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Proceeding Paper

Rediscovering the Richness and Endemism of the Tetrapod Fauna within the Utcubamba River Key Area for Biodiversity, in Northwestern Peru †

by
Cristóbal Torres Guzmán
1,*,
Antonio García-Bravo
1,2,3,
Lleydy Alvarado Chuquizuta
2,
Manuel Oliva
1,
Iván Alexander Mejía Castillo
2,
Alexander Cotrina Sánchez
1,4 and
Fernando Angulo
3
1
Instituto de Investigación Para el Desarrollo Sustentable de Ceja de Selva (INDES-CES), Universidad Nacional Toribio Rodríguez de Mendoza de Amazonas, Chachapoyas 01001, Peru
2
Naturaleza y Cultura Internacional (NCI), La Laguna de Chipe, Manzana C, Lote 14, Piura 20009, Peru
3
División de Ornitología, Centro de Ornitología y Biodiversidad (CORBIDI), Santiago de Surco, Lima 15038, Peru
4
Department for Innovation in Biological, Agri-Food and Forest Systems, Università Degli Studi Della Tuscia, Via San Camillo de Lellis, 4, 01100 Viterbo, Italy
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
†
Presented at the 2nd International Electronic Conference on Diversity (IECD 2022)—New Insights into the Biodiversity of Plants, Animals and Microbes, 15–31 March 2022; Available online: https://sciforum.net/event/IECD2022.
Biol. Life Sci. Forum 2022, 15(1), 28; https://doi.org/10.3390/IECD2022-12435
Published: 17 March 2022
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 2nd International Electronic Conference on Diversity (IECD 2022)—New Insights into the Biodiversity of Plants, Animals and Microbes)
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Abstract

:
The tropical Andes in South America stand at the top of the world’s list of endemism hotspots, due to their high species richness per unit area. Thus, our study focuses on the Key Biodiversity Area (KBA) of the Utcubamba River (PER-84), one of the 96 KBAs, with an extension of 35,534 hectares. This area is located in northwest Peru, within the hotspot of the tropical Andes. The study area is well known as the waterfalls valley, which holds the world’s third highest waterfall “Gocta”, an outstanding national and international tourist attraction. Nevertheless, despite its great ecological and tourist value, research reports are deficient in the area. Therefore, we conducted a biological inventory in 2019 during the wet season, with the aim of recording and identifying species of tetrapod fauna, as well as promoting actions for their conservation. Based on field assessments, the following number of species was recorded: amphibians (14), reptiles (6), birds (229), and mammals (20). Interestingly, for the first time, two species of amphibians (Gastrotheca aguaruna and Gastrotheca spectabilis) and two reptiles (Dipsas palmeri and Tachymenis affinis) have been recorded; furthermore, the following several endemic species have been observed: amphibians (3), reptiles (2), birds (3) and mammals (1) that have not yet been reported for the ACB, which have not yet been reported for the KBA. This finding, in fact, increases the number of species of endemism in this part of Peruvian territory. Consequently, this study aims to be the basis for promoting further research to discover new species for science and to propose strategies for their conservation over time.

1. Introduction

Across the world, only 36 regions meet the criteria for biodiversity hotspots, which must have 1500 vascular plant species (more than 5% of the global population) and have lost at least 70% of their original habitat [1]. Initially, these areas covered an area of 23.5 million km2 (15.7% of the earth’s surface), but unfortunately, over time, they have deteriorated and it is now believed that only 2.3% of their surface is covered by natural vegetation, but interestingly, this area holds most of the planet’s biodiversity [2].
The tropical Andes hotspot, the coldest and longest region in the tropics, spans the Andes Mountains from Venezuela to Argentina with an area of 33.2 million hectares; it is home to the greatest diversity of flora (30,000 species of vascular plants), the greatest variety of amphibians on the planet (981 species), 1724 species of birds, 570 species of mammals and the second greatest diversity of reptiles (610 species) after Mesoamerica [3]. It ranks first in endemism, marking it the world’s biodiversity epicentre; however, it is one of the most severely threatened areas [4,5]. This hotspot is divided into 474 sites known as Key Biodiversity Areas (KBAs), of which 96 are in Peru, and 1 of them is the Rio Utcubamba KBA (PER-84) [3], where this research takes place.
On the other hand, knowledge of biodiversity is one of the most important tools for conservation of nature [6], because it makes it possible to establish the importance of certain ecosystems, as well as the threats to which it is exposed, taking into account that all hotspots are seriously threatened [2]. Consequently, this study presents for the first time some species of tetrapod fauna from the KBA, and their conservation status worldwide and aims to inform others about their ecological importance so that strategies for their conservation can be proposed.

