Potency of Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticles, Sodium Hydrogen Sulfide and Salicylic Acid in Ameliorating the Depressive Effects of Water Deficit on Periwinkle Ornamental Quality
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Plant Material and Growth Conditions
2.2. Characterization of TiO2 Nanoparticles
2.3. Flower Induction and Intact Flower Bud Longevity
2.4. Plant Growth, Morphology, and Biomass Allocation
2.5. Gas Exchanges Features
2.6. Chlorophyll and Carotenoid Contents
2.7. Stomatal and Epidermal Cell Anatomical Features
2.8. Water Status
2.9. Proline Content
2.10. Electrolyte Leakage
2.11. Lipid Peroxidation
2.12. Enzymatic Activity
2.13. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Gas Exchange Features
3.2. Flower Induction and Intact Flower Bud Longevity
3.3. Plant Growth, Morphology, and Biomass Allocation
3.4. Stomatal and Epidermal Cell Anatomical Features
3.5. Water Status, as Well as Chlorophyll and Carotenoid Contents
3.6. Leaf Proline Content
3.7. Electrolyte Leakage and Lipid Peroxidation
3.8. Enzymatic Activity
3.9. Principal Component Analysis
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
CAT | catalase |
MDA | malondialdehyde |
NaSH | sodium hydrosulfide |
PCA | principal component analysis |
POD | peroxidase |
ROS | reactive oxygen species |
RWC | relative water content |
SA | salicylic acid |
TiO2NPs | titanium dioxide nanoparticles |
References
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Available Water Content (%) | Compound | Concentration (mM) | Transpiration Rate (mmol m−2 s−1) | Stomatal Conductance (mol m−2 s−1) | Internal CO2 Concentration (ppm) | Photosynthesis Rate (μmol m−2 s−1) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
80 | – | 0.0 | 3.21 e | 0.33 i | 428 fgh | 3.21 k |
TiO2 NPs | 0.5 | 5.81 a | 1.15 a | 650 a | 10.4 a | |
1.0 | 5.13 b | 0.90 b | 488 c | 8.20 b | ||
NaSH | 0.5 | 4.19 c | 0.80 c | 483 c | 6.19 def | |
1.0 | 3.80 d | 0.59 d | 435 efg | 5.83 g | ||
SA | 1.0 | 3.87 d | 0.43 fg | 446 e | 5.90 efg | |
2.0 | 3.21 e | 0.34 i | 441 ef | 5.20 h | ||
50 | – | 0.0 | 1.37 j | 0.25 j | 351 j | 2.26 m |
TiO2 NPs | 0.5 | 2.70 f | 0.51 e | 535 b | 6.77 c | |
1.0 | 2.21 g | 0.45 f | 482 cd | 6.27 d | ||
NaSH | 0.5 | 1.74 h | 0.43 fg | 425 gh | 6.21 de | |
1.0 | 1.52 i | 0.41 g | 394 i | 5.58 fg | ||
SA | 1.0 | 1.56 i | 0.37 h | 414 h | 5.97 d–g | |
2.0 | 1.40 j | 0.34 hi | 432 efg | 5.21 h | ||
20 | – | 0.0 | 0.30 o | 0.15 m | 291 k | 1.23 n |
TiO2 NPs | 0.5 | 1.22 k | 0.25 j | 479 cd | 5.71 g | |
