Next Article in Journal
Mechatronic Design of a Prototype Orthosis to Support Elbow Joint Rehabilitation
Next Article in Special Issue
Treatment of Tooth Wear Using Direct or Indirect Restorations: A Systematic Review of Clinical Studies
Previous Article in Journal
Fusobacterium nucleatum and Malignant Tumors of the Digestive Tract: A Mechanistic Overview
Previous Article in Special Issue
Effectiveness of the REvision System and Sonic Irrigation in the Removal of Root Canal Filling Material from Oval Canals: An In Vitro Study
 
 
Search for Articles:
Title / Keyword
Author / Affiliation / Email
Journal
Article Type
 
 
Advanced Search
 
Section
Special Issue
Volume
Issue
Number
Page
 
Journals
Bioengineering
Volume 9
Issue 7
10.3390/bioengineering9070286
bioengineering-logo
Submit to this Journal Review for this Journal Propose a Special Issue
► Article Menu

Article Menu

share Share announcement Help format_quote Cite question_answer Discuss in SciProfiles thumb_up
...
Endorse textsms
...
Comment
first_page
settings
Order Article Reprints
Font Type:
Arial Georgia Verdana
Font Size:
Aa Aa Aa
Line Spacing:
Column Width:
Background:
Article

Adhesion of Resin to Lithium Disilicate with Different Surface Treatments before and after Salivary Contamination—An In-Vitro Study

by
Ryan Harouny
1,2,
Louis Hardan
1,
Elie Harouny
1,
Cynthia Kassis
1,
Rim Bourgi
1,
Monika Lukomska-Szymanska
3,
Naji Kharouf
4,5,
Vincent Ball
4,5,* and
Carlos Khairallah
1
1
Department of Restorative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Saint-Joseph University, Beirut 1107 2180, Lebanon
2
Craniofacial Research Laboratory, Division of Biomaterials, School of Dentistry, Saint-Joseph University, Beirut 1107 2180, Lebanon
3
Department of General Dentistry, Medical University of Lodz, 251 Pomorska St., 92-213 Lodz, Poland
4
Department of Endodontics, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Strasbourg University, 67000 Strasbourg, France
5
Department of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, INSERM UMR_S 1121, Strasbourg University, 67000 Strasbourg, France
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Bioengineering 2022, 9(7), 286; https://doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering9070286
Submission received: 31 May 2022 / Revised: 15 June 2022 / Accepted: 23 June 2022 / Published: 29 June 2022
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in Biomaterials and Dental Disease)
Browse Figures
Versions Notes

Abstract

:
The salivary contamination occurring at the try-in procedures of lithium disilicate (LDS) can jeopardize their bond strength. Various laboratory reports have concluded that applying 37% phosphoric acid (H3PO4) could be considered as a predictable way of removing salivary contaminants. An experimental method that consists of sealing the intaglio of the ceramic restorations with a layer of cured adhesive could allow consequent time saving for dental practitioners. It is, besides, necessary to establish an optimal decontamination protocol. Hence, this study aimed to determine the most efficient surface treatment, before and after salivary contamination, by comparing the adhesion between resin and LDS. In order to do so, five groups of ten specimens (n = 10) each underwent the different types of surface treatments before bonding, followed by 2500 cycles in the thermocycler. A shear bond strength (SBS) test was then conducted on a universal testing machine (YLE GmbH Waldstraße Bad König, Germany), followed by a fracture-type analysis on an optical microscope (Olympus BX53, Shinjuku, Tokyo, Japan). Statistical analysis was set with a level of significance of α = 0.05. The surface treatment significantly affected the SBS results. The decontamination with HF (12.59 ± 2.71 MPa) and H3PO4 (13.11 ± 1.03 MPa) obtained the highest values, silanizing only before contamination obtained intermediate values (11.74 ± 3.49 MPa), and silanizing both before and after the salivary contamination (10.41 ± 2.75 MPa) along with applying a bonding agent before contamination (9.65 ± 1.99 MPa) resulted in the lowest values. In conclusion, H3PO4 proved to be efficient, thus, allowing the practitioner to avoid the clinical use of HF; it can, therefore, be considered as a valid alternative. Presilanization and resilanization of specimens, along with applying a bonding agent before contamination, did not yield satisfying results.

