δ 171.70, 152.11, 147.96, 147.51, 145.76, 139.40, 131.07, 127.96, 127.56, 124.92, 123.80, 123.09, 119.76, 118.81, 111.61, 104.30, 100.99, 100.94, 61.04, 60.27, 55.83, 55.10, 42.88, 39.19, 14.23. HR-ESI-MS (m/z) calculated for C25H25O6N Na [M + Na]+ 458.1569, found 458.1574.
Compound 2e: The crude product was purified by silica gel column chromatography (PE/EA, 6:1) to obtain the target compound 2e: white powder; yield: 47.5%; 1H-NMR (600 MHz, CDCl3) δ 7.71 (d, J = 8.6 Hz, 1H), 7.57 (s, 1H), 7.50 (d, J = 8.5 Hz, 1H), 7.37 (d, J = 8.2 Hz, 1H), 7.12 (s, 1H), 6.89 (d, J = 8.1 Hz, 1H), 6.13–6.01 (m, 4H), 4.85 (dd, J = 8.5, 6.9 Hz, 1H), 4.18 (m, J = 10.8, 7.2 Hz, 2H), 2.68 (s, 3H), 2.41 (d, J = 7.8 Hz, 2H), 1.23 (t, J = 7.2 Hz, 3H); 13C-NMR (151 MHz, CDCl3) δ 171.40, 148.07, 147.57, 147.11, 144.48, 139.27, 131.06, 127.67, 125.81, 124.01, 123.24, 119.99, 116.46, 115.73, 107.68, 104.30, 101.56, 101.02, 100.91, 60.41, 54.81, 43.14, 39.00, 14.25. HR-ESI-MS (m/z) calculated for C24H21O6N Na [M + Na]+ 442.1257, found 442.1261.

3.3.5. Synthesis of Compounds 1f and 2f

Compound 1e or 2e (0.043 mmol) in dry tetrahydrofuran (THF, 5 mL) was cooled to 5 °C. After 5 min, LiAlH4 (0.75 mmol, 300 μL) was slowly added to the mixture under an argon atmosphere, followed by stirring for 0.5 h at 5 °C. After the reaction was complete, it was quenched with a 15% NaOH aqueous solution and extracted with DCM (3 × 5 mL). The combined organic layers were collected, dried over anhydrous Na2SO4, and concentrated under vacuum. After that, the crude products were purified by silica gel column chromatography to obtain the target compounds.
Compound 1f: The crude product was purified by silica gel column chromatography (PE/EA, 2:1) to obtain the target compound 1f: white solid; yield: 73.8%; 1H-NMR (600 MHz, CDCl3) δ 7.73 (d, J = 8.6 Hz, 1H), 7.58 (s, 1H), 7.56 (d, J = 8.5 Hz, 1H), 7.52 (d, J = 8.5 Hz, 1H), 7.14 (s, 1H), 6.98 (d, J = 8.5 Hz, 1H), 6.06 (dd, J = 12.0, 1.4 Hz, 2H), 4.68 (dd, J = 9.4, 5.4 Hz, 1H), 3.97 (s, 3H), 3.96 (s, 3H), 3.79 (ddd, J = 11.2, 9.3, 3.5 Hz, 1H), 3.71 (dt, J = 10.9, 4.6 Hz, 1H), 2.70 (s, 3H), 1.81 (dtd, J = 14.0, 9.4, 4.5 Hz, 1H), 1.51 (dtd, J = 14.1, 5.1, 3.4 Hz, 1H); 13C-NMR (151 MHz, CDCl3) δ 152.13, 148.47, 147.59, 145.69, 139.20, 131.11, 128.74, 127.06, 124.62, 124.23, 123.80, 119.89, 119.26, 111.33, 104.63, 101.14, 99.95, 61.76, 61.14, 57.14, 55.81, 42.63, 35.47. HR-ESI-MS (m/z) calculated for C23H24O5N [M + H]+ 394.1643, found 394.1649.
Compound 2f: The crude product was purified by silica gel column chromatography (PE/EA, 4:1) to obtain the target compound 2f: white solid; yield: 70.5%; 1H-NMR (600 MHz, CDCl3) δ 7.71 (d, J = 8.5 Hz, 1H), 7.57 (s, 1H), 7.51 (d, J = 8.5 Hz, 1H), 7.35 (d, J = 8.1 Hz, 1H), 7.13 (s, 1H), 6.88 (d, J = 8.1 Hz, 1H), 6.07 (dd, J = 3.1, 1.5 Hz, 2H), 6.05 (dd, J = 3.3, 1.5 Hz, 2H), 4.50 (dd, J = 10.0, 4.9 Hz, 1H), 3.87–3.78 (m, 3H), 2.71 (s, 3H), 1.85–1.76 (m, 1H), 1.58 (dq, J = 14.5, 4.8 Hz, 1H); 13C-NMR (151 MHz, CDCl3) δ 148.52, 147.61, 147.10, 144.34, 139.01, 131.09, 127.18, 125.55, 124.38, 123.90, 120.13, 116.91, 116.71, 107.50, 104.62, 101.47, 101.16, 99.93, 61.58, 56.81, 43.08, 35.20. HR-ESI-MS (m/z) calculated for C22H20O5N [M + H]+ 378.1331, found 378.1336.

