Sediment Transport Capacity in a Gravel-Bed River with a Sandy Tributary
Abstract
:1. Introduction and Objectives
2. Case Study: The Tagus–Alberche–Chascoso Confluences (in Talavera)
3. Methodology
3.1. Bedload Transport Equations
3.2. Description of the Model and Main Hypotheses
3.3. Bed Materials Data
3.4. Flood Scenarios
- -
- Case 1: flooding in the Alberche River (5 day hydrograph, with a peak discharge of 250 m3/s) and in the Chascoso stream (8 h long hydrograph, with a peak discharge of 67 m3/s), while the Tagus River carries its constant average discharge (110 m3/s).
- -
- Case 2: In this case, the 1970 flooding [50] is replicated. Simplified triangular and symmetric hydrographs are employed in this case, with a peak discharge in the Tagus River (upstream of its confluence with the Alberche) of 1400 m3/s, while the Alberche carries 400 m3/s at the peak of the hydrograph. The Chascoso stream is simulated with the same hydrograph as in case 1.
- -
- Case 3: All rivers are assumed to carry average discharges, with 110 m3/s in the Tagus (upstream of the Alberche) and the Alberche with its minimal discharge (0.1 m3/s). The Chascoso stream is assumed to be totally dry in this case. This situation aims to represent a summer standard scenario when little to no rains are expected. This analysis is conducted for 1 month to represent steady conditions and find the global erosion/transport/deposition trends in summer.
- -
- Case 4: The same hydrographs as in case 3 are employed in this case, but the bed material in the Tagus River, between the Alberche and the Chascoso confluences (reach 3), is substituted by the sandy material carried by the Alberche River. This case represents the situation immediately after case 1 when the Alberche is supposed to dispose of a large amount of its bedload into the Tagus River.
- -
- Case 5: The 1970 flooding is again represented, as in Case 2, but this time, it follows the flooding simulated in Case 1, and therefore, the bed materials in the Tagus are assumed to be the same as those carried by the Alberche (like in Case 4).
4. Results and Analysis
4.1. Case 1: Flooding in Alberche and Chascoso, While the Tagus River Carries Its Average Discharge
4.2. Case 2: 1970 Flooding
4.3. Case 3: Average Discharges in Summer
4.4. Case 4: Average Discharges in Summer following Floodings of the Alberche and Chascoso Rivers (Case 1)
4.5. Case 5: The 1970 Flooding Event (Case 2) following the Flooding in Alberche and Chascoso Rivers (Case 1)
4.6. Analysis of the Evolution of the Grain Size Distribution of the Bedload Transport under Different Scenarios
5. Conclusions
- Yang’s method for non-uniform particles was concluded to be the most suitable procedure for analyzing the confluences of rivers that carry different types of soils. Using this method, the prediction of the resultant bedload transport at the downstream location of this river system, compared with the material collected at the same location, follows a similar trend, although it displays some differences. This can be attributed to, firstly, the fact that the simulation was conducted for only 1 month under summer conditions, and secondly, because this model cannot consider armouring, and therefore, might yield overestimated results in terms of the transport of the finest fractions of the material.
- In a typical flooding event in the Alberche and Chascoso rivers, while the Tagus River is under normal flow conditions, the material deposited in the Tagus River is sand, a predicted overall increase in the bottom of the main channel of around 1.35 m is obtained, resulting in a very significant loss in terms of the hydraulic capacity of the cross-section. This situation occurs due to the lack of bedload capacity in the Tagus River.
- In the case of typical flooding in the whole fluvial system, like the one reported back in 1970, the amount of sandy sediment transported by the Alberche River is similar to the previous case, but the Tagus River can carry a greater proportion, with the result of an overall increase in the elevation in the river bed of around 0.14 m.
- In both previous cases, even if the Chascoso River suffered flooding, its effect on the overall performance of the analyzed river system in terms of bedload transport was found to be negligible.
