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Sclerosis, Volume 1, Issue 2 (September 2023) – 3 articles

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22 pages, 1113 KiB  
Review
Roles of Extracellular Vesicles in Multiple Sclerosis: From Pathogenesis to Potential Tools as Biomarkers and Therapeutics
by Cristiana Pistono, Cecilia Osera, Mariaclara Cuccia and Roberto Bergamaschi
Sclerosis 2023, 1(2), 91-112; https://doi.org/10.3390/sclerosis1020011 - 21 Aug 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1613
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are involved in the regulation of immune system functioning and central nervous system (CNS) homeostasis, suggesting a possible role in multiple sclerosis (MS). Indeed, by carrying several types of mediators, such as cytokines, enzymes, and RNAs, EVs can display both [...] Read more.
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are involved in the regulation of immune system functioning and central nervous system (CNS) homeostasis, suggesting a possible role in multiple sclerosis (MS). Indeed, by carrying several types of mediators, such as cytokines, enzymes, and RNAs, EVs can display both anti- and pro-inflammatory roles on the innate and adaptive immune system, and are involved in several CNS functions, including neuronal plasticity, trophic support, disposal of cellular components, axonal maintenance and neuroprotection. In this review, we provide an overview of the studies carried out to understand the role of EVs in the compromised immune system and CNS functioning typical of MS. Moreover, we also highlight the potential of EVs for the diagnosis of this disorder, thanks to their ability to cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB). In addition, we describe the advances in the use of EVs as therapeutic agents by describing their therapeutic potential. Full article
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15 pages, 340 KiB  
Article
Quality of Life in Multiple Sclerosis: The Predictive Roles of Positive Body Image and Meaning in Life
by Maria Carolina Barbosa, Sandra Torres, Raquel Barbosa, Filipa Vieira, Leonor Lencastre and Marina Prista Guerra
Sclerosis 2023, 1(2), 76-90; https://doi.org/10.3390/sclerosis1020010 - 19 Jul 2023
Viewed by 1087
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic neurological disease with a global prevalence that has risen over the past decade. The literature suggests that in comparison with a healthy control (HC) group, people with MS experience lower levels of quality of life (QoL). The [...] Read more.
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic neurological disease with a global prevalence that has risen over the past decade. The literature suggests that in comparison with a healthy control (HC) group, people with MS experience lower levels of quality of life (QoL). The purpose of this study was (1) to investigate the differences in QoL and a set of psychosocial variables between MS patients and an HC group; (2) to examine the correlations between QoL and psychosocial, sociodemographic, and clinical variables; and (3) to assess the predictive value of a set of psychosocial, sociodemographic, and clinical variables for the QoL of patients with MS. Participants in the clinical group (n = 135) and the HC group (n = 170) filled in a sociodemographic questionnaire and self-report assessments measuring QoL, body appreciation, body acceptance by others, functionality appreciation, body responsiveness, meaning in life, and difficulties in emotion regulation. The results show that the MS group had lower general, physical, psychological, and social QoL than the HC group and that body appreciation, body acceptance by others, body functionality, meaning in life, and difficulties in emotion regulation are important predictors of QoL. Full article
8 pages, 730 KiB  
Study Protocol
Immersive Virtual Reality to Improve Functional Capacities in People with Multiple Sclerosis: Study Protocol
by Pablo Campo-Prieto, José Mª Cancela-Carral and Gustavo Rodríguez-Fuentes
Sclerosis 2023, 1(2), 68-75; https://doi.org/10.3390/sclerosis1020009 - 21 Jun 2023
Viewed by 1142
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis is an autoimmune, inflammatory, and chronic neurodegenerative disease caused by myelin loss in the central nervous system. One strategy that shows evidence of numerous benefits is therapeutic exercise, but these therapies, based on repetitive physical actions, can sometimes be unmotivating for [...] Read more.
Multiple sclerosis is an autoimmune, inflammatory, and chronic neurodegenerative disease caused by myelin loss in the central nervous system. One strategy that shows evidence of numerous benefits is therapeutic exercise, but these therapies, based on repetitive physical actions, can sometimes be unmotivating for patients. Our proposal suggests that an exergame programme with immersive virtual reality (IVR) is feasible for people with multiple sclerosis (pwMS) and will improve their physical function through more motivational sessions. We present a protocol for a single-blind randomised controlled trial to assess the feasibility and impact on functional capacities of an 8-week IVR programme (ExeRVIEM protocol) in pwMS. Balance, gait, risk of falling, functional mobility and lower limb strength, fatigue, handgrip strength, and reaction times will be evaluated. The control group will maintain the usual activities scheduled in the centre, and the experimental group will add the ExeRVIEM protocol (two sessions per week). Therapies based on the combination of exercise and IVR explored in this study may offer new treatment approaches and open new lines of research in this field by improving the functionality of pwMS, as well as motivating patients and encouraging their adherence to treatment. Full article
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