1.0 | 0.68 l | 0.22 jk | 467 d | 4.69 i | ||
NaSH | 0.5 | 0.63 lm | 0.20 kl | 439 efg | 4.15 j | |
1.0 | 0.53 n | 0.19 l | 445 e | 3.55 kl | ||
SA | 1.0 | 0.58 mn | 0.19 kl | 424 gh | 3.77 k | |
2.0 | 0.49 n | 0.18 lm | 389 i | 2.55 m | ||
F-Value | 119.85 | 163.59 | 41.49 | 36.86 | ||
p-Value | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
Available Water Content (%) | Compound | Concentration (mM) | Time to | Intact Flower Bud Longevity (d) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Flowering (d) | Open Flower (d) | Flower Wilting (d) | ||||
80 | – | 0.0 | 64.0 ef | 77.0 ef | 84.0 g | 7.00 g |
TiO2 NPs | 0.5 | 68.5 a | 85.0 a | 98.0 a | 13.0 a | |
1.0 | 67.0 bc | 82.5 b | 93.5 b | 11.0 bc | ||
NaSH | 0.5 | 66.3 bc | 82.0 b | 91.5 c | 9.50 e | |
1.0 | 65.0 de | 79.0 cd | 90.0 d | 11.0 bc | ||
SA | 1.0 | 66.3 bc | 79.0 cd | 90.3 cd | 11.3 b | |
2.0 | 66.0 cd | 78.0 de | 88.0 e | 10.0 cde | ||
50 | – | 0.0 | 62.3 g | 74.0 h | 78.0 i | 4.00 h |
TiO2 NPs | 0.5 | 67.3 b | 80.0 c | 89.5 d | 9.50 e | |
1.0 | 66.0 cd | 77.0 ef | 87.8 e | 10.75 bcd | ||
NaSH | 0.5 | 66.0 cd | 78.0 de | 87.8 e | 9.75 de | |
1.0 | 65.0 de | 76.0 fg | 86.0 f | 10.0 cde | ||
SA | 1.0 | 65.0 de | 78.0 de | 87.0 ef | 9.00 ef | |
2.0 | 64.3 ef | 75.0 fg | 86.0 f | 10.0 cde | ||
20 | – | 0.0 | 59.3 h | 70.0 i | 72.0 j | 2.00 i |
TiO2 NPs | 0.5 | 66.0 cd | 78.0 de | 86.0 f | 8.00 fg | |
1.0 | 65.0 de | 76.5 f | 84.0 g | 7.50 g | ||
NaSH | 0.5 | 65.0 de | 75.0 gh | 83.0 gh | 8.00 fg | |
1.0 | 63.5 f | 75.0 gh | 82.0 h | 7.00 g | ||
SA | 1.0 | 64.0 ef | 76.0 fg | 84.0 g | 8.00 fg | |
2.0 | 62.3 g | 75.0 gh | 83.0 gh | 8.00 fg | ||
F-Value | 2.21 | 5.03 | 9.82 | 4.09 | ||
p-Value | 0.02 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
Available Water Content (%) | Compound | Concentration (mM) | Lateral Branch | Main Stem | Number of Nodes | Leaf | Flower Diameter (mm) | Root | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Number | Length (cm) | Length (cm) | Diameter (mm) | Strength (mg cm−1) | Tissue Density (mg cm−3) | Number | Area (cm2) | Length (cm) | Diameter (mm) | Volume (cm3) | |||||
80 | – | 0.0 | 10.8 efg | 18.4 c | 13.4 def | 3.36 gh | 20.78 cd | 2.39 ab | 10.5 cde | 98.0 bc | 415 cd | 37.3 def | 19.8 h | 4.13 b | 9.00 ef |
TiO2 NPs | 0.5 | 13.3 ab | 27.4 a | 16.0 a | 4.77 a | 28.38 a | 1.77 c–f | 12.3 a | 115 a | 488 a | 43.3 a | 25.6 bcd | 5.65 a | 13.8 a | |
1.0 | 14.3 a | 28.6 a | 15.3 ab | 4.68 a | 28.37 a | 1.85 c–f | 11.5 abc | 115 a | 483 a | 40.9 abc | 24.3 def | 5.41 a | 12.5 b | ||