2. Materials and Methods

2.1. Study Area

The evaluations were carried out within the KBA “Río Utcubamba” (Code PER-84), which covers an area of 35,534,000 hectares, located in the northeast of Peru [3]. Part of this territory is also known as the waterfalls valley and includes the third highest waterfall in the world “Gocta”, an outstanding national and international tourist attraction. According to the ecosystems map of Peru [7], it is composed of Yunga Altimontano (Pluvial) Forest, Yunga Basimontan Forest, Yunga Montane Forest, Jalca, Grasslands/Grasslands and secondary vegetation. Surveys were conducted in two camping sites in the districts of Cuispes and San Pablo de Valera between 2600 and 3000 m of altitude (Figure 1), during the wet season from 01 to 14 May 2019. These districts present a slightly humid and warm temperate climate, with a rainfall index between 20 and 40% and monthly rainfall of 33.9 and 147.7 mm [8].

2.2. Methodological Design

The methodology used depended on the taxonomic group; for amphibians and reptiles, the visual encounters method was used (Visual Encounter Survey) [9,10], lasting one hour, between 09:00 and 16:00 and 19:00 and 00:00 h. Species listing for amphibian and reptiles followed the taxonomic order of the Amphibian Species of the World [11] and the Reptile Database [12], respectively. For birds, we used fixed list units [13,14], a targeted search for key species, including endemic, restricted distribution, migratory and threatened; capture of birds without collection using mist nets [14,15] and play back [16]. For smaller terrestrial mammals, tramping methods [17] were employed, using live traps (Sherman) and pitfall traps. Two linear transects of 100 m. were established with pitfall traps in each of the evaluated localities, with five stations separated between 10 to 15 m. and with a sampling effort of 69 traps/night.
Preliminary identification of the rodent species was reviewed in the field regarding the genus and/or species based on expert literature [18,19,20]. For the identification of marsupials, guides were used [21,22]. For smaller flying mammals, mist nets were used along a 100 m transect length including cave surveys. A total of 27 nets were established/night; these were located in two transects near streams, creeks, open areas within or at the edge of the forest and were kept active from 17:30 to 23:30 h. Species identification was carried using publications from 2016 [23] and 2009 [24]. For larger mammals, 15 transects were traced, 8 in San Pablo de Valera and 7 in Cuispes, between 08:00 and 12:00 h, using direct records (observations) and indirect records (tracks, paths, feces, hairs and/or bristles, odoriferous substances, etc.).
Finally, the list of mammals (major and minor) follows the taxonomic order and the state of residence and Peruvian endemism according to the article Diversity and endemism of the mammals of Peru [25]. In addition, the threat categories (critically endangered (CR), endangered (EN), vulnerable (VU), data deficient (DD), least concern (LC)) of the species were reviewed in the Red List of Threatened Species of the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) [26].

3. Result and Discussion

3.1. Herpetology

Of the total amphibian species recorded, eight are endemic to Peru and three have been identified only to the genera level (Hyloxalus sp., Gastrotheca sp. and Pristimantis sp.) It is important to note that for the first time, the following two species have been identified in the study area: Gastrotheca aguaruna (Figure 2a) y Gastrotheca spectabilis (Figure 2b). G. aguaruna was found in the district of San Pablo de Vlera at coordinates 5°59′39.88″ S and 77°51′37.87″ W at an altitude of 3035 m. This species is endemic to Peru and its distribution is restricted to nine geographical localities in the northern part of the central cordillera in the departments of Amazonas and San Martín, at altitudes between the 2360 and 3308 m [27,28]. G. spectabilis, was reported at 6°00′01″ S and 77°52′52″ W, at an altitude of 2805 m. Previously, this species was known only from type locality in Hornillo (6°30′05″ S and 77°29′04.9″ W), Vista Alegre District, Rodríguez de Mendoza Province and Amazonas at 3308 m [29,30]; furthermore, it is listed as not evaluated (NE) by the IUCN. Both species were recorded for the first time in the KBA, thereby extending their range of distribution.
Furthermore, six species of reptiles were found. Three are endemic to Peru and two species correspond to the family Tropiduridae (Stenocercus sp1 and Stenocercus sp2); these species identified to genus level are likely to be new to science. In addition, they were reported for the first time and include Tachymenis affinis (Figure 2c) and Dipsas palmeri (Figure 2d). According to its coloring characteristics and the typology of its molecular phylogeny [31], D. palmeri was synonymous with D. peruana [12,32] and reappeared as was the case in 2018 [33]. For its part, T. affinis is an endemic species for Peru [34] in Amazonas and its unique habitat is near the community of Ocol, Molinopampa district, Chachapoyas province (6°14′23.8″ S and 77°35′35.0″ W) [35]; this species inhabits humid montane forests, thickets and grasslands [36]. Therefore, our records are the first for the KBA Utcubamba River and will contribute to understanding its range of distribution.

