Socio-Occupational and Health Conditions in Intensive Care Unit (ICU) Professionals during the COVID-19 Pandemic in Spain
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methodology
2.1. Design
2.2. Study variables
2.3. Sample Selection
2.4. Data Collection
2.5. Ethical Considerations
2.6. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Participants
3.2. Socio-Occupational and Health Conditions of ICU Professionals
3.3. Relationship between Working Conditions (Availability of PPE, Workload and Patient/Professional Ratio) and Spanish Region, Professional Category and COVID-19 Symptoms (Myalgias and Respiratory Distress)
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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n (%) | ||
---|---|---|
Age (years) | ≤30 | 110 (23.8%) |
30–40 | 127 (27.5%) | |
41–50 | 138 (29.9%) | |
>50 | 86 (18.7%) | |
Sex | Female | 391 (84.8%) |
Marital status | Single | 151 (32.7%) |
In a relationship | 280 (60.7%) | |
Separated | 28 (6.1%) | |
Widowed | 2 (0.4%) | |
Academic level | Basic | 80 (17.3%) |
University | 257 (55.7%) | |
Postgraduate | 124 (26.9%) | |
Residence during the pandemic | Usual residence | 421 (91.3%) |
Hotel | 11 (2.4%) | |
Other | 29 (6.3%) | |
Household members | 1 | 107 (23.2%) |
2 | 121 (26.2%) | |
3–5 | 230 (49.9%) | |
≥6 | 3 (0.6%) | |
Living with children during the pandemic | No children/no children living in the household | 260 (56.4%) |
Children <16 years old in the household | 130 (28.2%) | |
Children >16 years old in the household | 50 (10.8%) | |
Children < and >16 years old in the household | 21 (4.6%) | |
Autonomous community | Comunidad de Madrid | 246 (53.3%) |
Cataluña | 87 (18.9%) | |
Rest of Spain | 128 (27.8%) |
n (%) | ||
---|---|---|
Unit experience (in years) | <1 | 69 (15%) |
1–5 | 148 (32.1%) | |
≥6 | 244 (52.9%) | |
Professional category | Doctor | 61 (13.2%) |
Nurse | 319 (69.2%) | |
NCT | 81 (17.6%) | |
Employment relationship | Permanent | 227 (49.2%) |
Intern | 98 (21.3%) | |
Temporary | 136 (29.5%) | |
Work shifts | Fixed shift | 62 (13.5%) |
Rotating shifts | 178 (38.7%) | |
Shifts + on call duty | 46 (10%) | |
12/24 h | 174 (37.8%) | |
Higher-than-usual patient/professional ratio | Yes | 198 (42.9%) |
Higher-than-usual workload | Yes | 434 (94.1%) |
Availability of adequate PPE | Yes | 247 (53.6%) |
Male | Female | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | χ² | p | |
COVID testing during the pandemic | 368 (79.8%) | 57 (81.4%) | 311 (79.5%) | 0.132 | 0.872 |
PCR (+) | 38 (10.3%) | 8 (14%) | 30 (9.6%) | 1.002 | 0.343 |
PCR (−) | 261 (70.9%) | 44 (77.2%) | 217 (69.8%) | 1.285 | 0.341 |
Serology (+) | 55 (14.9%) | 15 (26.3%) | 40 (12.9%) | 6.859 | 0.014 |
Serology (−) | 251 (68.2%) | 32 (56.1%) | 219 (70.4%) | 4.528 | 0.044 |
Male | Female | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | χ² | p | |
Headache | 345 (74.8%) | 42 (60%) | 303 (77.5%) | 9.648 | 0.002 |
Sore throat | 193 (41.9%) | 23 (32.9%) | 170 (43.5%) | ||
Myalgias | 167 (36.2%) | 23 (32.9%) | 144 (36.8%) | ||