NaSH | 0.5 | 12.3 bcd | 27.4 a | 14.6 bc | 4.27 bc | 25.23 b | 2.03 a–e | 12.0 a | 112 a | 485 a | 42.7 a | 24.0 ef | 5.32 a | 12.0 bc | |
1.0 | 12.5 bc | 24.1 b | 15.4 ab | 4.47 ab | 25.25 b | 1.81 c–f | 11.5 abc | 110 a | 478 a | 39.7 bcd | 23.4 ef | 5.17 a | 10.8 d | ||
SA | 1.0 | 11.0 d–g | 19.5 c | 14.1 cd | 4.23 bc | 23.37 bc | 1.93 b–f | 12.3 a | 101 b | 430 bc | 42.0 ab | 24.3 def | 5.20 a | 11.0 cd | |
2.0 | 11.3 c–f | 19.5 c | 13.9 cde | 4.29 bc | 21.42 cd | 1.67 c–f | 10.8 bcd | 100 b | 405 d | 38.1 de | 21.1 gh | 5.15 a | 9.50 e | ||
50 | – | 0.0 | 9.75 gh | 10.0 ghi | 10.0 j | 3.36 gh | 20.57 d | 2.47 a | 7.75 hi | 77.0 fg | 210 g | 28.8 j | 22.8 f | 3.11 c–f | 5.80 i |
TiO2 NPs | 0.5 | 14.0 a | 12.3 efg | 13.1 efg | 3.96 cd | 19.91 de | 1.62 def | 12.0 a | 91.8 d | 447 b | 39.3 cd | 29.3 a | 3.77 bcd | 8.00 fg | |
1.0 | 13.3 ab | 15.5 d | 12.6 fgh | 3.79 def | 18.71 d–g | 1.66 c–f | 11.3 abc | 84.8 e | 351 e | 35.4 fgh | 27.0 b | 3.63 b–e | 7.80 gh | ||
NaSH | 0.5 | 12.25 bc | 13.5 de | 13.0 e–h | 3.71 def | 17.74 e–h | 1.65 c–f | 11.8 ab | 96.0 bcd | 360 e | 37.7 def | 26.0 bc | 3.80 bc | 7.30 gh | |
1.0 | 11.3 c–f | 11.4 efg | 12.4 gh | 3.80 de | 20.78 cd | 1.88 c–f | 11.5 abc | 82.3 ef | 320 f | 36.5 efg | 23.4 ef | 3.58 b–e | 7.00 gh | ||
SA | 1.0 | 12.5 bc | 12.9 def | 12.4 gh | 3.71 def | 18.87 d–g | 1.76 c–f | 12.0 a | 93.5 cd | 341 ef | 34.5 ghi | 24.0 ef | 3.28 c–f | 7.50 gh | |
2.0 | 11.8 cde | 10.8 fgh | 12.1 h | 3.69 def | 16.93 fgh | 1.58 ef | 11.3 abc | 80.5 efg | 327 f | 32.2 i | 22.9 f | 3.29 c–f | 6.80 hi | ||
20 | – | 0.0 | 9.00 h | 0.01 f | 9.00 k | 3.24 h | 17.63 e–h | 2.14 abc | 6.75 i | 60.5 k | 147 j | 25.6 k | 24.5 cde | 2.61 f | 3.00 l |
TiO2 NPs | 0.5 | 10.8 efg | 0.01 f | 10.4 ij | 3.59 efg | 17.67 e–h | 1.74 c–f | 10.0 def | 75.0 gh | 202 gh | 36.4 e–h | 28.9 a | 2.99 def | 4.60 j | |
1.0 | 10.0 fgh | 0.01 f | 10.3 ij | 3.54 e–h | 17.24 e–h | 1.75 c–f | 9.50 efg | 70.5 hi | 186 hi | 34.1 ghi | 26.0 bc | 3.09 c–f | 4.10 jk | ||
NaSH | 0.5 | 10.3 fgh | 0.01 f | 10.4 ij | 3.56 e–h | 16.45 gh | 1.66 c–f | 9.50 efg | 69.3 i | 185 hi | 35.9 e–h | 24.6 cde | 2.90 ef | 4.00 jkl | |
1.0 | 10.8 efg | 0.01 f | 10.3 ij | 3.46 fgh | 19.45 def | 2.09 a–d | 9.25 fg | 67.0 ij | 173 i | 34.0 hi | 24.0 ef | 2.86 ef | 3.90 jkl | ||
SA | 1.0 | 9.25 h | 0.01 f | 11.13 i | 3.63 efg | 15.17 h | 1.47 f | 9.3 fg | 65.8 ijk | 176 i | 35.6 fgh | 24.3 def | 2.92 ef | 3.90 jkl | |
2.0 | 11.0 d–g | 0.01 f | 10.2 ij | 3.52 e–h | 15.80 h | 1.63 def | 8.75 gh | 63.5 jk | 170 i | 32.8 i | 22.7 fg | 3.04 c–f | 3.40 kl | ||