1. Introduction

All-ceramic restorations, including lithium disilicate (LDS), are increasingly preferred by both patients and practitioners [1]. With their esthetic advantage and their satisfying durability, they represent a good alternative to conventional ceramo-metallic crowns [2,3]. An important step for this success is proper bonding [4], which includes etching the intaglio with HF and then applying a silane agent. Furthermore, it is essential to find the best way to clean the prosthetic intaglio of the saliva after the intra-oral try-in, since this thin film is known to reduce the bond strength [5,6]. Numerous techniques have been proposed and tested, such as cleaning with ethanol, isopropanol, sodium hypochlorite, water spray, or putting the restoration in an ultrasonic bath, but the results were not satisfying [5,7,8,9]. Although the standard method is to conduct the try-in of the restoration in the mouth before applying the HF and silane agent, the etching of the restoration is sometimes undergone at the dental laboratory [9]. This is either done to make it easier for the practitioner or because chairside use of HF is prohibited in some countries due to its potential hazardous effects [10,11,12,13,14]. It is, therefore, necessary to have an efficient alternative to HF in order to clean the intaglio after the try-in. This could be made possible by using phosphoric acid (H3PO4), which is considered an interesting cleaning method due to its low cost and availability in every practitioner’s clinic. It yields the same findings as non-salivary contaminated LDS specimens according to a previous study [15], or slightly or significantly lower bond strength according to other studies [5,9,16]. This disparity of results made the inclusion of H3PO4 in this study interesting.
Aside from the cleaning methods applied after the try-in, it also seems valuable to evaluate the influence of the intaglio’s pretreatment on the bond strength obtained after contamination and cleaning.
Silanizing the specimens after the HF etching and before their contamination yielded a significant increase in the bond strength obtained compared to specimens without pre-silanization and treated with the same decontamination method. Nevertheless, only a few studies took this parameter into account. It is worth noting that this technique goes against the manufacturer’s recommendations, which warns of eventual harm to the silane layer [7,17].
Moreover, the need to resilanize the specimens, which were pre-silanized before contamination, should be evaluated. This parameter was, therefore, included in this study.
Lastly, an experimental method, which is already used in some countries, could help to avoid the step of HF etching in dental practice while still protecting the etched prosthetic intaglio and the silane layer by applying and polymerizing an adhesive layer on the intaglio after the etching and the silanization, but before the try-in. After trying the restoration in the mouth, the intaglio would simply be cleaned with ethanol and the adhesive surface simply reactivated by a new adhesive layer. However, only one study describing this method is available [17]. It was consequently included in this manuscript, with an additional innovation, by applying this method on a more frequently used material, LDS, on which it had not been tested before. LDS was chosen for being a dental biomaterial well known by practitioners, as they frequently use it when high aesthetic is requested by the patient. LDS has a high translucency when compared to the opacity shown by zirconia, and it also presents high mechanical properties and good long-term survival rates [18,19,20].
Hence, the main objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of different pre-treatments and cleaning methods following contamination by saliva on the adhesion of resin to LDS after ageing. The null hypothesis was that the surface treatment before and after the contamination would not have a significant influence on the bond strength of resin to LDS between the different groups.