Cough | 152 (33%) | 24 (34.3%) | 128 (32.7%) | ||
Rhinitis | 99 (21.5%) | 15 (21.4%) | 84 (21.5%) | ||
Dizziness | 93 (20.2%) | 8 (11.4%) | 85 (21.7%) | 3.919 | 0.048 |
Chills | 88 (19.1%) | 11 (15.7%) | 77 (19.7%) | ||
Chest pain | 88 (19.1%) | 8 (11.4%) | 80 (20.5%) | ||
Fever | 66 (14.3%) | 18 (25.7%) | 48 (12.3%) | 8.740 | 0.003 |
Skin manifestations | 65 (14.1%) | 2 (2.9%) | 63 (16.1%) | 8.613 | 0.003 |
Respiratory distress | 56 (12.1%) | 8 (11.4%) | 48 (12.3%) | ||
Ageusia | 37 (8%) | 10 (14.3%) | 27 (6.9%) | 4.381 | 0.036 |
Anosmia | 35 (7.6%) | 11 (15.7%) | 24 (6.1%) | 7.760 | 0.005 |
Availability of PPE | Ratio Higher than Usual | Workload Higher than Usual | |||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
NO | YES | χ² | p | NO | YES | χ² | p | NO | YES | χ² | p | ||
n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | ||||||||
Region | Comunidad de Madrid | 128 (52%) | 118 (48%) | 12.69 | 0.002 | 122 (49.6%) | 124 (50.4%) | 14.752 | 0.001 | 9 (3.7%) | 237 (96.3%) | 11.52 | 0.021 |
Cataluña | 26 (29.9%) | 61 (70%) | 63 (72.4%) | 24 (27.6%) | 4 (4.6%) | 83 (95.4%) | |||||||
Rest of Spain | 60 (46.9%) | 68 (53.1%) | 78 (60.9%) | 50 (39.1%) | 14 (10.9%) | 114 (89.1%) | |||||||
Professional category | Doctor | 28 (45.9%) | 33 (54.1%) | 2.505 | 0.286 | 34 (55.7%) | 27 (44.3%) | 5.599 | 0.061 | 7 (11.5%) | 54 (88.5%) | 5.961 | 0.202 |
Nurse | 142 (44.5%) | 177 (55.5%) | 192 (60.2%) | 127 (39.8%) | 18 (5.6%) | 301 (94.4%) | |||||||
NCT | 44 (54.3%) | 37 (45.7%) | 37 (45.7%) | 44 (54.3%) | 2 (2.5%) | 79 (97.5%) | |||||||
Myalgias | No | 118 (40.1%) | 176 (59.9%) | 12.888 | <0.001 | 179 (60.9%) | 115 (39.1%) | 4.87 | 0.027 | 18 (6.1%) | 276 (93.9%) | 0.104 | 0.747 |
Yes | 96 (57.5%) | 71 (42.5%) | 84 (50.3%) | 83 (49.7%) | 9 (5.4%) | 158 (94.6%) | |||||||
Respiratory distress | No | 180 (44.4%) | 225 (55.6%) | 5.236 | 0.022 | 240 (59.3%) | 165 (40.7%) | 6.642 | 0.010 | 25 (6.2%) | 380 (93.8%) | 0.604 | 0.437 |
Yes | 34 (60.7%) | 22 (39.3%) | 23 (41.1%) | 33 (58.9%) | 2 (3.6%) | 54 (96.4%) |
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Gil-Almagro, F.; García-Hedrera, F.J.; Carmona-Monge, F.J.; Peñacoba-Puente, C.; Catalá-Mesón, P. Socio-Occupational and Health Conditions in Intensive Care Unit (ICU) Professionals during the COVID-19 Pandemic in Spain. Psych 2022, 4, 868-881. https://doi.org/10.3390/psych4040064
Gil-Almagro F, García-Hedrera FJ, Carmona-Monge FJ, Peñacoba-Puente C, Catalá-Mesón P. Socio-Occupational and Health Conditions in Intensive Care Unit (ICU) Professionals during the COVID-19 Pandemic in Spain. Psych. 2022; 4(4):868-881. https://doi.org/10.3390/psych4040064
Chicago/Turabian StyleGil-Almagro, Fernanda, Fernando Jose García-Hedrera, Francisco Javier Carmona-Monge, Cecilia Peñacoba-Puente, and Patricia Catalá-Mesón. 2022. "Socio-Occupational and Health Conditions in Intensive Care Unit (ICU) Professionals during the COVID-19 Pandemic in Spain" Psych 4, no. 4: 868-881. https://doi.org/10.3390/psych4040064