F-Value | 2.66 | 5.42 | 2.41 | 2.80 | 3.37 | 0.70 | 2.11 | 4.03 | 19.74 | 2.47 | 3.18 | 2.05 | 3.28 | ||
p-Value | 0.006 | <0.001 | 0.01 | 0.004 | 0.001 | 0.749 | 0.02 | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.01 | 0.001 | 0.03 | 0.001 |
Available Water Content (%) | Compound | Concentration (mM) | Main Stem | Lateral Branch | Leaf | Flower | Root | Plant | Water Use Efficiency (g Dry Mass L−1 H2O) | Stress Tolerance Index (%) | Root to Shoot Ratio (g g−1) | Specific Leaf Area (cm2 g−1) | Leaf Mass Ratio (g g−1) | Flower Mass Ratio (g g−1) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Dry Weight (g) | ||||||||||||||
80 | – | 0.0 | 0.28 de | 0.10 c | 1.15 d | 0.19 f | 0.59 ef | 2.31 e | 1.10 h | 100 e | 0.345 b–g | 362 ab | 0.50 bcd | 0.083 a |
TiO2 NPs | 0.5 | 0.45 a | 0.16 a | 1.60 a | 0.30 a | 1.07 a | 3.58 a | 1.63 a | 149 a | 0.427 a | 305 cde | 0.45 e | 0.083 a | |
1.0 | 0.43 a | 0.15 a | 1.58 ab | 0.27 b | 0.92 b | 3.36 a | 1.59 a | 144 a | 0.380 a–d | 307 cd | 0.74 de | 0.081 ab | ||
NaSH | 0.5 | 0.37 b | 0.14 b | 1.59 a | 0.25 c | 0.81 c | 3.15 c | 1.49 b | 136 b | 0.347 b–f | 307 cd | 0.50 bcd | 0.078 a–d | |
1.0 | 0.39 b | 0.14 b | 1.57 ab | 0.24 cd | 0.74 d | 3.07 c | 1.45 bc | 132 b | 0.319 fg | 306 cde | 0.51 bc | 0.077 a–e | ||
SA | 1.0 | 0.33 c | 0.13 b | 1.46 bc | 0.23 d | 0.73 d | 2.88 d | 1.36 cde | 124 c | 0.333 c–g | 296 de | 0.50 bc | 0.081 abc | |
2.0 | 0.30 cd | 0.10 c | 1.36 c | 0.22 e | 0.64 e | 2.61 e | 1.23 fg | 112 d | 0.325 efg | 302 cde | 0.52 b | 0.082 ab | ||
50 | – | 0.0 | 0.21 gh | 0.05 fg | 0.78 h | 0.12 k | 0.44 h | 1.59 i | 1.14 h | 68.8 h | 0.378 a–d | 269 ef | 0.49 bcd | 0.073 def |
TiO2 NPs | 0.5 | 0.26 def | 0.09 d | 1.13 de | 0.17 g | 0.65 e | 2.29 f | 1.64 a | 99.0 e | 0.392 ab | 397 a | 0.49 bcd | 0.073 def | |
1.0 | 0.24 fg | 0.09 d | 0.97 fg | 0.15 i | 0.55 fg | 1.98 g | 1.42 bc | 85.8 f | 0.388 abc | 366 ab | 0.48 bcd | 0.073 def | ||
NaSH | 0.5 | 0.23 fg | 0.08 de | 1.08 def | 0.15 hi | 0.55 fg | 1.95 gh | 1.49 b | 90.4 f | 0.356 b–f | 334 bc | 0.52 bc | 0.072 def | |
1.0 | 0.26 ef | 0.06 f | 0.95 g | 0.16 gh | 0.54 fg | 1.95 fg | 1.40 bcd | 84.6 fg | 0.378 a–d | 339 bc | 0.48 cd | 0.081 abc | ||
SA | 1.0 | 0.23 fg | 0.07 e | 1.01 efg | 0.13 j | 0.52 g | 1.97 g | 1.41 bcd | 85.2 f | 0.358 b–f | 339 bc | 0.51 bc | 0.067 f | |
2.0 | 0.21 gh | 0.07 e | 0.91 g | 0.13 j | 0.49 gh | 1.81 h | 1.29 ef | 78.4 g | 0.375 b–e | 359 ab | 0.50 bcd | 0.072 def | ||
20 | – | 0.0 | 0.16 i | 0.023 k | 0.58 j | 0.06 n | 0.22 j | 1.04 l | 1.12 h | 48.3 k | 0.268 h | 254 f | 0.55 a | 0.060 g |
