Changing Natures: On Theory and Practice of Breeding in the European Middle Ages
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Symmetrical History of Breeding
3. Scholarly Theory—Albertus Magnus
3.1. De animalibus—Source Criticism
3.2. The Genealogy of Creation?
3.3. Monstrous Inheritance
3.4. The Lesson of the Hawks
4. Breeders’ Practice—A Research Outlook
4.1. The Identitity of the Breeders
4.2. Practices of Breeding
5. Conclusions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
1 | Albertus Magnus: On Animals, p. 1358. Cf. Albertus Magnus: De animalibus, p. 1273.—‘omne generatorum corpus’. |
2 | Albertus Magnus: On Animals, p. 1410. Cf. Albertus Magnus: De animalibus, p. 1322.—‘Ex hiis igitur patet non posse esse perfectius animal homine’. |
3 | Albertus Magnus: On Animals, p. 1413. Cf. Albertus Magnus: De animalibus, p. 1325.—‘omne autem aliud animal deficit secundum plus vel minus, et defectus est ex carentia alicuius ad perfectionem pertinentis’. |
4 | Albertus’ treatment of the Christian God in de animalibus is generally remarkable, as he mentions him only in a few places in the entire work (Atran 1990, p. 147; Kitchell and Resnick 1999, p. 1439). |
5 | Albertus Magnus: On Animals, p. 1416. Cf. Albertus Magnus: De animalibus, p. 1328.—‘Quaedam autem in tantum vigent in disciplina auditus quod etiam sibi mutuo suas intentiones significant, sicut pigmeus qui loquitur, cum tarnen sit irrationabile animal: et ideo quantum ad animales virtutes, post hominem videtur pigmeus esse perfectius animal’. |
6 | Albertus Magnus: On Animals, p. 1419. Cf. Albertus Magnus: De animalibus, p. 1329f.—‘videntur symiae prae ceteris animalibus sagacita- tem habere eam quod disciplinabiles sunt sensibilibus.’ |
7 | Albertus Magnus: On Animals, p. 1422. Cf. Albertus Magnus: De animalibus, p. 1332.—‘Et haec est causa quod haec genera animalium similitudines hominis vocantur’. |
8 | Albertus Magnus: On Animals, p. 1438. Cf. Albertus Magnus: De animalibus, p. 1347f.—‘Ea autem quae secundum suum genus imperfecta esse videntur […] sunt vermium quaedam genera sicut ea quae lumbrici terrae vocantur […] Ex hiis autem aestimat Avicenna cum iuxta aquas limosas sunt, anguillas generari: et si hoc est verum, tunc oportet ista quasi materialia semina et ovalia esse ad anguillarum generationem.’ |
9 | Albertus Magnus: On Animals, p. 1407. Cf. Albertus Magnus: De animalibus, p. 1319.—‘Est autem adhuc intelligendum quod istae potestates divisae ab invicem secundum esse et subiectum, constituunt differentiam generum et specierum eorum quae sunt animata. […] nos videmus corpora plantarum […] esse omnino alterius generis quam animalium […] Per hoc idem autem patet quod etiam animalia a se invicem specie sunt differentia.’ |
10 | Albertus Magnus: On Animals, p. 1407. Cf. Albertus Magnus: De animalibus, p. 1319f.—‘Plus igitur quam specie differt a brutis, et videtur ad ipsa quamdam habere generis differentiam […] Si quis autem opponat quod genus plures ambit species et sie homo plures deberet habere species, non valet’. |
11 | Albertus Magnus: On Animals, p. 1295. Cf. Albertus Magnus: De animalibus, p. 1205f.—‘Ex hiis etiam causis accipitur causa similitudinis nati cum patre vel matre vel aliquo avorum et causa dissimilitudinis. […] Causa autem omnium istorum aeeipitur ex armonica proportione complexionis spermatis ad naturam coneepti et e contrario.’ |
12 | Albertus Magnus: On Animals, p. 1295. Cf. Albertus Magnus: De animalibus, p. 1206.—‘est perfecte vincens et terminans aut propter virtutem spermatis in se consideratam, aut quia per aetatem reducitur ad temperamentum aut propter aliam aliquam causam’. |
13 | Cf. Albertus Magnus: On Animals, p. 1298. Cf. Albertus Magnus: De animalibus, p. 1209. |
14 | Albertus Magnus: On Animals, p. 1296. Cf. Albertus Magnus: De animalibus, p. 1207.—‘Aliquando enim non tantum non erit mas sicut est pater […] sed habet similitudinem ad genealogiam et secundum hunc modum quidam sunt similes parentibus propinquis et quidam remotis. Et haec generatio similitudinis fit quando generatio fit modo essentiali et non accidentali […] Virtus enim avorum est in membris pronepotum usque ad quartam generationem, et al.iquando amplius […] et sie virtus avorum est in potentia in corporibus generantium: et quando aut per similitudinem eibi aut temporis adiuvatur, agit secundum actum’. |