3.3.6. Synthesis of Compounds 1g, 1h, 2g and 2h

RMgBr (1.0 mol/L, 1.5 equivalents) was added to a solution of 1 or 2 (0.052 mmol) in dry THF (10 mL) under an argon atmosphere at room temperature. The reaction mixture was stirred at the same temperature until the reaction was complete and then concentrated under vacuum. After that, the crude products were purified by silica gel column chromatography to obtain the target compounds.
Compound 1g: white solid; yield: 80.5%; the crude product was purified by silica gel column chromatography (PE/EA, 49:1) to obtain the pure compound 1g. 1H-NMR (600 MHz, CDCl3) δ 7.77–7.70 (m, 2H), 7.57 (d, J = 8.5 Hz, 1H), 7.50 (d, J = 8.5 Hz, 1H), 7.14 (s, 1H), 6.97 (d, J = 8.5 Hz, 1H), 6.08–6.07 (m, 2H), 6.06–5.99 (m, 1H), 4.99 (ddd, J = 10.2, 2.2, 1.1 Hz, 1H), 4.88 (dq, J = 17.2, 1.4 Hz, 1H), 4.52 (dd, J = 9.7, 5.3 Hz, 1H), 3.97 (s, 3H), 3.95 (s, 3H), 2.66 (s, 3H), 2.28–2.05 (m, 2H); 13C-NMR (151 MHz, CDCl3) δ 152.14, 147.95, 147.45, 145.83, 140.06, 136.37, 130.99, 129.74, 127.54, 124.78, 123.68, 123.53, 119.87, 118.84, 115.78, 111.09, 104.32, 100.99, 100.73, 61.02, 58.23, 55.78, 42.71, 38.47. HR-ESI-MS (m/z) calculated for C24H24O4N [M + H]+ 390.1694, found 390.1700.
Compound 1h: white solid; yield: 78.9%; the crude product was purified by silica gel column chromatography (PE/EA, 47:1) to obtain the target compound 1h. 1H-NMR (600 MHz, CDCl3) δ 7.78 (s, 1H), 7.71 (d, J = 8.5 Hz, 1H), 7.57 (d, J = 8.5 Hz, 1H), 7.48 (d, J = 8.5 Hz, 1H), 7.12 (s, 1H), 7.00 (d, J = 8.6 Hz, 1H), 6.07 (s, 2H), 5.83 (ddd, J = 17.2, 10.4, 4.5 Hz, 1H), 5.13 (dt, J = 4.2, 2.0 Hz, 1H), 4.94–4.80 (m, 2H), 3.96 (s, 3H), 3.95 (s, 3H), 2.69 (s, 3H); 13C-NMR (151 MHz, CDCl3) δ 152.16, 148.08, 147.45, 146.31, 140.61, 138.12, 130.89, 127.79, 127.23, 125.18, 123.78, 123.65, 119.87, 118.93, 115.15, 111.38, 104.41, 101.02, 100.78, 60.97, 59.32, 55.80, 42.38. HR-ESI-MS (m/z) calculated for C23H22O4N [M + H]+ 376.1539, found 376.1543.
Compound 2g: white solid; yield: 80.1%; the crude product was purified by silica gel column chromatography (PE/EA, 49:1) to obtain the target compound 2g. 1H-NMR (600 MHz, CDCl3) δ 7.72 (d, J = 8.2 Hz, 2H), 7.50 (d, J = 8.5 Hz, 1H), 7.36 (d, J = 8.1 Hz, 1H), 7.13 (s, 1H), 6.88 (d, J = 8.1 Hz, 1H), 6.10–6.03 (m, 4H), 5.98 (ddt, J = 17.2, 10.2, 7.0 Hz, 1H), 5.05–4.98 (m, 1H), 4.92 (dq, J = 17.2, 1.6 Hz, 1H), 4.30 (dd, J = 9.1, 6.0 Hz, 1H), 2.67 (s, 3H), 2.20 (ddt, J = 50.5, 14.3, 7.4 Hz, 2H); 13C-NMR (151 MHz, CDCl3) δ 148.04, 147.50, 146.95, 144.61, 139.99, 135.72, 130.96, 127.65, 125.74, 123.73, 123.72, 120.10, 117.46, 116.44, 116.27, 107.24, 104.31, 101.32, 101.01, 100.98, 58.13, 43.03, 38.32. HR-ESI-MS (m/z) calculated for C23H20O4N [M + H]+ 374.1384, found 374.1387.
Compound 2h: white solid; yield: 78.6%; the crude product was purified by silica gel column chromatography (PE/EA, 49:1) to obtain the target compound 2h. 1H-NMR (600 MHz, CDCl3) δ 7.78 (s, 1H), 7.70 (d, J = 8.6 Hz, 1H), 7.48 (d, J = 8.5 Hz, 1H), 7.37 (d, J = 8.1 Hz, 1H), 7.13 (s, 1H), 6.90 (d, J = 8.1 Hz, 1H), 6.16–6.03 (m, 4H), 5.91–5.76 (m, 1H), 5.02–4.91 (m, 1H), 4.93–4.86 (m, 2H), 2.72 (s, 3H); 13C-NMR (151 MHz, CDCl3) δ 148.18, 147.51, 147.02, 145.08, 140.41, 137.12, 130.90, 127.38, 126.07, 123.89, 123.86, 120.10, 116.52, 115.57, 115.29, 107.52, 104.40, 101.47, 101.05, 100.79, 59.34, 42.77. HR-ESI-MS (m/z) calculated for C22H18O4N [M + H]+ 360.1225, found 360.1230.