TiO2 NPs | 0.5 | 0.18 hi | 0.046 gh | 0.70 hi | 0.10 l | 0.34 i | 1.37 j | 1.37 cde | 59.5 i | 0.334 d–g | 287 def | 0.51 bc | 0.072 def | |
1.0 | 0.18 hi | 0.036 i | 0.67 hij | 0.10 l | 0.33 i | 1.31 jk | 1.31 def | 56.8 ij | 0.341 c–g | 278 def | 0.51 bc | 0.075 cde | ||
NaSH | 0.5 | 0.17 hi | 0.037 hi | 0.67 hij | 0.10 l | 0.31 i | 1.28 jk | 1.28 ef | 55.4 ij | 0.318 fgh | 280 def | 0.52 b | 0.076 b–e | |
1.0 | 0.16 gh | 0.033 ij | 0.63 ij | 0.09 lm | 0.28 ij | 1.23 jk | 1.24 fg | 53.2 ijk | 0.296 gh | 274 def | 0.51 bc | 0.073 def | ||
SA | 1.0 | 0.18 hi | 0.032 ij | 0.62 ij | 0.09 lm | 0.33 i | 1.24 jk | 1.24 fg | 53.7 ijk | 0.365 b–f | 286 def | 0.50 bcd | 0.071 ef | |
2.0 | 0.18 i | 0.026 jk | 0.61 ij | 0.08 m | 0.30 i | 1.17 kl | 1.18 gh | 50.9 jk | 0.337 d–g | 281 def | 0.52 bc | 0.072 def | ||
F-Value | 5.29 | 10.23 | 3.16 | 14.37 | 9.97 | 10.41 | 3.56 | 9.76 | 2.19 | 4.98 | 2.35 | 3.83 | ||
p-Value | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.02 | <0.001 | 0.01 | <0.001 |
Available Water Content (%) | Compound | Concentration (mM) | Epidermal Cell | Stomatal | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Density (mm−2) | Size (µm2) | Area Per Leaf Area (µm2 mm−2) | Density (mm−2) | Index (%) | Length (µm) | Width (µm) | Size (µm2) | Length to Width Ratio | Area Per Leaf Area (µm2 mm−2) | |||
80 | – | 0.0 | 575 g–j | 1686 b–e | 964040 d–g | 155 e–h | 21.3 bc | 25.2 fg | 9.20 fg | 464 gh | 2.74 bc | 35960 c–f |
TiO2 NPs | 0.5 | 585 f–j | 1634 c–g | 953965 i | 159 def | 21.3 bc | 27.0 a | 10.8 a | 581 a | 2.51 hi | 46035 a | |
1.0 | 639 de | 1526 ghi | 961633 e–h | 148 f–i | 18.9 e–h | 25.7 de | 10.1 bcd | 521 cd | 2.54 ghi | 38367 b–e | ||
NaSH | 0.5 | 663 cd | 1457 h–k | 959871 h | 156 d–h | 19.1 e–h | 26.6 b | 9.70 e | 514 d | 2.750 bc | 40129 b | |
1.0 | 561 hij | 1723 b–e | 966334 bcd | 133 j | 19.1 e–h | 25.3 efg | 10.0 cd | 508 d | 2.52 hi | 33666 fgh | ||
SA | 1.0 | 666 cd | 1461 hij | 960877 fgh | 143 hij | 17.7 gh | 26.2 bc | 10.5 ab | 549 b | 2.50 i | 39123 bcd | |
2.0 | 599 e–i | 1619 d–g | 969055 abc | 144 g–j | 19.4 d–g | 24.2 h | 8.86 gh | 430 k | 2.74 bcd | 30945 ghi | ||
50 | – | 0.0 | 729 b | 1331 kl | 968930 abc | 184 ab | 20.1 cde | 22.3 k | 7.57 i | 338 l | 2.95 a | 31070 ghi |
TiO2 NPs | 0.5 | 674 cd | 1418 ijk | 954722 i | 168 cde | 19.9 cde | 26.1 cd | 10.4 bc | 541 bc | 2.51 hi | 45278 a | |
1.0 | 708 bc | 1360 jk | 961707 e–h | 158 d–g | 18.2 fgh | 25.2 fg | 9.63 e | 486 ef | 2.62 d–h | 38293 b–e | ||
