Innovative Skin Product O/W Emulsions Containing Lignin, Multiwall Carbon Nanotubes and Graphene Oxide Nanoadditives with Enhanced Sun Protection Factor and UV Stability Properties
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Materials
2.2. Preparation of the Emulsions
2.3. Characterization of the Emulsions
2.3.1. Emulsion Stability
2.3.2. Centrifugal Tests
2.3.3. Antioxidant Activity
2.3.4. SPF Determination
2.3.5. UV Irradiation
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Stability of the Prepared Emulsions
3.2. Sun Protection
3.3. Centrifugal Tests
3.4. Antioxidant Properties
3.5. UV Stability
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
- Li, H.; Colantonio, S.; Dawson, A.; Lin, X.; Beecker, J. Sunscreen Application, Safety, and Sun Protection: The Evidence. J. Cutan. Med. Surg. 2019, 23, 357–369. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Bikiaris, N.D.; Michailidou, G.; Lazaridou, M.; Christodoulou, E.; Gounari, E.; Ofrydopoulou, A.; Lambropoulou, D.A.; Vergkizi-Nikolakaki, S.; Lykidou, S.; Nikolaidis, N. Innovative skin product emulsions with enhanced antioxidant, antimicrobial and UV protection properties containing nanoparticles of pure and modified Chitosan with encapsulated fresh pomegranate juice. Polymers 2020, 12, 1542. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- D’Orazio, J.; Jarrett, S.; Amaro-Ortiz, A.; Scott, T. UV radiation and the skin. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2013, 14, 12222–12248. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Martinez, R.M.; Fattori, V.; Saito, P.; Melo, C.B.P.; Borghi, S.M.; Pinto, I.C.; Bussmann, A.J.C.; Baracat, M.M.; Georgetti, S.R.; Verri, W.A.; et al. Lipoxin A4 inhibits UV radiation-induced skin inflammation and oxidative stress in mice. J. Dermatol. Sci. 2018, 91, 164–174. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Ntohogian, S.; Gavriliadou, V.; Christodoulou, E.; Nanaki, S.; Lykidou, S.; Naidis, P.; Mischopoulou, L.; Barmpalexis, P.; Nikolaidis, N.; Bikiaris, D.N. Chitosan nanoparticles with encapsulated natural and Uf-purified annatto and saffron for the preparation of UV protective cosmetic emulsions. Molecules 2018, 23, 2107. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Kowalska, M.; Ziomek, M.; Zbikowska, A. Stability of cosmetic emulsion containing different amount of hemp oil. Int. J. Cosmet. Sci. 2015, 37, 408–416. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Venkataramani, D.; Tsulaia, A.; Amin, S. Fundamentals and applications of particle stabilized emulsions in cosmetic formulations. Adv. Colloid Interface Sci. 2020, 283, 102234. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Stiller, S.; Gers-Barlag, H.; Lergenmueller, M.; Pflücker, F.; Schulz, J.; Wittern, K.P.; Daniels, R. Investigation of the stability in emulsions stabilized with different surface modified titanium dioxides. Colloids Surf. A Physicochem. Eng. Asp. 2004, 232, 261–267. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ben Cheikh, F.; Ben Mabrouk, A.; Magnin, A.; Putaux, J.L.; Boufi, S. Chitin nanocrystals as Pickering stabilizer for O/W emulsions: Effect of the oil chemical structure on the emulsion properties. Colloids Surf. B Biointerfaces 2021, 200, 111604. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Dupont, H.; Laurichesse, E.; Héroguez, V.; Schmitt, V. Green Hydrophilic Capsules from Cellulose Nanocrystal-Stabilized Pickering Emulsion Polymerization: Morphology Control and Spongelike Behavior. Biomacromolecules 2021, 22, 3497–3509. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Amar Feldbaum, R.; Yaakov, N.; Ananth Mani, K.; Yossef, E.; Metbeev, S.; Zelinger, E.; Belausov, E.; Koltai, H.; Ment, D.; Mechrez, G. Single cell encapsulation in a Pickering emulsion stabilized by TiO2 nanoparticles provides protection against UV radiation for a biopesticide. Colloids Surf. B Biointerfaces 2021, 206, 111958. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Gao, D.; Wong, R.C.H.; Wang, Y.; Guo, X.; Yang, Z.; Lo, P.C. Shifting the absorption to the near-infrared region and inducing a strong photothermal effect by encapsulating zinc(II) phthalocyanine in poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid)-hyaluronic acid nanoparticles. Acta Biomater. 2020, 116, 329–343. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lin, Q.; Xu Xu, R.H.J.; Yang, N.; Karim, A.A.; Loh, X.J.; Zhang, K. UV Protection and Antioxidant Activity of Nanodiamonds and Fullerenes for Sunscreen Formulations. ACS Appl. Nano Mater. 2019, 2, 7604–7616. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Shokri, J. Nanocosmetics: Benefits and risks. BioImpacts 2017, 7, 207–208. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Ajazzuddin, M.; Jeswani, G.; Jha, A.K. Nanocosmetics: Past, Present and Future Trends. Nanomedicine 2015, 5, 3–11. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Holladay, R.J.; Moelle, W.; Mehta, D.; Roy, R.; Julian, H.J.; Brooks, M.G.M. Silver/Water, Silver Gels and Silver-Based Compositions: And Methods for Making and Using the Same. E.P. Patent EP1880213A4, 23 June 2010. [Google Scholar]
- Lu, P.J.; Huang, S.C.; Chen, Y.P.; Chiueh, L.C.; Shih, D.Y.C. Analysis of titanium dioxide and zinc oxide nanoparticles in cosmetics. J. Food Drug Anal. 2015, 23, 587–594. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Bilal, M.; Iqbal, H.M.N. New insights on unique features and role of nanostructured materials in cosmetics. Cosmetics 2020, 7, 24. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Vetrivel, R.; Navinselvakumar, C.; Samuel Ratna Kumar, P.S. Carbon nanotubes and its applications—A review. Int. J. Mech. Prod. Eng. Res. Dev. 2018, 8, 288–293. [Google Scholar]
- Huang, X.; Kobos, R.K.; Xu, G. Hair Coloring and Cosmetic Compositions Comprising Carbon Nanotubes. U.S. Patent US7276088B2, 2 October 2007. [Google Scholar]
- Ni, S.; Han, F.; Wang, W.; Han, D.; Bao, Y.; Han, D.; Wang, H.; Niu, L. Innovations upon antioxidant capacity evaluation for cosmetics: A photoelectrochemical sensor exploitation based on N-doped graphene/TiO2 nanocomposite. Sens. Actuators B Chem. 2018, 259, 963–971. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Sadeghifar, H.; Ragauskas, A. Lignin as a UV Light blocker-a review. Polymers 2020, 12, 1134. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Paulsson, M.; Parkås, J. Light-Induced Yellowing of Lignocellulosic Pulps-Mechanisms and Preventive Methods Introduction and Scope of the Review. BioResources 2012, 7, 5995–6040. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Argyropoulos, D.S.; Sun, Y. Photochemically induced solid-state degradation, condensation and rearrangement reactions in lignin model compounds and milled wood lignin. Photochem. Photobiol. 