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
- Lane, S.N.; Bradbrook, K.F.; Richards, K.S.; Biron, P.M.; Roy, A.G. Secondary circulation cells in river channel confluences: Measurement artefacts or coherent flow structures? Hydrol. Process. 2000, 14, 2047–2071. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- James, A. Time and the persistence of alluvium: River engineering, fluvial geomorphology, and mining sediment in California. Geomorphology 1999, 31, 265–290. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Benito, G.; Díez-Herrero, A.; Fernández de Villalta, M. Magnitude and Frequency of Flooding in the Tagus Basin (Central Spain) over the Last Millennium. Clim. Chang. 2003, 58, 171–192. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Martín-Vide, J.P.; Martín-Moreta, P.J.; López-Querol, S.; Machado, M.J.; Benito, G. Tagus river: Historical floods at Talavera de la Reina. In Palaeofloods, Historical Floods and Climatic Variability: Applications in Flood Risk Assessment, Proceedings of the PHEFRA Workshop, Barcelona, Spain, 16–19 October 2002; CSIC—Centro de Ciencias Medioambientales: Madrid, Spain, 2003; pp. 191–196. [Google Scholar]
- Roy, N.; Sinha, R. Understanding confluence dynamics in the alluvial Ganga–Ramganga valley, India: An integrated approach using geomorphology and hydrology. Geomorphology 2007, 92, 182–197. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Mosley, M.P. An experimental study of channel confluences. J. Geol. 1976, 84, 535–562. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Best, J.L.; Reid, I. Separation zone at open-channel junctions. J. Hydraul. Eng. 1984, 110, 1588–1594. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Best, J.L. Sediment transport and bed morphology at river channel confluences. Geomorphology 1988, 35, 481–498. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- De Serres, B.; Roy, A.G.; Biron, P.; Best, J.L. Three-dimensional flow structure at a river channel confluence with discordant beds. Geomorphology 1999, 26, 313–335. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Weber, L.J.; Schumate, E.D.; Mawer, N. Experiment on flow at a 90° open-channel junction. J. Hydraul. Eng. 2001, 127, 340–350. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Constantinescu, G.; Miyawaki, S.; Rhoads, B.; Sukhodolov, A. Numerical analysis of the effect of momentum ratio on the dynamics and sediment-entrainment capacity of coherent flow structures at a stream confluence. J. Geophys. Res. 2012, 117, 1–21. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Roca, M.; Martín-Vide, J.P.; Moreta, P.J.M. Modelling a torrential event in a river confluence. J. Hydrol. 2008, 364, 207–215. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Parsons, D.R.; Best, J.L.; Lane, S.N.; Orfeo, O.; Hardy, R.J.; Kostaschuk, R.A. Form roughness and the absence of secondary flow in a large confluence–diffluence, RioParaná, Argentina. Earth Surf. Process. Landf. 2007, 32, 155–162. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Roy, A.G.; Bergeron, N. Flow and particle paths at a natural river confluence with coarse bed material. Geomorphology 1990, 3, 99–112. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Rhoads, B.L. Mean structure of transport-effective flows at an asymmetrical confluence when the main stream is dominant. In Coherent Flow Structures in Open Channels; Ashworth, P., Bennett, S.J., Best, J.L., McLelland, S., Eds.; John Wiley &Sons Ltd.: Chichester, UK, 1996; pp. 491–517. [Google Scholar]