NaSH | 0.5 | 625 d–g | 1549 fgh | 967001 bcd | 133 j | 17.5 h | 25.3 fg | 9.88 de | 499 def | 2.56 ghi | 32999 fgh | |
1.0 | 631 def | 1529 ghi | 964326 def | 149 f–i | 19.1 e–h | 25.2 fg | 9.51 ef | 479 fg | 2.65 c–g | 35673 def | ||
SA | 1.0 | 604 e–h | 1598 efg | 965007 de | 153 fgh | 20.2 cde | 25.3 fg | 9.08 gh | 459 gh | 2.78 b | 34993 ef | |
2.0 | 706 bc | 1367 jk | 964990 de | 170 bcd | 19.4 def | 23.6 j | 8.72 h | 412 jk | 2.71 b–e | 35010 ef | ||
20 | – | 0.0 | 808 a | 1204 l | 972205 a | 195 a | 19.5 def | 20.4 l | 7.00 j | 285 m | 2.92 a | 27795 i |
TiO2 NPs | 0.5 | 541 j | 1788 b | 965290 cde | 138 ij | 20.3 cde | 25.5 ef | 9.88 de | 505 de | 2.59 f–i | 34710 efg | |
1.0 | 553 ij | 1757 bc | 969969 ab | 145 f–j | 20.8 cd | 23.7 ij | 8.75 h | 414 j | 2.70 b–f | 30031 hi | ||
NaSH | 0.5 | 559 hij | 1719 b–e | 960338 gh | 174 bc | 23.7 a | 23.3 j | 9.80 de | 456 h | 2.38 j | 39662 bc | |
1.0 | 460 k | 2109 a | 969823 ab | 136 ij | 22.9 ab | 24.0 hi | 9.21 fg | 443 hi | 2.61 e–i | 30177 hi | ||
SA | 1.0 | 558 hij | 1734 bcd | 966321 bcd | 150 f–i | 21.2 bc | 25.0 g | 8.97 gh | 449 hi | 2.79 b | 33679 fgh | |
2.0 | 581 f–j | 1670 b–f | 968948 abc | 159 def | 21.5 bc | 22.4 k | 8.75 h | 391 k | 2.56 ghi | 31052 ghi | ||
F-Value | 14.99 | 13.53 | 5.94 | 7.67 | 6.24 | 24.27 | 11.43 | 12.17 | 8.93 | 5.97 | ||
p-Value | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
Available Water Content (%) | Compound | Concentration (mM) | Relative Water Content (%) | Chlorophyll | Carotenoid | Electrolyte Leakage (%) | MDA | Proline | Catalase | Peroxidase |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Content (mg g−1 FW) | Content (µmol g−1 FW) | Activity (µmol min−1 g−1 FW) | ||||||||
80 | – | 0.0 | 82.2 de | 10.4 f | 3.01 a–d | 22.1 fgh | 0.343 j | 4.23 i | 0.00104 l | 0.0099 m |
TiO2 NPs | 0.5 | 91.5 a | 15.1 a | 3.11 ab | 17.2 m | 0.255 l | 1.58 m | 0.00114 kl | 0.0088 m | |
1.0 | 88.1 b | 12.7 b | 3.15 a | 17.9 lm | 0.288 kl | 2.38 l | 0.00114 kl | 0.0120 kl | ||
NaSH | 0.5 | 85.9 c | 11.9 c | 3.04 abc | 18.7 klm | 0.298 k | 2.58 kl | 0.00112 kl | 0.0110 l | |
1.0 | 82.6 de | 11.6 cd | 2.90 cde | 19.0 j–m | 0.295 k | 2.99 jk | 0.00137 j | 0.0130 k | ||
SA | 1.0 | 83.1 d | 11.8 c | 2.95 b–e | 19.8 i–l | 0.308 jk | 2.75 kl | 0.00116 k | 0.0096 m | |
2.0 | 82.2 de | 10.6 f | 2.84 def | 20.0 ijk | 0.340 j | 3.40 j | 0.00163 i | 0.0157 j | ||
50 | – | 0.0 | 72.3 j | 8.25 i | 2.23 kl | 37.0 b | 0.570 bc | 8.33 f | 0.00195 h | 0.0270 i |
TiO2 NPs | 0.5 | 81.5 def | 11.3 de | 2.76 efg | 20.3 h–k | 0.398 i | 5.31 h | 0.00252 e | 0.0386 f | |