3.3.7. Synthesis of Compounds 1i–l and 2i–l

Malonate diester compounds (1.5 equivalents) were added to a solution of 1 or 2 (0.115 mmol) in CH3CN (20 mL) at room temperature. The reaction mixture was stirred for 5–14 h at the same temperature until the reaction was complete and then concentrated under vacuum. After that, the crude products were purified by silica gel column chromatography (PE/EA, 4:1) to obtain the target products.
Compound 1i: white solid; yield: 36.3%; 1H-NMR (600 MHz, CDCl3) δ 7.76 (d, J = 8.6 Hz, 1H), 7.57 (d, J = 8.5 Hz, 1H), 7.51 (d, J = 8.5 Hz, 1H), 7.44 (s, 1H), 7.13 (s, 1H), 7.02 (d, J = 8.5 Hz, 1H), 6.06 (dd, J = 8.6, 1.4 Hz, 2H), 5.24 (d, J = 10.8 Hz, 1H), 3.94 (s, 3H), 3.94 (s, 3H), 3.66 (s, 3H), 3.59 (s, 3H), 3.40 (d, J = 10.9 Hz, 1H), 2.71 (s, 3H); 13C-NMR (151 MHz, CDCl3) δ 168.39, 167.22, 151.93, 148.10, 147.56, 146.81, 138.45, 131.07, 127.11, 125.08, 124.31, 124.02, 123.26, 119.81, 118.97, 112.45, 104.45, 101.06, 100.60, 61.01, 57.56, 55.91, 55.28, 52.43, 52.10, 42.22. HR-ESI-MS (m/z) calculated for C26H26O8N [M + H]+ 480.1643, found 480.1653.
Compound 1j: white solid; yield: 30.9%; 1H-NMR (600 MHz, CDCl3) δ 7.76 (d, J = 8.5 Hz, 1H), 7.56 (d, J = 8.5 Hz, 1H), 7.50 (d, J = 8.5 Hz, 1H), 7.46 (s, 1H), 7.12 (d, J = 2.2 Hz, 1H), 7.01 (d, J = 8.5 Hz, 1H), 6.05 (s, 2H), 5.25 (d, J = 10.8 Hz, 1H), 4.25–4.11 (m, 2H), 4.05–3.96 (m, 2H), 3.94 (s, 3H), 3.93 (s, 3H), 3.37 (d, J = 10.8 Hz, 1H), 2.72 (s, 3H), 1.12 (t, J = 7.1 Hz, 3H), 1.04 (t, J = 7.2 Hz, 3H); 13C-NMR (151 MHz, CDCl3) δ 168.03, 167.03, 151.92, 148.01, 147.50, 146.87, 138.62, 131.05, 127.17, 125.14, 124.53, 123.92, 123.37, 119.81, 118.85, 112.15, 104.41, 101.04, 100.76, 61.25, 61.01, 60.96, 57.35, 55.82, 55.33, 42.11, 13.96, 13.64. HR-ESI-MS (m/z) calculated for C28H29O8N Na [M + Na]+ 530.1776, found 530.1785.
Compound 1k: white solid; yield: 30.9%; 1H-NMR (600 MHz, CDCl3) δ 7.76 (d, J = 8.5 Hz, 1H), 7.55 (d, J = 8.5 Hz, 1H), 7.52–7.45 (m, 2H), 7.12 (s, 1H), 6.99 (d, J = 8.5 Hz, 1H), 6.04 (s, 2H), 5.27 (d, J = 10.9 Hz, 1H), 5.11 (h, J = 6.3 Hz, 1H), 4.84 (p, J = 6.3 Hz, 1H), 3.94 (s, 3H), 3.92 (s, 3H), 3.32 (d, J = 10.9 Hz, 1H), 2.71 (s, 3H), 1.24 (d, J = 6.2 Hz, 3H), 1.11 (dd, J = 9.0, 6.3 Hz, 6H), 0.95 (d, J = 6.4 Hz, 3H); 13C-NMR (151 MHz, CDCl3) δ 167.65, 166.42, 151.96, 147.98, 147.48, 146.92, 138.71, 131.04, 127.22, 125.24, 124.50, 123.82, 123.52, 119.82, 118.76, 112.00, 104.38, 101.00, 100.90, 68.59, 68.40, 60.85, 56.91, 55.76, 55.48, 41.95, 21.68, 21.62, 21.57, 21.08. HR-ESI-MS (m/z) calculated for C30H33O8N Na [M + Na]+ 558.2089, found 558.2098.
Compound 1l: white solid; yield: 38.6%; 1H-NMR (600 MHz, CDCl3) δ 7.76 (d, J = 8.6 Hz, 1H), 7.55 (d, J = 8.5 Hz, 1H), 7.50 (d, J = 8.5 Hz, 1H), 7.46 (s, 1H), 7.12 (s, 1H), 7.00 (d, J = 8.6 Hz, 1H), 6.05 (dd, J = 8.1, 1.4 Hz, 2H), 5.25 (d, J = 10.8 Hz, 1H), 4.17 (t, J = 6.7 Hz, 2H), 4.09 (qt, J = 10.7, 6.8 Hz, 2H), 3.94 (s, 3H), 3.92 (s, 3H), 3.39 (d, J = 1.9 Hz, 1H), 2.71 (s, 3H), 1.47–1.35 (m, 4H), 1.27–1.11 (m, 4H), 0.85 (dt, J = 12.9, 7.4 Hz, 6H); 13C-NMR (151 MHz, CDCl3) δ 168.09, 167.05, 151.95, 148.02, 147.50, 146.82, 138.65, 131.03, 127.19, 125.14, 124.54, 123.90, 123.41, 119.80, 118.84, 112.06, 104.38, 101.02, 100.79, 65.40, 64.97, 60.95, 57.28, 55.74, 55.31, 42.06, 30.45, 30.21, 19.03, 18.90, 13.70, 13.67. HR-ESI-MS (m/z) calculated for C32H37O8N Na [M + Na]+ 586.2406, found 586.2411.