- Best, J.L.; Rhoads, B.L. Sediment transport, bed morphology and the sedimentology of river channel confluences. In River Confluences, Tributaries and the Fluvial Network; Rice, S.P., Roy, A.G., Rhoads, B.L., Eds.; John Wiley and Sons Ltd.: Chichester, UK, 2008. [Google Scholar]
- Martín-Vide, J.P.; Plana-Casado, A.; Sambola, A.; Capapé, S. Bedload transport in a river confluence. Geomorphology 2015, 250, 15–28. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Miller, J.P. High mountain streams: Effects of geology on channel characteristics and bed material. New Mex. Bur. Mines Miner. Resour. 1958, 4, 53. [Google Scholar]
- Hubbell, D.W. Bedload sampling and analysis. In Sediment Transport in Gravel-Bed Rivers; Thorne, C.R., Bathurst, J.C., Hey, R.D., Eds.; John Wiley & Sons: New York, NY, USA, 1987. [Google Scholar]
- Brown, C.B. Sediment transportation. Eng. Hydraul. 1950, 12, 769–857. [Google Scholar]
- Wong, M.; Parker, G. Reanalysis and correction of bed-load relation of Meyer-Peter and Müller using their own database. J. Hydraul. Eng. 2006, 132, 1159–1168. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Gomez, B.; Church, M. An assessment of bedload sediment transport formulae for gravel bed rivers. Water Resour. Res. 1989, 25, 1161–1186. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- White, W.R.; Milli, W.R.; Crabbe, A.D. Sediment transport theories: A review. Proc. Inst. Civ. Eng. 1975, 59, 265–292. [Google Scholar]
- Batalla, R.J. Evaluating bed-material transport equations using field measurements in a sandy gravel-bed stream, Arbúcies River, NE Spain. Earth Surf. Process. Landf. 1997, 22, 121–130. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Barry, J.J.; Buffington, J.M.; Goodwin, P.G.; King, J.G.; Emmett, W.W. Performance of bed-load transport equations relative to geomorphic significance: Predicting effective discharge and its transport rate. J. Hydraul. Eng. 2008, 134, 601–615. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- López, R.; Vericat, D.; Batalla, R.J. Evaluation of bed load transport formulae in a large regulated gravel bed river. J. Hydrol. 2014, 510, 164–181. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Walling, D.E. Suspended sediment yields in a changing environment. In Changing River Channels; Gurnell, A., Petts, G., Eds.; Wiley: Chichester, UK, 1995; pp. 149–176. [Google Scholar]
- Wasson, R.J.; Mazari, R.K.; Starr, B.; Clifton, G. The recent history of erosion and sedimentation on the Southern Tablelands of southeastern Australia. Geomorphology 1998, 24, 291–308. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wilkinson, S.N.; Olley, J.M.; Prosser, I.P.; Read, A.M. Targeting erosion control in large river systems using spatially distributed sediment budgets. In Geomorphological Processes and Human Impacts in River Basins; International Association of Hydrological Sciences Publication No. 299; IAHS Press: Wallingford, UK, 2005; pp. 56–64. [Google Scholar]
- Dietrich, W.B.; Dunne, T. Sediment budget for a small catchment in mountainous terrain. Z. Geomorphol. Suppl. 1978, 29, 191–206. [Google Scholar]
- Slaymaker, O. The sediment budget as conceptual framework and management tool. Hydrobiologia 2003, 494, 71–82. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kondolf, G.M. Hungry Water: Effects of Dams and Gravel Mining on River Channels. Environ. Manag. 1997, 21, 533–551. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Vericat, D.; Batalla, R.J. Sediment transport in a large impounded river: The lower Ebro, NE Iberian Peninsula. Geomorphology 2006, 79, 72–92. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Gilbert, G.K. Report on the Geology of the Henry Mountains; Department of the Interior, U.S. Geographical and Geological Survey of The Rocky Mountain Region: Washington, DC, USA, 1877. [Google Scholar]