2. Materials and Methods

2.1. Specimen Preparation

LDS blocks (n = 50) were used after the approval of the Institutional Review Board of Saint-Joseph University (FMD-SF30; ref.#USJ-2020-163).
Type, brand, composition, lot number, and manufacturer of the materials used in this study are listed in Table 1.
LDS blocks were cut before crystallization with a low-speed precision cutting machine (Exakt 30, EXAKT Vertriebs GmbH, Norderstedt, Gemany) to obtain 50 specimens with the following dimensions: 5 mm length, 5 mm width, and 3 mm height. The specimens were then crystallized according to the manufacturer’s instructions and embedded in acrylic resin (Novacryl, Tricodent LTD, Victoria Road, Burgess Hill, England), then poured in Ultradent’s plastic mold. The exposed bonding surface was polished with 600 μm grit silicon carbide paper under irrigation for one minute to obtain a flat surface. The specimens were thereafter placed in an ultrasonic bath with distilled water for five minutes and subsequently dried with an air syringe. They were then randomly divided into five groups of ten specimens each, according to the surface treatment to be performed.
All specimens were treated by a single operator and with saliva freshly collected the same day. Figure 1 shows the surface treatment methods executed in the different groups.

2.2. Bonding of the Specimens

After surface treatment, all the specimens received a layer of adhesive resin (Adper Single Bond 2, 3M ESPE) spread with a gentle air stream for 15 s to evaporate the solvent [21,22] and to obtain a homogeneous thickness, then polymerized for 20 s (Woodpecker 1000–1200 mW/cm2). A polyethylene cylindrical mold with an internal diameter of 2.38 mm and a height of 2.15 mm (Bonding Jig, Ultradent Products, Inc., South Jordan, UT, USA) [23,24] was then placed on the surface of the specimens covered with the adhesive, and flowable composite (Filtek Z350 XT Flowable Restorative, A1 Shade, 3M ESPE) was injected in it from the bottom to the top, with the tip of the syringe kept inside the material to avoid the incorporation of air bubbles. The flowable resin was then polymerized for 40 s with the same light-curing device [8,9].
The bonded specimens were washed with an air-water spray and kept for 24 h in distilled water at 37 °C, in an incubator, to allow complete polymerization of the resin [25].

2.3. Bond Strength Test and Failure Analysis

After thermocycling (2500 cycles, 5–55 °C, dwell time: 45 s, transition time: 15 s), the shear bond strength (SBS) tests for all the specimens were performed on a universal testing machine (YLE GmbH Waldstraße Bad König, Germany) with a knife-edge blade placed perpendicularly and touching only the bonding interface, at a crosshead speed of 1 mm/min until fracture occurred, according to ISO/TS 11405:2015 [26]. The SBS was then calculated according to the following formula: R = F/A (R being the bond strength in MPa, F the failure force in Newtons, and A the bonding area in mm2).
After debonding, the type of fracture was determined under x10 magnification with an optical microscope (Olympus BX53, Shinjuku, Tokyo, Japan) and classified as follows:
(a) Either adhesive: between the ceramic and the resin; no remnant of composite resin on the ceramic surface; (b) either cohesive: within the composite resin; resin remnants can be seen on most of the ceramic surface; (c) either mixed (combination of adhesive and cohesive failure): remnants can be seen on parts of the ceramic, while other parts have no remnant.

2.4. Statistical Analysis

IBM SPSS Statistics version 26.0 was used to analyze the data. The level of significance was set at -p-value ≤ 0.05. The primary outcome measurement was the SBS (MPa). Kolmogorov–Smirnov tests were used to assess the normality of the distribution of the variables. Levene’s test was used to assess the homogeneity of variances between groups. One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by Tukey (HSD) post-hoc tests were used to compare mean bond strength between groups. Fisher Exact tests were used to compare the type of fracture among groups.

3. Results

3.1. Shear Bond Strength Results

The SBS was significantly different between the five groups (-p-value = 0.019; ANOVA).
The highest mean SBS was obtained by groups 1 (12.59 ± 2.71 MPa) and 2 (13.11 ± 1.03 MPa) (Figure 2). Group 4 showed intermediate values (11.74 ± 3.49 MPa) while the lowest results were obtained in groups 5 (9.65 ± 1.99 MPa) and 3 (10.41 ± 2.75 MPa). The SBS values obtained are listed in Table 2, along with the mean, the standard deviation, the 95% confidence interval, and the minimal and maximal value.

