Actinomucor elegans and Podospora bulbillosa Positively Improves Endurance to Water Deficit and Salinity Stresses in Tomato Plants
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Sampling of Rhizosphere Soil and Isolation of Rhizospheric Fungi
2.2. Evaluation of Fungal Strains for Plant-Growth Promotion Activities
2.3. Assessment of Fungal Strains for Stress Tolerance under Laboratory Condition
2.4. Molecular Identification and Phylogenetic Analysis of the Fungal Strains
2.5. Effect of the Fungal Strains on Tomato Growth under Drought, and Salinity
2.6. Growth Parameter and Photosynthetic Pigment Assessment
2.7. Estimation of Salicylic Acid (SA) Content
2.8. Examination of Amino Acid Composition
2.9. Determination of Soluble Protein and Sugar Concentrations
2.10. Enzyme Assay in Tomato Plants
2.11. Detection of Hydrogen Peroxide (H2O2) and Malondialdehyde in Tomato Plants
2.12. Quantification of Nutrient Content in Tomato Plants and Fungal Mycelia
2.13. RNA Isolation and Gene Expression by Quantitative Real-Time PCR
2.14. Data Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Phylogenetic Analysis and Plant Growth-Promoting Traits of Fungal Strains
3.2. In-Vitro Resistance of Fungal Strains to Drought, Salinity, and pH
3.3. Tomato Plants Response to PGPF1 (A. elegans) and PGPF2 (P. bulbillosa) Inoculants under Varied Abiotic Stresses
3.3.1. Effect of PGPF on Plant Growth under Abiotic Stresses
3.3.2. PGPF Modulates Photosynthetic Pigments under Abiotic Stresses
3.3.3. Salicylic Acid (SA) Metabolism in Response to PGPF Inoculations and Abiotic Stresses
3.3.4. Effect of PGPF Inoculations and Abiotic Stresses on Amino Acid Content
3.3.5. Hydrogen Peroxide and Malondialdehyde Contents in Tomato Plants Subjected to Varied Treatments
3.3.6. Changes in Protein and Sugar Contents
3.3.7. The Activity of Non-Enzymatic and Enzymatic Antioxidants
3.3.8. PGPF Modifies Nutrient and Sodium Contents in Tomato Plants
3.4. Expression Pattern of Drought and Salinity Responsive Genes in Tomato Plants in Response to Application of PGPFs and Abiotic Stresses
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Symbol | Treatment |
---|---|
Cont | irrigated with sterile distilled water |
PGPF1 | irrigated with Actinomucor elegans |
PGPF2 | irrigated with Podospora bulbillosa |
Dr | irrigated with 25%PEG (−0.73 Mpa) |
Dr + PGPF1 | irrigated with 25%PEG (−0.73 Mpa) + Actinomucor elegans |
Dr + PGPF2 | irrigated with 25%PEG (−0.73 Mpa) + Podospora bulbillosa |
S | irrigated with 1.5% NaCl |
S + PGPF1 | irrigated with 1.5% NaCl + Actinomucor elegans |
S + PGPF2 | irrigated with 1.5% NaCl + Podospora bulbillosa |
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Kazerooni, E.A.; Maharachchikumbura, S.S.N.; Al-Sadi, A.M.; Rashid, U.; Kang, S.-M.; Lee, I.-J. Actinomucor elegans and Podospora bulbillosa Positively Improves Endurance to Water Deficit and Salinity Stresses in Tomato Plants. J. Fungi 2022, 8, 785. https://doi.org/10.3390/jof8080785
Kazerooni EA, Maharachchikumbura SSN, Al-Sadi AM, Rashid U, Kang S-M, Lee I-J. Actinomucor elegans and Podospora bulbillosa Positively Improves Endurance to Water Deficit and Salinity Stresses in Tomato Plants. Journal of Fungi. 2022; 8(8):785. https://doi.org/10.3390/jof8080785
Chicago/Turabian StyleKazerooni, Elham Ahmed, Sajeewa S. N. Maharachchikumbura, Abdullah Mohammed Al-Sadi, Umer Rashid, Sang-Mo Kang, and In-Jung Lee. 2022. "Actinomucor elegans and Podospora bulbillosa Positively Improves Endurance to Water Deficit and Salinity Stresses in Tomato Plants" Journal of Fungi 8, no. 8: 785. https://doi.org/10.3390/jof8080785