- Gilbert, G.K. The Transportation of Debris by Running Water; Professional Paper; U.S. Geological Survey: Washington, DC, USA, 1914; Volume 86, p. 263. [Google Scholar]
- Einstein, H.A. The Bed-Load Function for Sediment Transportation in Open Channel Flows; Technical Bulletin 1026; U.S. Department of Agriculture, Soil Conservation Service: Washington, DC, USA, 1950. [Google Scholar]
- Strahler, A.N. Dynamic basis of geomorphology. Geol. Soc. Am. Bull. 1952, 63, 923–938. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wilcock, P.R. Two-fraction model of initial sediment motion in gravel-bed rivers. Science 1998, 280, 410–412. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Cooper, J.R.; Tait, S.J. Examining the physical components of boundary shear stress for water-worked gravel deposits. Earth Surf. Process. Landf. 2010, 35, 1240–1246. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Pu, J.H.; Wei, J.; Huang, Y. Velocity Distribution and 3D Turbulence Characteristic Analysis for Flow over Water-Worked Rough Bed. Water 2017, 9, 668. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Pu, J.H. Velocity Profile and Turbulence Structure Measurement Corrections for Sediment Transport-Induced Water-Worked Bed. Fluids 2021, 6, 86. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Reid, L.M.; Dunne, T. Rapid Evaluation of Sediment Budgets; Catena Verlag: Reiskirchen, Germany, 1996. [Google Scholar]
- Lisle, T.E. The evolution of sediment waves influenced by varying transport capacity in heterogeneous rivers. In Gravel-Bed Rivers VI: From Process Understanding to River Restoration; Habersack, H., Piégay, H., Rinaldi, M., Eds.; Elsevier: Amsterdam, The Netherlands, 2008; pp. 443–469. [Google Scholar]
- Graf, W.H. Hydraulics of Sediment Transport; McGraw-Hill Book Company: New York, NY, USA, 1971. [Google Scholar]
- Hicks, D.M.; Gomez, B. Sediment Transport, in Tools in Fluvial Geomorphology; Kondolf, G.M., Piégay, H., Eds.; John Wiley: Chichester, UK, 2003; pp. 425–462. [Google Scholar]
- Mueller, E.R.; Pitlick, J. Morphologically based model of bed load transport capacity in a headwater stream. J. Geophys. Res. 2005, 110, F02016. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Einstein, H.A. Formulas for the transportation of bed load. Am. Soc. Civ. Eng. Trans. 1942, 107, 561–577. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Martin, Y. Evaluation of bed load transport formulae using field evidence from the Vedder River, British Columbia. Geomorphology 2003, 53, 75–95. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Barry, J.J.; Buffington, J.M.; King, J.G. A general power equation for predicting bed load transport rates in gravel bed rivers. Water Resour. Res. 2004, 40, W10401. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Martín Vide, J.P.; López Querol, S.; Martín Moreta, P.; Simarro Grande, G.; Benito, G. Uso de modelos uni-y bidimensionales en llanuras de inundación. Aplicación al caso del río Tajo en Talavera de la Reina. Ing. Del Agua 2003, 10, 49–58. (In Spanish) [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Parker, G. Surface-based bedload transport relation for gravel rivers. J. Hydraul. Res. 1990, 28, 417–436. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Engelund, F.; Hansen, E. A Monograph on Sediment Transport in Alluvial Streams; Teknisk Forlag: Copenhagen, Denmark, 1967; 65p. [Google Scholar]