3.2. Comparison of the Types of Fracture

Cuts obtained with an optical microscope (Olympus BX53, Shinjuku, Tokyo, Japan) (x10) show the aspect of adhesive and mixed fractures (Figure 3 and Figure 4).
Figure 5 shows the distribution of the types of fractures among the groups tested.

4. Discussion

This study was conducted to establish the most efficient surface treatment before and after salivary contamination of LDS specimens, in order to ensure an optimal bond strength of resin to ceramic after artificial aging. According to the results obtained, the mean SBS was significantly different depending on the surface treatment. Therefore, the null hypothesis tested in this study was rejected.
Many contaminants can impair the bonding of ceramic restorations, such as blood, silicone, dental stone, or isolation medium. However, saliva remains the most relevant from a clinical point of view. The adhesion of saliva to restorations and to the surface of the teeth leads to the formation of a thin pellicle that reaches a thickness of 10 to 20 nm within a few minutes [6]. This layer is not eliminated by water rinsing [16] and has a negative influence on the wettability and surface free energy of the substrate [9]. An inefficient decontamination could cause an important decrease in bond strength values, as shown in numerous studies, and saliva should, therefore, be correctly eliminated in order to achieve a long-lasting adhesion [9,27,28].
The specimens in groups 1 and 2 showed the best results. Group 1, where the ceramic was etched with HF after contamination, was the control group, since it represents the typical situation of a practitioner decontaminating ceramic restorations after the try-in following the universally accepted protocol. The specimens in group 2 were decontaminated with H3PO4. The high values obtained with the first method correspond with those obtained in other studies [9,15,16,27,28,29], where values after HF decontamination were similar to the control (uncontaminated) group. The results of the second method were more controversial in the literature; they were identical to the control group on LDS [15], on feldspathic ceramic [30], and on zirconia [31], like in this study, unlike other studies, where it was either fair [5,16] or unsatisfying [28]. Although it is not entirely clear how phosphoric acid helps in removing saliva, it is suggested that it perhaps penetrates the salivary film and then etches the surface of the ceramic below it, liberating the saliva from the surface [6].
Specimens in groups 3 and 4 received a layer of silane before contamination. Abboush et al. and Marfenko et al. reported that this would increase the bond strength [17,30], while Alfaro et al. did not obtain better results with this method [16].
Group 4, silanized only before contamination, yielded intermediate values, which were significantly lower than those in groups 1 and 2. This could be due to the fact that the silane layer was put in one week prior to contamination, decontamination, and bonding, to simulate the time of delivery from the laboratory. The mechanical application of saliva with a microbrush and the eventual degradation by H3PO4 could be added as factors that could have harmed the silane layer, therefore, decreasing the values obtained. Marfenko et al. questioned the stability of the silane layer after a mechanical action, although their study addressed mechanical cleaning with Ivoclean [17].
Group 3, however, in which silanization was performed before and after contamination, showed values significantly lower than those in group 4, and statistically similar to those in group 5. This could be explained by the negative impact of the application of thick or multiple silane layers, which could interact with one another and interfere with the bonding of the resin to the ceramic [7]. It is, therefore, possible that the application of a second layer of silane could have affected the bonding more than the application of H3PO4 on the first layer of silane, since H3PO4 acted chemically, not mechanically, which yielded significantly higher values in group 4 compared to group 3. However, these results are in contradiction with those of other studies [7,17,30], which did not show a deleterious impact to reapplying silane after decontamination. Further research is, therefore, deemed necessary to clarify the effect of such a procedure.