Compound 2i: light-orange solid; yield: 35.9%; 1H-NMR (600 MHz, CDCl3) δ 7.73 (d, J = 8.6 Hz, 1H), 7.52 (d, J = 8.5 Hz, 1H), 7.42 (s, 1H), 7.37 (d, J = 8.3 Hz, 1H), 7.13 (s, 1H), 6.92 (d, J = 8.1 Hz, 1H), 6.09–6.01 (m, 4H), 5.12 (d, J = 11.1 Hz, 1H), 3.70 (s, 3H), 3.61 (s, 3H), 3.47 (d, J = 11.1 Hz, 1H), 2.69 (s, 3H); 13C-NMR (151 MHz, CDCl3) δ 167.98, 167.01, 148.16, 147.62, 147.13, 145.35, 138.40, 131.08, 124.48, 124.27, 123.99, 123.34, 120.00, 117.03, 112.39, 108.33, 104.43, 101.51, 101.08, 100.57, 57.33, 55.16, 52.40, 52.31, 42.38. HR-ESI-MS (m/z) calculated for C25H21O8N Na [M + Na]+ 486.1150, found 486.1159.
Compound 2j: white solid; yield: 33.8%; 1H-NMR (600 MHz, CDCl3) δ 7.74 (d, J = 8.6 Hz, 1H), 7.51 (d, J = 8.5 Hz, 1H), 7.45 (s, 1H), 7.36 (d, J = 8.1 Hz, 1H), 7.12 (s, 1H), 6.91 (d, J = 8.1 Hz, 1H), 6.09–5.97 (m, 4H), 5.13 (d, J = 11.1 Hz, 1H), 4.21 (ddq, J = 40.9, 10.7, 7.1 Hz, 2H), 4.11–3.90 (m, 2H), 3.43 (d, J = 11.1 Hz, 1H), 2.69 (s, 3H), 1.16 (t, J = 7.1 Hz, 3H), 1.11 (t, J = 7.1 Hz, 3H); 13C-NMR (151 MHz, CDCl3) δ 167.58, 166.80, 148.08, 147.57, 147.12, 145.40, 138.57, 131.07, 127.26, 126.10, 124.20, 123.44, 120.01, 116.94, 112.57, 108.18, 104.41, 101.44, 101.07, 100.72, 61.34, 61.29, 57.14, 55.33, 42.28, 13.99, 13.77. HR-ESI-MS (m/z) calculated for C27H25O8N Na [M + Na]+ 514.1461, found 514.1472.
Compound 2k: white solid; yield: 25.6%; 1H-NMR (600 MHz, CDCl3) δ 7.74 (d, J = 8.6 Hz, 1H), 7.51 (d, J = 8.5 Hz, 1H), 7.46 (s, 1H), 7.35 (d, J = 8.1 Hz, 1H), 7.12 (s, 1H), 6.90 (d, J = 8.1 Hz, 1H), 6.12–5.76 (m, 4H), 5.17–5.06 (m, 2H), 4.91–4.76 (m, 1H), 3.38 (d, J = 11.1 Hz, 1H), 2.69 (s, 3H), 1.29 (d, J = 6.3 Hz, 3H), 1.16 (d, J = 6.3 Hz, 3H), 1.13 (d, J = 6.2 Hz, 3H), 1.00 (d, J = 6.2 Hz, 3H); 13C-NMR (151 MHz, CDCl3) δ 167.03, 166.35, 148.04, 147.55, 147.14, 145.47, 138.65, 131.06, 127.26, 126.18, 124.11, 123.53, 119.99, 116.87, 112.58, 108.04, 104.37, 101.36, 101.03, 100.87, 68.80, 68.70, 56.71, 55.59, 42.14, 21.76, 21.61, 21.47, 21.23. HR-ESI-MS (m/z) calculated for C29H29O8N Na [M + Na]+ 542.1781, found 542.1785.
Compound 2l: white solid; yield: 28.3%; 1H-NMR (600 MHz, CDCl3) δ 7.74 (d, J = 8.6 Hz, 1H), 7.51 (d, J = 8.5 Hz, 1H), 7.45 (s, 1H), 7.36 (d, J = 8.1 Hz, 1H), 7.12 (s, 1H), 6.91 (d, J = 8.1 Hz, 1H), 6.11–5.99 (m, 4H), 5.12 (d, J = 11.1 Hz, 1H), 4.18 (dt, J = 10.9, 6.7 Hz, 1H), 4.10 (dt, J = 10.7, 6.8 Hz, 1H), 4.03–3.90 (m, 2H), 3.43 (d, J = 3.2 Hz, 1H), 2.69 (s, 3H), 1.55–1.38 (m, 4H), 1.30–1.23 (m, 2H), 1.22–1.14 (m, 2H), 0.89–0.84 (m, 6H); 13C-NMR (151 MHz, CDCl3) δ 167.59, 166.85, 148.08, 147.56, 147.16, 145.39, 138.59, 131.05, 127.26, 126.09, 124.18, 123.44, 119.98, 116.94, 112.58, 108.15, 104.37, 101.45, 101.05, 100.74, 65.23, 65.19, 57.07, 55.34, 42.24, 30.47, 30.26, 18.98, 18.87, 13.66, 13.63. HR-ESI-MS (m/z) calculated for C31H33O8N Na [M + Na]+ 570.2095, found 570.2098.