- Ackers, P.; White, W.R. Sediment Transport: New Approach and Analysis. J. Hydraul. Div. 1973, 99, 2041–2060. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Maza Alvarez, J.A.; García Flores, M. Manual de Ingeniería de Ríos; Instituto de Ingeniería UNAM: Mexico City, Mexico, 1996. (In Spanish) [Google Scholar]
- Yang, C.T. Unit stream power equation for gravel. J. Hydraul. Eng. 1984, 110, 1783–1797. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Martín Vide, J.P. Ingeniería de Rios; Edicions UPC: Barcelona, Spain, 2002. (In Spanish) [Google Scholar]
- Chow, V.T. Hidráulica de Canales Abiertos; McGraw-Hill: Santa Fe de Bogotá, Colombia, 1994. [Google Scholar]
- USACE. HEC-RAS River Analysis System, User’s Manual; versión 6.0; USACE: Davis, CA, USA, 2020. [Google Scholar]
Reach Number | Description | Slope (m/m) | Length (m) | n Manning in the Main Channel | n Manning in the Floodplains | Sediment Sample (Figure 2 and Figure 5) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Tagus River upstream of the confluence with Alberche | 0.0005 | - | 0.025 | 0.05 | 1 |
2 | Alberche river | 0.0095 | - | 0.015 | 0.05 | 2 |
3 | Tagus between Alberche and Chascoso confluences | 0.0007 | 1500 | 0.026 | 0.05 | 3 |
4 | Chascoso river | 0.0050 | - | 0.015 | 0.05 | 4 |
5 | Tagus between Chascoso and the Palomarejos weir | 0.00083 | 2000 | 0.026 | 0.05 | 5 |
Parameters | R1 Tagus Upstream | R2 Alberche | R3 Tagus Chascoso | R4 Chascoso | R5 Tagus Downstream |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Dm or D50 (mm) | 60 | 0.5 | 6 | 0.7 | 2 |
γs/γ | 2.6 | 2.6 | 2.6 | 2.6 | 2.6 |
S (m/m) | 0.0005 | 0.0095 | 0.0007 | 0.005 | 0.00083 |
Ql (m3/s) Case 1 | 110 | 250 | 360 | 67 | 427 |
Cases 2,5 | 1400 | 400 | 1800 | 67 | 1867 |
Cases 3,4 | 100 | 1 | 101 | 0 | 101 |
w (m) Case 1 | 151 | 65 | 211 | 18 | 250 |
Cases 2,5 | 1000 | 200 | 1340 | 18 | 1500 |
Cases 3,4 | 151 | 10 | 200 | 1 | 180 |
ql (m2/s) Case 1 | 0.7 | 3.8 | 1.7 | 6.7 | 1.7 |
Cases 2,5 | 1.4 | 2 | 1.3 | 6.7 | 1.2 |
Cases 3,4 | 0.7 | 0.01 | 0.5 | 0 | 0.6 |
Meyer-Peter and Müller | Parker + Engelund and Hansen | Ackers and White | Yang | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
R3–Tagus Alberche | R5–Tagus Chascoso | R3–Tagus Alberche | R5–Tagus Chascoso | R3–Tagus Alberche | R5–Tagus Chascoso | R3–Tagus Alberche | R5–Tagus Chascoso | |
V Tagus | 0 | 29,284 | 0 | 25,289 | 0 | 18,170 | 0 | 18,717 |
V tributary | 172,393 | 1036 | 2,495,280 | 6739 | 571,011 | 2427 | 939,694 | 4253 |
V1 | 172,393 | 30,320 | 2,495,280 | 32,028 | 571,011 | 20,597 | 939,694 | 22,970 |
C1 | 29,284 | 34,148 | 25,289 | 34,033 | 15,126 | 17,404 | 18,592 | 25,678 |
C2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 5110 | 6663 | 632 | 662 |
Vo | 29,284 | 30,320 | 25,289 | 32,028 | 18,170 | 18,799 | 18,717 | 22,994 |
Deposited (all Vol in m3) | 143,109 | 0 | 2,469,991 | 0 | 552,841 | 1799 | 920,976 | −24 |
Meyer-Peter and Müller | Parker + Engelund and Hansen | Ackers and White | Yang | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
R3–Tagus Alberche | R5–Tagus Chascoso | R3–Tagus Alberche | R5–Tagus Chascoso | R3–Tagus Alberche | R5–Tagus Chascoso | R3–Tagus Alberche | R5–Tagus Chascoso | |
V Tagus | 0 | 32,479 | 0 | 11,948 | 0 | 883 | 1513 | 7115 |
V tributary | 84,017 | 1050 | 2,907,809 | 6902 | 362,359 | 2466 | 717,721 | 4340 |
V1 | 84,017 | 33,529 | 2,907,809 | 18,850 | 362,359 | 3349 | 719,234 | 11,455 |
C1 | 32,479 | 24,594 | 11,948 | 9434 | 849 | 682 | 7095 | 6083 |
C2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 66 | 100 | 208 | 152 |