15 | Albertus Magnus: On Animals, p. 1300. Cf. Albertus Magnus: De animalibus, p. 1211.—‘Et forte tanta causa diversitatis haec quae dieta est, quod id quod generatur ab aliquo, non aeeipit similitudinem alieuius avorum de cognatione illa.’ |
16 | Albertus Magnus.: On Animals, p. 1295. Cf. Albertus Magnus: De animalibus, p. 1205f.—‘Aliquando etiam nulli parentum assimilantur, sed tarnen retinent figuram speciei, ita quod sunt homines. Aliquando etiam non retinent formam humanam sive speciei generantium, sed accipiunt formam monstruosam et mirabilem. Filius enim qui in nullo similis est parentibus nec secundum speciei naturam neque secundum individui figuram, est monstrum et mirabile naturae vocatum.’ |
17 | Albertus Magnus.: On Animals, p. 1303. Cf. Albertus Magnus: De animalibus, p. 1214.—‘aliquando autem non ad speciem, sed ad genus tantum animalis: et hanc ad minus retinet similitudinem: quoniam non invenitur animal quod in partu plantam vel lapidem enixum umquam fuerit, sed genus in omnibus generatis ad minus est salvatum.’ |
18 | Cf. Albertus Magnus: On Animals, p. 1577. Cf. Albertus Magnus: De animalibus, p. 1457. |
19 | Albertus Magnus.: On Animals, p. 1592. Cf. Albertus Magnus: De animalibus, p. 1470.—‘Dum autem quodlibet horum generum cuilibet permiscetur, multa fiunt falconum genera. […] falco enim peregrinus frequenter permiscetur ei qui est pedum iaccinctinorum […] et efficitur partus patrem imitans, licet parum coloris azurini respergatur in pedibus. […] semina permixta se invicem movent et convertunt et complent.’ |
20 | Albertus Magnus.: On Animals, p. 1592. Cf. Albertus Magnus: De animalibus, p. 1470.—‘et licet dixerimus quatuor genera taliter permixtorum falconum ad nos devenisse, ratio tamen exigit multa esse et plura cotidie posse fieri talia falconum genera: et hanc putamus esse causam quod tam diversa genera falconum in diversis regionibus inveniuntur. Quamvis enim climata mores et colores animalium diversificent. tamen specierum tam similium diversitatem causat praecipue permixtio quam diximus. sicut et in generibus anserum et generibus canum et equorum fieri vidimus temporibus nostris.’ |
21 | Cf. Albertus Magnus: On Animals, p. 1300. Cf. Albertus Magnus: De animalibus, p. 1211. |
22 | Concluding a symmetrical history of medieval breeding must involve taking the principle of symmetry to heart and, thus, allowing the past to question the present at last. Both the conception of ‘race’ and the conception of ‘species’ scrutinised for their medieval implications in this paper, represent concepts that legitimise ongoing discriminatory practises in our modern scientific ontology. In the Middle Ages, both ‘human’ and ‘estate’ exceptionalism were based in a quantitative grading, rather than in a qualitative difference characteristic for modern discriminations on the basis of ‘species’ and ‘race’. While we should not aspire to adopt medieval ontologies, we should allow them to show us the specificities of how our own conceptions are flawed. In doing so, we learn that one great challenge for of our time has to be overcoming thinking with modern concepts such as ‘species’ and ‘race’ that build qualitative differences into our view of the world. |
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Schneiter, C. Changing Natures: On Theory and Practice of Breeding in the European Middle Ages. Histories 2023, 3, 231-244. https://doi.org/10.3390/histories3030016
Schneiter C. Changing Natures: On Theory and Practice of Breeding in the European Middle Ages. Histories. 2023; 3(3):231-244. https://doi.org/10.3390/histories3030016
Chicago/Turabian StyleSchneiter, Camille. 2023. "Changing Natures: On Theory and Practice of Breeding in the European Middle Ages" Histories 3, no. 3: 231-244. https://doi.org/10.3390/histories3030016