1996, 64, 510–517. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Amrita, M.; Kamesh, B.; Revuru, R.S.; Venkataramana, V.S.N. Tribological Behavior of Graphene-Dispersed Emulsifier Cutting Fluid. J. Inst. Eng. Ser. C 2021, 102, 1091–1097. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Murali, R.; Meindl, J.D. What is graphene? ACM SIGDA Newsl. 2009, 39, 1. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Tarcan, R.; Todor-Boer, O.; Petrovai, I.; Leordean, C.; Astilean, S.; Botiz, I. Reduced graphene oxide today. J. Mater. Chem. C 2020, 8, 1198–1224. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- McCoy, T.M.; Pottage, M.J.; Tabor, R.F. Graphene oxide-stabilized oil-in-water emulsions: PH-controlled dispersion and flocculation. J. Phys. Chem. C 2014, 118, 4529–4535. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Tang, X.; Tian, M.; Qu, L.; Zhu, S.; Guo, X.; Han, G.; Sun, K.; Hu, X.; Wang, Y.; Xu, X. Functionalization of cotton fabric with graphene oxide nanosheet and polyaniline for conductive and UV blocking properties. Synth. Met. 2015, 202, 82–88. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Alloy, M.M.; Roberts, A.P. Effects of suspended multi-walled carbon nanotubes on daphnid growth and reproduction. Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf. 2011, 74, 1839–1843. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Briggs, N.; Raman, A.K.Y.; Barrett, L.; Brown, C.; Li, B.; Leavitt, D.; Aichele, C.P.; Crossley, S. Stable pickering emulsions using multi-walled carbon nanotubes of varying wettability. Colloids Surf. A Physicochem. Eng. Asp. 2018, 537, 227–235. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Bornaee, A.H.; Manteghian, M.; Rashidi, A.; Alaei, M.; Ershadi, M. Oil-in-water Pickering emulsions stabilized with functionalized multi-walled carbon nanotube/silica nanohybrids in the presence of high concentrations of cations in water. J. Ind. Eng. Chem. 2014, 20, 1720–1726. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- AfzaliTabar, M.; Alaei, M.; Ranjineh Khojasteh, R.; Motiee, F.; Rashidi, A.M. Preference of multi-walled carbon nanotube (MWCNT) to single-walled carbon nanotube (SWCNT) and activated carbon for preparing silica nanohybrid pickering emulsion for chemical enhanced oil recovery (C-EOR). J. Solid State Chem. 2017, 245, 164–173. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Masalova, I.; Kharatyan, E.; Malkin, A.Y. Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotubes as a Cosurfactant for Highly Concentrated Emulsions. J. Dispers. Sci. Technol. 2013, 34, 1074–1078. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Amini, A.; Zohoori, S.; Mirjalili, A.; Karimi, L.; Davodiroknabadi, A. Improvement in physical properties of paper fabric using multi-wall carbon nanotubes. J. Nanostruct. Chem. 2014, 4, 103. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Visconti, P.; Primiceri, P.; Longo, D.; Strafella, L.; Carlucci, P.; Lomascolo, M.; Cretì, A.; Mele, G. Photo-ignition process of multiwall carbon nanotubes and ferrocene by continuous wave Xe lamp illumination. Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 134–144. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Oh, W.K.; Yoon, H.; Jang, J. Size control of magnetic carbon nanoparticles for drug delivery. Biomaterials 2010, 31, 1342–1348. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Im, J.S.; Bai, B.C.; Lee, Y.S. The effect of carbon nanotubes on drug delivery in an electro-sensitive transdermal drug delivery system. Biomaterials 2010, 31, 1414–1419. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wang, C.; Zhang, Z.; Chen, B.; Gu, L.; Li, Y.; Yu, S. Design and evaluation of galactosylated chitosan/graphene oxide nanoparticles as a drug delivery system. J. Colloid Interface Sci. 2018, 516, 332–341. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zhu, Y.; Li, W.; Li, Q.; Li, Y.; Li, Y.; Zhang, X.; Huang, Q. Effects of serum proteins on intracellular uptake and cytotoxicity of carbon nanoparticles. Carbon N. Y. 2009, 47, 1351–1358. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Fiorito, S.; Serafino, A.; Andreola, F.; Togna, A.; Togna, G. Toxicity and biocompatibility of carbon nanoparticles. J. Nanosci. Nanotechnol. 2006, 6, 591–599. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Raslan, A.; Saenz del Burgo, L.; Ciriza, J.; Luis Pedraz, J. Graphene oxide and reduced graphene oxide-based scaffolds in regenerative medicine. Int. J. Pharm. 2020, 580, 119226. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ali, M.H.; Rubel, R.I. A comparative review of Mg/CNTs and Al/CNTs composite to explore the prospect of bimetallic Mg–Al/CNTs composites. AIMS Mater. Sci. 2020, 7, 217–243. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Blois, M.S. Antioxidant determinations by the use of a stable free radical. Nature 1958, 181, 1199–1200. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Brand-Williams, W.; Cuvelier, M.E.; Berset, C. Use of a free radical method to evaluate antioxidant activity. LWT-Food Sci. Technol. 1995, 28, 25–30. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Laeliocattleya, R.A. The potential of methanol and ethyl acetate extracts of corn silk (Zea mays L.) as sunscreen. AIP Conf. Proc. 2019, 2099, 020012. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Sayre, R.M.; Agin, P.P.; LeVee, G.J.; Marlowe, E. A Comparison of in Vivo and in Vitro Testing of Sunscreening Formulas. Photochem. Photobiol. 1979, 29, 559–566. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Rojas, O.J.; Bullón, J.; Ysambertt, F.; Forgiarini, A.; Salager, J.L.; Argyropoulos, D.S. Lignins as emulsion stabilizers. ACS Symp. Ser. 2007, 954, 182–199. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Slim Smaoui Cosmetic emulsion from virgin olive oil: Formulation and bio-physical evaluation. African J. Biotechnol. 2012, 11, 9664–9671. [CrossRef]
- Song, W.; Wang, B.; Fan, L.; Ge, F.; Wang, C. Graphene oxide/waterborne polyurethane composites for fine pattern fabrication and ultrastrong ultraviolet protection cotton fabric via screen printing. Appl. Surf. Sci. 2019, 463, 403–411. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Smaoui, S.; Ben Hlima, H.; Ben Chobba, I.; Kadri, A. Development and stability studies of sunscreen cream formulations containing three photo-protective filters. Arab. J. Chem. 2017, 10, S1216–S1222. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Crouvisier-Urion, K.; Bodart, P.R.; Winckler, P.; Raya, J.; Gougeon, R.D.; Cayot, P.; Domenek, S.; Debeaufort, F.; Karbowiak, T. Biobased Composite Films from Chitosan and Lignin: Antioxidant Activity Related to Structure and Moisture. ACS Sustain. Chem. Eng. 2016, 4, 6371–6381. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Moreno, A.; Morsali, M.; Liu, J.; Sipponen, M.H. Access to tough and transparent nanocompositesviaPickering emulsion polymerization using biocatalytic hybrid lignin nanoparticles as functional surfactants. Green Chem. 2021, 23, 3001–3014. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kaur, R.; Uppal, S.K. Structural characterization and antioxidant activity of lignin from sugarcane bagasse. Colloid Polym. Sci. 2015, 293, 2585–2592. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Figueiredo, P.; Lintinen, K.; Hirvonen, J.T.; Kostiainen, M.A.; Santos, H.A. Properties and chemical modifications of lignin: Towards lignin-based nanomaterials for biomedical applications. Prog. Mater. Sci. 2018, 93, 233–269. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Czaikoski, A.; Gomes, A.; Kaufmann, K.C.; Liszbinski, R.B.; de Jesus, M.B.; da Cunha, R.L. Lignin derivatives stabilizing oil-in-water emulsions: Technological aspects, interfacial rheology and cytotoxicity. Ind. Crops Prod. 2020, 154, 112762. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Quraishi, S.; Martins, M.; Barros, A.A.; Gurikov, P.; Raman, S.P.; Smirnova, I.; Duarte, A.R.C.; Reis, R.L. Novel non-cytotoxic alginate–lignin hybrid aerogels as scaffolds for tissue engineering. J. Supercrit. Fluids 2015, 105, 1–8. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Šicklep, M.; Čandek-Potokar, M. Pork color measurement as affected by bloom time and measurement location. J. Muscle Foods 2007, 18, 78–87. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Brooksbank, A.; Owens, B.M.; Phebus, J.G.; Blen, B.J.; Wasson, W. Surface sealant effect on the color stability of a composite resin following ultraviolet light artificial aging. Oper. Dent. 2019, 44, 322–330. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Sample Name | Blank | 0.5% LGN | 1% LGN | 2% LGN | 0.5% GO | 1% GO | 2% GO | 0.5% MWCNTs | 1% MWCNTs | 2% MWCNTs |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ingredients (%) | Water phase | |||||||||
Water | 67 | 66.5 | 66 | 65 | 66. | 66 | 65 | 66.5 | 66 | 65 |
Glycerin | 3.5 | 3.5 | 3.5 | 3.5 | 3.5 | 3.5 | 3.5 | 3.5 | 3.5 | 3.5 |
Citric acid | 0.5 | 0.5 | 0.5 | 0.5 | 0.5 | 0.5 | 0.5 | 0.5 | 0.5 | 0.5 |
Xanthan gum | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Kraft LGN | 0.5 | 1 | 2 | |||||||
GO | 0.5 | 1 | 2 | |||||||
MWCNTs | 0.5 | 1 | 2 | |||||||
Oil phase | ||||||||||
Olive oil | 13 | 13 | 13 | 13 | 13 | 13 | 13 | 13 | 13 | 13 |
Cetyl alcohol | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 |
Cetearyl alcohol | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 |
Stearic acid | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 |
Shea butter | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 |
Beeswax | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 |
Polysorbate 60 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 |
Sample | SPF |
---|---|
Blank | 1.01 ± 0.4 |
0.5% LGN | 6.48 ± 0.5 |
1% LGN | 7.4 ± 0.6 |
2% LGN | 21.2 ± 0.5 |
0.5% GO | 8.43 ± 0.4 |
1% GO | 9.7 ± 0.6 |
2% GO | 11.2 ± 0.7 |
0.5% MWCNTs | 9.45 ± 0.8 |
1% MWCNTs | 15.6 ± 0.5 |
2% MWCNTs | 31.8 ± 0.5 |