Group 5, which represented the experimental method of this study, with the sealing of the ceramic with a bonding agent before contamination, obtained the lowest values, unlike the study of Bomicke et al. [27], which showed that after thermocycling, values are significantly higher than those in the uncontaminated group. Numerous factors that differ between these two studies could explain the heterogeneity of the results: the material on which the bonding was applied (LDS compared to lithium silicate reinforced with zirconia), the bonding agent, the bond strength test setting (SBS test compared to tensile bond strength test), the method used for artificial aging (2500 thermal cycles versus 6 months of storage in distilled water), and the diameter of the composite resin (2.38 mm versus 3.3 mm). It is important to note that in the study of Bomicke et al., pre-polymerized “core build-up” composite resin cylinders were bonded to the ceramic with a resin cement, which differs from the application of the flowable resin on the ceramic topped with a layer of polymerized adhesive, as was performed in this study. To our knowledge, these two studies are the only ones that evaluated this method and further research is, therefore, necessary to make a conclusion about its efficiency.
Yet, the quality of the bonding should not only be evaluated by bond strength values. The type of fracture (adhesive, cohesive, mixed), determined with a microscope, is also an indicator of the bonding mechanism [15,32]. A higher incidence of adhesive fractures indicates a lower quality of bonding in one group of specimens when compared to others.
The specimens in group 2, which had the highest mean SBS value (13.11 ± 1.03 MPa), showed the most mixed fractures (60%), while the specimens in group 3, which had significantly lower mean SBS values (10.41 ± 2.75 MPa), showed only 10% mixed fractures. However, the difference in the type of fracture rate was not statistically significant, which does not allow any conclusion. This is probably due to the relatively small number of specimens, which is one of the limitations of the study. Nevertheless, it can be stated that the significant overall proportion of mixed failures is due to the testing method, namely the macroshear bond strength test. In fact, a wider bonding interface probably contains more defects [33,34], which raises the prevalence of cohesive and mixed failures when compared to the microtensile bond strength test. The latter, indeed, allows for a higher precision because of a more homogeneous distribution of the forces on the bonded interface [35,36,37,38,39], and it can, therefore, be considered as another limitation of this study.
Even so, the SBS test was chosen for its easy use, and it is important to mention that shear forces outweigh tensile forces on ceramic veneers. Studying this parameter would then be more interesting for this type of restoration where the absence of mechanical retention makes bonding an essential element for its longevity [40]. Moreover, when compared to a microtensile bond strength test, it helps avoiding pre-testing failures since it does not need to be cut before testing, which would be problematic with a brittle material, such as ceramic [6,17].
This research did not include a group of specimens without saliva contamination, since it has already been proved that etching with HF allows one to obtain the same bond strength values as before contamination [9,15,28], so these two groups would lead to identical values.
Similar to Lapinska et al. [9], this study used a flowable composite resin instead of a resin cement, for two reasons. Firstly, the principal aim of the study was not to evaluate the resistance of resin itself but the surface treatment of LDS and its influence on the bond strength values. Secondly, these two types of materials share the same physical and chemical properties because of their resin matrix and their comparable filler content. It is, consequently, possible to use one instead of the other in some circumstances.
Further, all the specimens underwent thermocycling, since the long-term values are the most relevant to the practitioner. This was also the case in several studies [6,17,28], where all the specimens were subjected to thermocycling, which was considered more suitable than water storage [25,41] to simulate the aging of the restorations and their bonding to resin.
Although decontamination with H3PO4 prevents the chairside use of HF, it does not change the fact that the protocol of decontamination and bonding after the try-in is time-consuming. Future studies on LDS and with a higher number of specimens should be undertaken, along with the method evaluated by Bomicke et al. [27], which is the sealing of the ceramic before contamination, because any efficient method that can save chairside time would be advantageous for both the practitioner and the patient.