3.2. Birds

Our study reports the sighting of 229 bird species, distributed in 45 families. Of these, eight are endemic to Peru and include the following: Metallura theresiae, Loddigesia mirabilis, Thaumasius (Leucipus) taczanowskii, Picumnus steindachneri, Grallaria przewalskii, Scytalopus macropus, Scytalopus femoralis y Poecilotricus luluae [26]. P. steindachneri (Figure 3a), P. luluae (Figure 3b) and L. mirabilis (Figure 3d). They are distributed only in Amazonas and San Martín regions [37,38,39].

3.3. Mammals

Twenty mammal species were reported for the KBA, distributed in 15 families. Out of the total species found, five have been identified to genus level (Marmosops sp1., Marmosops sp2., Thomasomys sp., Cavia sp. y Dactylomys sp.). Likewise, according to the IUCN, Cuniculus taczanowskii is categorized as NT, Sylvilagus brasiliensis as EN, Tremarctos ornatus as VU; it is important to note that the only endemic species for Peru is Thomasomys ischyrus [40].
The individuals of T. ischyrus (Figure 3c) were captured by live-capture (Sherman) and pitfall traps in the district of Ciuspes (5°56′25.68″ S; 77°54′47.42″ W) and in San Pablo de Valera (6°0′8.41″ S; 77°53′4.64″ W), respectively. This species inhabits between 2280 and 3350 m on the eastern slopes of the Andes in northern and central Peru, in Amazonas, San Martín and Huánuco regions [25,40,41].
Our area of study lacks detailed research. However, previously over time some have been carried out, with the purpose of implementing projects, whose objective is the creation of Regional Conservation Areas (RCA), among which is the project for the creation of the RCA “Gocta, Yumbilla and Chinata Falls” in the provinces of Bongará and Chachapoyas [8], previous study reported the existence of species of mammals (52), reptiles (15), amphibians (18). In addition, the existence of 223 species of birds was reported [42], including endemic amphibian species (C. lemniscatum, G. aguaruna y G. spectabilis), reptiles (T. affinis), birds (G. przewalskii, S. macropus y S. femoralis) and mammals (T. ischyrus). With these records, the number of endemism for the KBA of Rio Utcubamba is increased, which makes it an area with a higher number of bird endemics than the western side of Paso Porculla and the Huancabamba-Chamaya sub-basin, where up to four endemic bird species have been reported [43]. Moreover, it shares a similar number of endemics with the inter-Andean seasonally dry tropical forests of the Marañón valley, where 4 species of amphibians, 28 reptiles, 13 birds and 5 mammals endemic to Peru have been reported [44]. From this, our research contributes to the rediscovery of the species of wildlife in the KBA of Rio Utcubamba (PER-84), as an input for the implementation of species conservation policies and the creation of areas for the protection of these species.

4. Conclusions

We conclude from the aforementioned findings that the Río Utcubamba KBA is a vital centre of faunal biodiversity, as it contains a large number of endemic species to Peru, which, together with those reported by Terán [8], reach a total of thirty-six endemic species, including twelve species of amphibians, six of reptiles, twelve of birds and six of mammals. Furthermore, our study reports for the first time, the presence of two species of amphibians (G. aguaruna and G. spectabilis) and two reptiles (D. palmeri and T. affinis) on the territory of the KBA. That number may increase, considering that the study presents ten specimens among amphibians, reptiles and mammals that have been identified up to genus level, and the implementation of further research, thereby increasing their importance for further research and conservation.