3.3.8. Synthesis of Compound 1m

To a stirred solution of 1 (100 mg, 0.287 mmol) in acetone (100 mL) was added a 20% solution of Na2CO3 in water at room temperature. The reaction mixture was stirred under reflux for 24 h. After the reaction was complete, the mixture was concentrated under vacuum. The residue was dissolved in DCM and extracted with saturated aqueous NaCl (3 × 10 mL). The combined organic layers were collected, dried over anhydrous Na2SO4, and concentrated under vacuum. After that, the crude product was purified by silica gel column chromatography (PE/EA, 4:1) to obtain the target compound.
Compound 1m: white solid; yield: 90.2%; 1H-NMR (600 MHz, CDCl3) δ 7.73 (d, J = 8.6 Hz, 1H), 7.57 (d, J = 8.5 Hz, 1H), 7.54 (s, 1H), 7.51 (d, J = 8.5 Hz, 1H), 7.13 (s, 1H), 6.98 (d, J = 8.5 Hz, 1H), 6.11–6.04 (m, 2H), 5.07 (dd, J = 11.2, 3.7 Hz, 1H), 3.98 (s, 3H), 3.95 (s, 3H), 2.66 (s, 3H), 2.60 (dd, J = 15.0, 11.2 Hz, 1H), 2.28 (dd, J = 15.0, 3.7 Hz, 1H), 2.09 (s, 3H); 13C-NMR (151 MHz, CDCl3) δ 194.64, 145.84, 142.33, 141.82, 140.00, 134.55, 127.31, 124.79, 124.05, 121.81, 120.98, 120.48, 117.40, 116.55, 110.13, 103.85, 100.94, 100.57, 65.75, 61.19, 60.40, 53.31, 49.78, 39.52. HR-ESI-MS (m/z) calculated for C24H23O5N Na [M + Na]+ 428.1465, found 428.1468.