SAMPLE | L | a | b | C | h | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0.5% LGN | 43.63 ± 1 | 11.05 ± 1.3 | 28.79 ± 1.2 | 30.91 ± 0.92 | 70.08 ± 1.2 | NO IRRADIATION |
1% LGN | 39.22 ± 1.3 | 12.04 ± 1.5 | 27.85 ± 1.8 | 31.74 ± 2.1 | 69 ± 1.9 | |
2% LGN | 18.99 ± 1.6 | 15.09 ± 2.4 | 29.73 ± 1.6 | 31.94 ± 0.9 | 65.42 ± 0.8 | |
0.5% GO | 29.09 ± 1.8 | 0.1 ± 0.5 | 0.08 ± 0.8 | 0.45 ± 0.4 | 315.66 ± 0.3 | |
1% GO | 26.75 ± 1.2 | 0.26 ± 0.6 | −0.37 ± 0.2 | 1.4 ± 0.3 | 317.46 ± 5.1 | |
2% GO | 28.32 ± 0.8 | 0.25 ± 1.2 | 0.13 ± 1.6 | 0.25 ± 0.9 | 321.01 ± 0.8 | |
0.5% MWCNTs | 20.55 ± 0.6 | 0.36 ± 0.8 | −4.01 ± 1.2 | 3.86 ± 0.8 | 277.09 ± 3.6 | |
1% MWCNTs | 19.76 ± 0.5 | 0.65 ± 0.3 | −4.2 ± 0.3 | 2.09 ± 0.2 | 251.89 ± 3.4 | |
2% MWCNTs | 17.53 ± 1.2 | −0.49 ± 0.2 | −1.16 ± 0.4 | 2.08 ± 0.3 | 286.22 ± 4.6 | |
0.5% LGN | 42.23 ± 1.2 | 11.36 ± 0.9 | 24.36 ± 1.2 | 29.05 ± 1.3 | 61.13 ± 1.6 | 24 h IIRRADIATION |
1% LGN | 39.06 ± 1.6 | 12.68 ± 0.9 | 28.73 ± 0.8 | 28.01 ± 0.9 | 54.21 ± 1.8 | |
2% LGN | 17.27 ± 0.8 | 14.5 ± 0.9 | 29.62 ± 1.2 | 32.6 ± 1.2 | 65.06 ± 1.9 | |
0.5% GO | 28.81 ± 1.3 | 0.14 ± 0.3 | 1.06 ± 0.2 | 0.63 ± 0.1 | 312.46 ± 3.9 | |
1% GO | 26.5 ± 0.8 | −0.36 ± 0.05 | 0.47 ± 0.1 | 2.47 ± 0.12 | 326.99 ± 4.1 | |
2% GO | 27.89 ± 1.5 | 0.27 ± 0.01 | 0.16 ± 0.02 | 3.11 ± 0.03 | 351.74 ± 3.5 | |
0.5% MWCNTs | 20.12 ± 1.2 | −1.34 ± 0.4 | −2.25 ± 0.6 | 5.19 ± 0.9 | 272.19 ± 4.3 | |
1% MWCNTs | 19.3 ± 1.2 | −0.1 ± 0.03 | −1.32 ± 0.02 | 4.37 ± 0.3 | 261.54 ± 4.5 | |
2% MWCNTs | 17.31 ± 1 | −0.94 ± 0.02 | −1.71 ± 0.01 | 3.4 ± 0.9 | 260.2 ± 5.3 | |
0.5% LGN | 41.76 ± 1.2 | 10.53 ± 0.85 | 28.53 ± 0.35 | 28.23 ± 0.65 | 61.58 ± 1.2 | 72 h IRRADIATION |
1% LGN | 36.2 ± 1.2 | 11.34 ± 0.5 | 19.59 ± 0.6 | 29.94 ± 1.3 | 67.63 ± 1.9 | |
2% LGN | 18.87 ± 1.2 | 12.93 ± 0.8 | 23.89 ± 0.3 | 31.85 ± 0.5 | 65.22 ± 1.2 | |
0.5% GO | 27.49 ± 1.3 | −0.96 ± 0.3 | 0.83 ± 0.05 | 0.9 ± 0.1 | 310.66 ± 6.3 | |
1% GO | 26.55 ± 1.3 | 0.26 ± 0.3 | 0.02 ± 0.008 | 0.69 ± 0.75 | 316.4 ± 5.3 | |
2% GO | 27.8 ± 1.2 | 0.23 ± 0.1 | 0.3 ± 0.12 | 0.32 ± 0.01 | 320.15 ± 6.8 | |
0.5% MWCNTs | 19.98 ± 1.5 | −0.53 ± 0.05 | −1.86 ± 0.3 | 2.16 ± 0.3 | 296.82 ± 5.3 | |
1% MWCNTs | 19.25 ± 1.3 | −1.73 ± 0.6 | −0.62 ± 0.2 | 4.28 ± 0.3 | 295.95 ± 3 | |
2% MWCNTs | 17.17 ± 1.3 | −2.08 ± 0.4 | −0.48 ± 0.03 | 1.47 ± 0.3 | 282.93 ± 4.6 |
Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. |
© 2022 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Bikiaris, N.D.; Koumentakou, I.; Lykidou, S.; Nikolaidis, N. Innovative Skin Product O/W Emulsions Containing Lignin, Multiwall Carbon Nanotubes and Graphene Oxide Nanoadditives with Enhanced Sun Protection Factor and UV Stability Properties. Appl. Nano 2022, 3, 1-15. https://doi.org/10.3390/applnano3010001
Bikiaris ND, Koumentakou I, Lykidou S, Nikolaidis N. Innovative Skin Product O/W Emulsions Containing Lignin, Multiwall Carbon Nanotubes and Graphene Oxide Nanoadditives with Enhanced Sun Protection Factor and UV Stability Properties. Applied Nano. 2022; 3(1):1-15. https://doi.org/10.3390/applnano3010001
Chicago/Turabian StyleBikiaris, Nikolaos D., Ioanna Koumentakou, Smaro Lykidou, and Nikolaos Nikolaidis. 2022. "Innovative Skin Product O/W Emulsions Containing Lignin, Multiwall Carbon Nanotubes and Graphene Oxide Nanoadditives with Enhanced Sun Protection Factor and UV Stability Properties" Applied Nano 3, no. 1: 1-15. https://doi.org/10.3390/applnano3010001