Author Contributions

Conceptualization, C.T.G., A.G.-B., I.A.M.C. and F.A.; methodology, A.G.-B., C.T.G. and L.A.C.; validation, M.O., A.C.S. and I.A.M.C.; formal analysis, A.C.S., M.O., C.T.G., F.A. and I.A.M.C.; investigation; resources, L.A.C., I.A.M.C., C.T.G. and M.O.; data curation and writing—original draft preparation, C.T.G., A.G.-B. and A.C.S.; writing—review and editing, A.C.S., C.T.G. and M.O.; supervision and project administration, I.A.M.C., L.A.C. and C.T.G.; funding acquisition, L.A.C. and I.A.M.C. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

Funding

This research was funded by the project Fostering Community-based Conservation in Utcubamba Key Biodiversity Area in Peru, developed by Nature and Culture International, with the support of the Critical Ecosystem Partnership Fund, and CUI project No. 2261386 “Service Creation Project of the Biodiversity and Conservation of Wild Species Genetic Resources Laboratory at the Toribio Rodríguez de Mendoza National University—Amazonas Region”.

Institutional Review Board Statement

Not applicable.

Informed Consent Statement

Not applicable.

Data Availability Statement

The data used to support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon request.

Acknowledgments

This research was carried out with the support of the Critical Ecosystem Partnership Fund, Nature and Culture International and the Research Institute for the Sustainable Development of the Eyebrow of the Jungle (INDES-CES) of the National University Toribio Rodriguez de Amazonas (UNTRM). A special thanks is given to the communal authorities and neighbors of San Pablo and Cuispes for the logistics provided. The authors also thank Pablo Venegas, Betsy Inche Arroyo and Karlom Herrera for their support in different activities carried out during the preparation of inventories; as well as Victor Bustinza for giving us the photograph of L. mirabilis.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

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Blsf 15 00028 g001 550
Figure 1. Study area.
Figure 1. Study area.
Blsf 15 00028 g001
Blsf 15 00028 g002 550
Figure 2. This figure shows the species reported for the first time for the KBA of Rio Utcubamba (PER-84): G. aguaruna (a); G. spectabilis (b); T. affinis (c) and D. palmeri (d).
Figure 2. This figure shows the species reported for the first time for the KBA of Rio Utcubamba (PER-84): G. aguaruna (a); G. spectabilis (b); T. affinis (c) and D. palmeri (d).
Blsf 15 00028 g002
Blsf 15 00028 g003 550
Figure 3. This figure shows endemic fauna species recorded in the KBA of Rio Utcubamba (PER-84): P. steindachneri (a); P. luluae (b), T. ischyrus (c) and L. mirabilis (d).
Figure 3. This figure shows endemic fauna species recorded in the KBA of Rio Utcubamba (PER-84): P. steindachneri (a); P. luluae (b), T. ischyrus (c) and L. mirabilis (d).
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Torres Guzmán, C.; García-Bravo, A.; Chuquizuta, L.A.; Oliva, M.; Castillo, I.A.M.; Cotrina Sánchez, A.; Angulo, F. Rediscovering the Richness and Endemism of the Tetrapod Fauna within the Utcubamba River Key Area for Biodiversity, in Northwestern Peru. Biol. Life Sci. Forum 2022, 15, 28. https://doi.org/10.3390/IECD2022-12435

AMA Style

Torres Guzmán C, García-Bravo A, Chuquizuta LA, Oliva M, Castillo IAM, Cotrina Sánchez A, Angulo F. Rediscovering the Richness and Endemism of the Tetrapod Fauna within the Utcubamba River Key Area for Biodiversity, in Northwestern Peru. Biology and Life Sciences Forum. 2022; 15(1):28. https://doi.org/10.3390/IECD2022-12435

Chicago/Turabian Style

Torres Guzmán, Cristóbal, Antonio García-Bravo, Lleydy Alvarado Chuquizuta, Manuel Oliva, Iván Alexander Mejía Castillo, Alexander Cotrina Sánchez, and Fernando Angulo. 2022. "Rediscovering the Richness and Endemism of the Tetrapod Fauna within the Utcubamba River Key Area for Biodiversity, in Northwestern Peru" Biology and Life Sciences Forum 15, no. 1: 28. https://doi.org/10.3390/IECD2022-12435

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