3.3.9. Synthesis of Compounds 1n–q

Aromatic aldehydes (3 equivalents), benzoic acid (30 mg, 0.246 mmol), and piperidine (300 μL) were added to a stirred solution of 1m (30 mg, 0.074 mmol) in toluene (10 mL) at room temperature. The reaction mixture was stirred under reflux until the reaction was complete and then concentrated under vacuum. After that, the crude products were purified by silica gel column chromatography to obtain the target compounds.
Compound 1n: The crude product was purified by silica gel column chromatography (PE/EA, 7:1) to obtain the target compound 1n: yellow solid; yield: 62.0%; 1H-NMR (600 MHz, CDCl3) δ 7.79 (d, J = 8.6 Hz, 1H), 7.61 (d, J = 8.5 Hz, 1H), 7.53 (d, J = 8.5 Hz, 1H), 7.36 (s, 1H), 7.19 (t, J = 7.8 Hz, 1H), 7.01 (d, J = 7.8 Hz, 2H), 6.92–6.86 (m, 2H), 6.70–6.65 (m, 1H), 6.63 (t, J = 2.0 Hz, 1H), 6.48 (d, J = 16.2 Hz, 1H), 5.90 (d, J = 1.5 Hz, 1H), 5.63 (d, J = 1.6 Hz, 1H), 5.14 (dd, J = 11.4, 4.1 Hz, 1H), 4.02 (s, 3H), 3.96 (s, 3H), 3.80 (s, 3H), 2.98 (dd, J = 13.4, 11.4 Hz, 1H), 2.63 (s, 3H), 2.41 (dd, J = 13.5, 4.1 Hz, 1H); 13C-NMR (151 MHz, CDCl3) δ 199.99, 159.58, 152.24, 148.01, 147.41, 145.64, 142.97, 139.42, 135.85, 131.05, 129.42, 128.51, 127.68, 127.15, 124.86, 123.84, 123.37, 121.06, 119.79, 118.87, 116.16, 112.57, 111.60, 103.97, 101.50, 100.93, 61.13, 56.81, 55.85, 55.23, 42.94, 42.74. HR-ESI-MS (m/z) calculated for C32H29O6N Na [M + Na]+ 546.1876, found 546.1887.
Compound 1o: The crude product was purified by silica gel column chromatography (PE/EA, 8:1) to obtain the target compound 1o: yellow liquid; yield: 58.6%; 1H-NMR (600 MHz, CDCl3) δ 7.80 (d, J = 8.5 Hz, 1H), 7.61 (d, J = 8.5 Hz, 1H), 7.55 (d, J = 8.5 Hz, 1H), 7.36 (s, 1H), 7.18 (t, J = 7.5 Hz, 1H), 7.14 (d, J = 7.6 Hz, 1H), 7.05 (s, 1H), 7.01 (d, J = 8.5 Hz, 1H), 6.96 (d, J = 7.6 Hz, 1H), 6.90 (d, J = 16.3 Hz, 1H), 6.77 (s, 1H), 6.47 (d, J = 16.3 Hz, 1H), 5.88 (d, J = 1.6 Hz, 1H), 5.54 (d, J = 1.6 Hz, 1H), 5.14 (dd, J = 11.4, 4.0 Hz, 1H), 4.02 (s,3H), 3.97 (s, 3H), 2.97 (dd, J = 13.4, 11.4 Hz, 1H), 2.63 (s, 3H), 2.39 (dd, J = 13.4, 4.1 Hz, 1H), 2.32 (s, 3H); 13C-NMR (151 MHz, CDCl3) δ 200.01, 152.25, 148.00, 147.40, 145.65, 143.28, 139.47, 138.08, 134.43, 131.05, 130.76, 128.96, 128.59, 128.37, 127.35, 127.17, 125.25, 124.87, 123.85, 123.40, 119.82, 118.88, 111.59, 103.87, 101.56, 100.88, 61.14, 56.83, 55.85, 42.97, 42.72, 21.16. HR-ESI-MS (m/z) calculated for C32H29O5N Na [M + Na]+ 530.1925, found 530.1938.
Compound 1p: The crude product was purified by silica gel column chromatography (PE/EA, 8:1) to obtain the target compound 1p: yellow liquid; yield: 47.2%; 1H-NMR (600 MHz, CDCl3) δ 7.80 (d, J = 8.6 Hz, 1H), 7.61 (d, J = 8.5 Hz, 1H), 7.55 (d, J = 8.6 Hz, 1H), 7.44 (ddd, J = 8.0, 2.0, 1.0 Hz, 1H), 7.32 (s, 1H), 7.16 (d, J = 7.8 Hz, 1H), 7.08 (d, J = 1.8 Hz, 1H), 7.06 (s, 1H), 7.02 (dd, J = 8.8, 2.0 Hz, 2H), 6.76 (d, J = 16.3 Hz, 1H), 6.43 (d, J = 16.3 Hz, 1H), 5.91 (d, J = 1.6 Hz, 1H), 5.68 (d, J = 1.6 Hz, 1H), 5.12 (dd, J = 11.4, 4.3 Hz, 1H), 4.02 (s, 3H), 3.97 (s, 3H), 2.98 (dd, J = 13.2, 11.4 Hz, 1H), 2.62 (s, 3H), 2.39 (dd, J = 13.3, 4.2 Hz, 1H); 13C-NMR (151 MHz, CDCl3) δ 199.84, 152.27, 148.02, 147.35, 145.63, 141.19, 139.30, 136.59, 132.61, 131.09, 130.80, 129.91, 128.62, 128.37, 127.00, 126.62, 124.78, 123.96, 123.42, 122.61, 119.86, 118.94, 111.65, 104.11, 101.35, 101.00, 61.15, 57.03, 55.85, 42.90, 42.71. HR-ESI-MS (m/z) calculated for C31H27O5NBr [M + Na]+ 572.1057, found 572.1067.
Compound 1q: The crude product was purified by silica gel column chromatography (PE/EA, 6:1) to obtain the target compound 1q: yellow solid; yield: 29.9%; 1H-NMR (600 MHz, CDCl3) δ 7.77 (d, J = 8.5 Hz, 1H), 7.60 (d, J = 8.5 Hz, 1H), 7.50 (d, J = 8.4 Hz, 1H), 7.33 (s, 1H), 7.17–7.12 (m, 1H), 7.01 (d, J = 8.5 Hz, 1H), 6.95 (s, 1H), 6.93 (s, 1H), 6.85 (s, 1H), 6.38 (d, J = 16.2 Hz, 1H), 5.89 (d, J = 1.6 Hz, 1H), 5.72 (d, J = 1.6 Hz, 1H), 5.15 (dd, J = 11.3, 4.2 Hz, 1H), 4.03 (s, 3H), 3.97 (s, 3H), 3.91 (s, 3H), 3.87 (s, 3H), 3.06 (dd, J = 13.3, 11.3 Hz, 1H), 2.63 (s, 3H), 2.42 (dd, J = 13.4, 4.2 Hz, 1H); 13C-NMR (151 MHz, CDCl3) δ 200.08, 152.23, 151.09, 148.21, 147.70, 147.10, 145.69, 141.30, 139.29, 131.23, 128.44, 127.80, 127.03, 126.26, 124.93, 124.18, 123.42, 119.77, 118.88, 117.79, 115.28, 111.63, 109.18, 104.10, 101.47, 100.96, 61.15, 56.96, 56.32, 55.87, 42.76, 31.45, 30.21; HR-ESI-MS (m/z) calculated for C33H30O7NBr Na [M + Na]+ 654.1085, found 654.1098.

3.4. Biological Evaluations

3.4.1. Cytotoxic Bioassay

According to the literature [33,34,35,36,37,38], the CCK-8 assay was used to determine cell (National Collection of Authenticated Cell Cultures, Shanghai, China) viability, and the cell survival rate was calculated according to optical density (OD) measurements. Single-cell suspensions were prepared with RPMI-1640 culture medium containing 10% fetal bovine serum (Gibco, CA, USA). Then, each well in a 96-well plate (Corning Life Sciences (Wujiang) Co., Ltd. Wujiang, China) was inoculated with 100 μL of this medium containing approximately 5 × 104 cells/mL for 24 h of culture at 37 °C with 5% CO2. Then, solutions of the test compounds were added in each well. Eight different concentrations of the test compounds were employed. Each treatment consisted of three wells, with three parallel replicates.
After that, to the cell suspensions, 10 μL of CCK-8 stock solution (MedChemExpress, Shanghai, China) was directly added after 48 h of cell cultivation at 37 °C, followed by further cultivation for 1 to 4 h in the dark operation, real-time observation. The OD value of each well was measured and recorded at 450 nm using a microplate reader (Multiskan MK3, Thermo, Suzhou Science Instrument Co., Ltd. Suzhou, Jiangsu, China) to generate cell growth curves. The IC50 values of the compounds were calculated using GraphPad Prism 8 software (version 8.0.2, GraphPad Software Inc., Santiago, MN, USA), and the experimental results are expressed as the means ± SD.