Vo | 32,479 | 24,594 | 11,948 | 9434 | 883 | 729 | 7115 | 6090 |
Deposited (all Vol in m3) | 51,538 | 8935 | 2,895,861 | 9416 | 361,475 | 2620 | 712,119 | 5365 |
Meyer-Peter and Müller | Parker + Engelund and Hansen | Ackers and White | Yang | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
R3–Tagus Alberche | R5–Tagus Chascoso | R3–Tagus Alberche | R5–Tagus Chascoso | R3–Tagus Alberche | R5–Tagus Chascoso | R3–Tagus Alberche | R5–Tagus Chascoso | |
V Tagus | 0 | 114 | 0 | 49 | 0 | 5761 | 0 | 1197 |
V tributary | 114 | 0 | 49 | 0 | 23 | 0 | 79 | 0 |
V1 | 114 | 114 | 49 | 49 | 23 | 5761 | 79 | 1197 |
C1 | 66,197 | 79,010 | 31,291 | 44,514 | 21,994 | 9071 | 23,023 | 1820 |
C2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 5761 | 9071 | 1197 | 1321 |
Vo | 114 | 114 | 49 | 49 | 5761 | 9071 | 1197 | 1322 |
Deposited (all Vol in m3) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | −5738 | −3310 | −1118 | −125 |
Meyer-Peter and Müller | Parker + Engelund and Hansen | Ackers and White | Yang | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
R3–Tagus Alberche | R5–Tagus Chascoso | R3–Tagus Alberche | R5–Tagus Chascoso | R3–Tagus Alberche | R5–Tagus Chascoso | R3–Tagus Alberche | R5–Tagus Chascoso | |
V Tagus | 0 | 66,197 | 0 | 31,291 | 0 | 21,994 | 0 | 23,023 |
V tributary | 114 | 0 | 49 | 0 | 23 | 0 | 79 | 0 |
V1 | 114 | 66,197 | 49 | 31,291 | 23 | 21,994 | 79 | 23,023 |
C1 | 66,197 | 79,010 | 31,291 | 44,514 | 21,994 | 29,849 | 23,023 | 33,839 |
C2 | 66,197 | 0 | 31,235 | 0 | 21,994 | 9071 | 23,023 | 1321 |
Vo | 66,197 | 66,197 | 31,291 | 31,291 | 21,994 | 27,451 | 23,023 | 23,317 |
Deposited (all Vol in m3) | −66,084 | 0 | −31,242 | 0 | −21,971 | −5457 | −22,944 | −293 |
Meyer-Peter and Müller | Parker + Engelund and Hansen | Ackers and White | Yang | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
R3–Tagus Alberche | R5–Tagus Chascoso | R3–Tagus Alberche | R5–Tagus Chascoso | R3–Tagus Alberche | R5–Tagus Chascoso | R3–Tagus Alberche | R5–Tagus Chascoso | |
V Tagus | 0 | 32,479 | 0 | 11,948 | 0 | 849 | 1513 | 7191 |
V tributary | 84,017 | 1050 | 2,907,809 | 6902 | 362,359 | 2466 | 717,721 | 4340 |
V1 | 84,017 | 33,529 | 2,907,809 | 18,850 | 362,359 | 3315 | 719,234 | 11,532 |
C1 | 32,479 | 24,594 | 11,948 | 9434 | 849 | 689 | 7095 | 6084 |
C2 | 32,479 | 0 | 11,926 | 0 | 849 | 100 | 7177 | 152 |
Vo | 32,479 | 24,594 | 11,948 | 9434 | 849 | 744 | 7191 | 6100 |
Deposited (all Vol in m3) | 51,538 | 8935 | 2,895,861 | 9416 | 361,509 | 2572 | 712,043 | 5432 |
Disclaimer/Publisher’s Note: The statements, opinions and data contained in all publications are solely those of the individual author(s) and contributor(s) and not of MDPI and/or the editor(s). MDPI and/or the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to people or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content. |
© 2023 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Martin-Moreta, P.; Lopez-Querol, S.; Martín-Vide, J.P. Sediment Transport Capacity in a Gravel-Bed River with a Sandy Tributary. CivilEng 2023, 4, 1214-1232. https://doi.org/10.3390/civileng4040067
Martin-Moreta P, Lopez-Querol S, Martín-Vide JP. Sediment Transport Capacity in a Gravel-Bed River with a Sandy Tributary. CivilEng. 2023; 4(4):1214-1232. https://doi.org/10.3390/civileng4040067
Chicago/Turabian StyleMartin-Moreta, Pedro, Susana Lopez-Querol, and Juan P. Martín-Vide. 2023. "Sediment Transport Capacity in a Gravel-Bed River with a Sandy Tributary" CivilEng 4, no. 4: 1214-1232. https://doi.org/10.3390/civileng4040067