1.0 | 80.9 efg | 10.8 ef | 2.69 fgh | 20.8 g–j | 0.435 ghi | 7.21 g | 0.00233 f | 0.0399 f | ||
NaSH | 0.5 | 80.7 efg | 9.74 g | 2.59 ghi | 22.0 fgh | 0.450 fgh | 7.28 g | 0.00213 g | 0.0293 h | |
1.0 | 79.2 ghi | 9.16 h | 2.52 hi | 21.7 f–i | 0.473 efg | 7.35 g | 0.00226 f | 0.0300 h | ||
SA | 1.0 | 79.5 fgh | 9.78 g | 2.54 hi | 23.1 ef | 0.473 efg | 7.39 g | 0.00205 g | 0.0303 h | |
2.0 | 78.4 hi | 9.05 h | 2.47 ij | 20.9 ghi | 0.498 de | 9.19 e | 0.00212 g | 0.0342 g | ||
20 | – | 0.0 | 57.7 k | 5.89 l | 1.22 o | 42.8 a | 0.643 a | 17.5 a | 0.00384 d | 0.0647 a |
TiO2 NPs | 0.5 | 78.1 hi | 8.96 h | 2.43 ij | 22.6 efg | 0.428 hi | 10.0 d | 0.00484 a | 0.0517 c | |
1.0 | 77.3 i | 8.39 i | 2.28 jk | 23.1 ef | 0.440 gh | 14.5 c | 0.00484 a | 0.0535 b | ||
NaSH | 0.5 | 77.8 hi | 8.02 i | 2.19 klm | 24.1 de | 0.480 ef | 14.6 c | 0.00436 b | 0.0454 e | |
1.0 | 77.7 hi | 6.79 k | 2.01 m | 24.6 cde | 0.520 d | 14.7 c | 0.00436 b | 0.0466 de | ||
SA | 1.0 | 77.4 i | 7.41 j | 2.09 lm | 25.2 cd | 0.533 cd | 14.6 c | 0.00419 c | 0.0474 d | |
2.0 | 72.5 j | 6.17 l | 1.75 n | 26.3 c | 0.573 b | 16.8 b | 0.00420 c | 0.0478 d | ||
F-Value | 20.96 | 6.98 | 7.47 | 19.93 | 3.62 | 23.36 | 41.85 | 118.39 | ||
p-Value | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
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Zomorrodi, N.; Rezaei Nejad, A.; Mousavi-Fard, S.; Feizi, H.; Tsaniklidis, G.; Fanourakis, D. Potency of Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticles, Sodium Hydrogen Sulfide and Salicylic Acid in Ameliorating the Depressive Effects of Water Deficit on Periwinkle Ornamental Quality. Horticulturae 2022, 8, 675. https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae8080675
Zomorrodi N, Rezaei Nejad A, Mousavi-Fard S, Feizi H, Tsaniklidis G, Fanourakis D. Potency of Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticles, Sodium Hydrogen Sulfide and Salicylic Acid in Ameliorating the Depressive Effects of Water Deficit on Periwinkle Ornamental Quality. Horticulturae. 2022; 8(8):675. https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae8080675
Chicago/Turabian StyleZomorrodi, Nahid, Abdolhossein Rezaei Nejad, Sadegh Mousavi-Fard, Hassan Feizi, Georgios Tsaniklidis, and Dimitrios Fanourakis. 2022. "Potency of Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticles, Sodium Hydrogen Sulfide and Salicylic Acid in Ameliorating the Depressive Effects of Water Deficit on Periwinkle Ornamental Quality" Horticulturae 8, no. 8: 675. https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae8080675