3.4.2. Cell Apoptosis Assay

The Annexin V–FITC/PI double-staining was used to detect cell apoptosis (DOJINDO, Kumamoto-ken, Japan). Compound-treated cells were trypsinized, washed twice with PBS, and transferred to microcentrifuge tubes for centrifugation at 1000 rpm for 5 min at room temperature. The cell suspension density was adjusted to 1 × 106/mL with 1× Annexin V binding solution. Then, Annexin V–FITC (5 μL) and PI (5 μL) solutions were added to 100 μL of the cell suspension. The cells were incubated at room temperature for 15 min in the dark, and then 400 μL of 1× Annexin V binding solution was added. Finally, the cells were analyzed by flow cytometry (ACEN, NovoCyte, ACEA Biosciences Inc., Santiago, MN, USA).

3.4.3. Cell-Cycle Assay

After the cells were treated with compound 2j, they were trypsinized, prepared as a single-cell suspension (1 × 106/mL), and transferred to microcentrifuge tubes for centrifugation at 1500 rpm for 5 min at room temperature; to prevent cell clumping, the cells were fixed by adding ice-cold 70% ethanol (1 mL) and blocking for 15 min at 4 °C. Then, the cells were centrifuged at 1500 rpm for 5 min, and 500 μL of PI solution was added (50 μg/mL PI, 100 μg/mL RNase A, 0.05% Triton X-100) for 40 min of incubation at 37 °C. The cells were centrifuged at 1500 rpm for 5 min, and 1 mL of PBS (HyClone, Logan, UT, USA) was added. After another centrifugation at 1500 rpm for 5 min, the cells were resuspended in 500 μL PBS and analyzed by flow cytometry.

4. Conclusions

In summary, 33 derivatives of chelerythrine and sanguinarine were designed and synthesized by using suitable nucleophilic substances for addition reactions, and their antileukemia activities against the Jurkat Clone E6-1 and THP-1 cell lines were evaluated for the first time. By analyzing these derivatives, some initial SARs were revealed. For example, the presence of cyano and malonic esters groups at the C-6 position of the benzophenanthridine skeleton resulted in stronger antileukemia activity, whereas the introduction of hydroxyethyl, acetonyl, or other groups at this position led to decreased activity. Moreover, compounds containing methylenedioxy moieties at the C-7 and C-8 positions had better antileukemia activity. Thus, when methylenedioxy groups were at the C-7 and C-8-positions, the introduction of cyano or malonic esters groups at the C-6 position could result in the best antileukemia activity.
Further studies indicated that compound 2j induced apoptosis in both Jurkat Clone E6-1 and THP-1 cells in a dose-dependent manner, and these results were consistent with those from the CCK-8 assay. The inhibitory effects of compound 2j might be related to cell-cycle changes, and these data were consistent with the apoptosis detection results. These findings became clearer after treatment with 1.0 μM 2j for 48 h. In conclusion, compound 2j induced apoptosis in Jurkat Clone E6-1 and THP-1 cells and arrested these cells in the G0/G1 phase, possibly by disrupting the cell-cycle, reducing DNA synthesis, and inducing apoptosis. These mechanisms led to inhibition of the proliferation and growth of leukemia cells.
Among all of the prepared compounds, compound 2j showed satisfactory activity against Jurkat Clone E6-1 and THP-1 cells, and it could be considered for further investigation and optimization. However, since we selected transformed leukemia cells, this might have some drawbacks. In order to explore whether the cytotoxicity observed is specific to the leukemia lines, we will continue to test the compounds on a non-transformed cell type in future experiments. Lastly, our research suggested that compound 2j might be a potentially useful starting point for further optimization to become a new lead compound, providing a rich and diverse material basis for the development of innovative antileukemia drugs.

Supplementary Materials

The following supporting information can be downloaded at: https://www.mdpi.com/article/10.3390/molecules27123934/s1, Figures S1–S138: 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR, and HR-ESI-MS spectra for compounds 1a–1u and 2a–2l; Table S1: The mobile phase system, injection volume, and detection wavelength of compounds; Table S2: Preliminary screening test results.

Author Contributions

S.M. conceptualized, designed, and offered guidance to the experiments, and revised the manuscript; L.D. revised the manuscript and offered some data; Y.T. performed the experiments, analyzed the spectrum–effect relationship and biology experiments, and wrote the manuscript; X.X. and J.L. offered some data. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

Funding

This research was funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 31760097), the Science and Technology Projects of Guizhou Province (Qian Ke He Foundation-ZK (2021) General 516 and QKHPTRC (2019) 5659), and Technological Talents in Colleges and Universities of Guizhou Province (Qian Ke He KY (2021) 181).

Institutional Review Board Statement

Not applicable.

Informed Consent Statement

Not applicable.

Data Availability Statement

The data presented in this study are available in the Supplementary Materials.

Acknowledgments

The authors are grateful to the Key Laboratory of Chemistry for Natural Products of Guizhou Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences for their help with HR-ESI-MS and NMR measurements, to Yang-Ming Jiang for NMR measurements, to En-Ming Hu for HR-ESI-MS measurements.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

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Molecules 27 03934 g001 550
Figure 1. The structures of chelerythrine (1), sanguinarine (2), and bocconoline.
Figure 1. The structures of chelerythrine (1), sanguinarine (2), and bocconoline.
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Molecules 27 03934 g002 550
Figure 2. Reagents and reaction conditions: (i) TMSCN, DMAP, DCM, reflux, 14 h; (ii) NaBH4, MeOH, r.t., 0.5 h; (iii) CH3CN, r.t., 3–8 h; (iv) ethyl trimethylsilylacetate, CsF, CH3CN, r.t., 4–5 h; (v) LiAlH4, THF, 5 °C, 0.5 h; (vi) CH3CN, r.t., 3–4 h; (vii) CH3CN, r.t., 5–14 h; (viii) CH3COCH3, 20% Na2CO3, reflux, 24 h; (ix) PhCOOH, piperidine, toluene, reflux, 24 h.
Figure 2. Reagents and reaction conditions: (i) TMSCN, DMAP, DCM, reflux, 14 h; (ii) NaBH4, MeOH, r.t., 0.5 h; (iii) CH3CN, r.t., 3–8 h; (iv) ethyl trimethylsilylacetate, CsF, CH3CN, r.t., 4–5 h; (v) LiAlH4, THF, 5 °C, 0.5 h; (vi) CH3CN, r.t., 3–4 h; (vii) CH3CN, r.t., 5–14 h; (viii) CH3COCH3, 20% Na2CO3, reflux, 24 h; (ix) PhCOOH, piperidine, toluene, reflux, 24 h.
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Molecules 27 03934 g003 550
Figure 3. Compound 2j induced apoptosis in Jurkat Clone E6-1 and THP-1 cell lines. (A) Compound 2j induced apoptosis in Jurkat Clone E6-1 cell line. Jurkat Clone E6-1 cells were treated with 0.25, 0.5, and 1.0 µM of compound 2j for 48 h, and cells were subsequently stained with Annexin V–FITC/PI and subsequently analyzed by flow cytometry. (B) Compound 2j induced apoptosis in THP-1 cell line. THP-1 cells were treated with 0.25, 0.5, and 1.0 µM of compound 2j for 48 h, and cells were subsequently stained with Annexin V–FITC/PI and subsequently analyzed by flow cytometry. All data are presented as means ± SD (n = 3); *** p < 0.001 vs. the control group.
Figure 3. Compound 2j induced apoptosis in Jurkat Clone E6-1 and THP-1 cell lines. (A) Compound 2j induced apoptosis in Jurkat Clone E6-1 cell line. Jurkat Clone E6-1 cells were treated with 0.25, 0.5, and 1.0 µM of compound 2j for 48 h, and cells were subsequently stained with Annexin V–FITC/PI and subsequently analyzed by flow cytometry. (B) Compound 2j induced apoptosis in THP-1 cell line. THP-1 cells were treated with 0.25, 0.5, and 1.0 µM of compound 2j for 48 h, and cells were subsequently stained with Annexin V–FITC/PI and subsequently analyzed by flow cytometry. All data are presented as means ± SD (n = 3); *** p < 0.001 vs. the control group.
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Figure 4. Effects of compound 2j on Jurkat Clone E6-1 and THP-1 cell-cycle. (A) The cell-cycle distribution of Jurkat Clone E6-1 using flow cytometry. (B) The percentage of Jurkat Clone E6-1 cells in the G0/G1 phase. (C) The percentage of Jurkat Clone E6-1 cells in the S phase. (D) The percentage of Jurkat Clone E6-1 cells in the G2/M phase. (E) The cell-cycle distribution of THP-1 using flow cytometry. (F) The percentage of THP-1 cells in the G0/G1 phase. (G) The percentage of THP-1 cells in the S phase. (H) The percentage of THP-1 cells in the G2/M phase. All data are presented as means ± SD (n = 3); * p < 0.05 and *** p < 0.001 vs. the control group.
Figure 4. Effects of compound 2j on Jurkat Clone E6-1 and THP-1 cell-cycle. (A) The cell-cycle distribution of Jurkat Clone E6-1 using flow cytometry. (B) The percentage of Jurkat Clone E6-1 cells in the G0/G1 phase. (C) The percentage of Jurkat Clone E6-1 cells in the S phase. (D) The percentage of Jurkat Clone E6-1 cells in the G2/M phase. (E) The cell-cycle distribution of THP-1 using flow cytometry. (F) The percentage of THP-1 cells in the G0/G1 phase. (G) The percentage of THP-1 cells in the S phase. (H) The percentage of THP-1 cells in the G2/M phase. All data are presented as means ± SD (n = 3); * p < 0.05 and *** p < 0.001 vs. the control group.
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Tang, Y.; Xu, X.; Li, J.; Deng, L.; Mu, S. Synthesis and Antileukemia Activity Evaluation of Benzophenanthridine Alkaloid Derivatives. Molecules 2022, 27, 3934. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27123934

AMA Style

Tang Y, Xu X, Li J, Deng L, Mu S. Synthesis and Antileukemia Activity Evaluation of Benzophenanthridine Alkaloid Derivatives. Molecules. 2022; 27(12):3934. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27123934

Chicago/Turabian Style

Tang, Yaling, Xinglian Xu, Jiang Li, Lulu Deng, and Shuzhen Mu. 2022. "Synthesis and Antileukemia Activity Evaluation of Benzophenanthridine Alkaloid Derivatives" Molecules 27, no. 12: 3934. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27123934

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