5. Conclusions

According to the results obtained in this study, it can be concluded that H3PO4 is as efficient in removing saliva contamination from the surface of LDS as HF. On the other hand, the silanization only before contamination lessened bond strength when compared to the specimens that were not silanized prior to contamination. Resilanizing of pre-silanized specimens that were cleaned with H3PO4 did not improve bonding to LDS. The experimental method consisting of sealing the intaglio with a layer of cured adhesive did not prove its efficiency. Therefore, none of the pre-treatment methods tested allowed superior bond strength of resin to LDS.

Author Contributions

Conceptualization, R.H., E.H., C.K. (Carlos Khairallah) and L.H.; methodology, R.H.; software, R.H. and R.B.; validation, R.H., E.H., V.B., C.K. (Cynthia Kassis), R.B. and L.H.; formal analysis, R.H.; investigation, R.H. and R.B.; resources, E.H., V.B., C.K. (Carlos Khairallah), M.L.-S., N.K. and L.H.; data curation, R.H. and C.K. (Carlos Khairallah); writing—original draft preparation, R.H., E.H., C.K. (Cynthia Kassis), M.L.-S., V.B., R.B. and L.H.; writing—review and editing, R.H., E.H., C.K. (Carlos Khairallah), R.B. and L.H.; visualization, R.H., E.H., C.K. (Cynthia Kassis), R.B. and L.H.; supervision, C.K. (Carlos Khairallah) and L.H.; project administration, C.K. (Carlos Khairallah) and L.H. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

Funding

This research received no external funding.

Informed Consent Statement

Not applicable.

Acknowledgments

The authors would like to acknowledge the Saint-Joseph University of Beirut. A special thank you to the team of the laboratories of Biomaterials and Histology, located in the Innovation and Sports’ Campus (Beirut, Lebanon).

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

References

  1. Nasr, E.; Makhlouf, A.C.; Zebouni, E.; Makzoumé, J. All-ceramic Computer-aided Design and Computer-aided Manufacturing Restorations: Evolution of Structures and Criteria for Clinical Application. J. Contemp. Dent. Pract. 2019, 20, 516–523. [Google Scholar] [PubMed]
  2. Tian, T.; Tsoi, J.K.-H.; Matinlinna, J.P.; Burrow, M.F. Aspects of bonding between resin luting cements and glass ceramic materials. Dent. Mater. 2014, 30, 147–162. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  3. Sailer, I.; Makarov, N.A.; Thoma, D.S.; Zwahlen, M.; Pjetursson, B.E. All-ceramic or metal-ceramic tooth-supported fixed dental prostheses (FDPs)? A systematic review of the survival and complication rates. Part I: Single crowns (SCs). Dent. Mater. 2015, 31, 603–623. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  4. Puppin-Rontani, J.; Sundfeld, D.; Costa, A.R.; Correr, A.B.; Puppin-Rontani, R.M.; Borges, G.A.; Sinhoreti, M.; Correr-Sobrinho, L. Effect of Hydrofluoric Acid Concentration and Etching Time on Bond Strength to Lithium Disilicate Glass Ceramic. Oper. Dent. 2017, 42, 606–615. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  5. Borges, A.L.S.; Posritong, S.; Özcan, M.; Campos, F.; Melo, R.; Bottino, M.C. Can Cleansing Regimens Effectively Eliminate Saliva Contamination from Lithium Disilicate Ceramic Surface? Eur. J. Prosthodont. Restor. Dent. 2017, 25, 9–14. [Google Scholar]
  6. Koc-Dundar, B.; Özcan, M. Effect of clinical and laboratory contamination media on the adhesion of luting cement to direct and indirect resin composite materials. J. Adhes. Sci. Technol. 2017, 31, 1251–1263. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  7. Nikolaus, F.; Wolkewitz, M.; Hahn, P. Bond strength of composite resin to glass ceramic after saliva contamination. Clin. Oral Investig. 2013, 17, 751–755. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  8. Aladağ, A.; Elter, B.; Çömlekoğlu, E.; Kanat, B.; Sonugelen, M.; Kesercioğlu, A.; Özcan, M. Effect of different cleaning regimens on the adhesion of resin to saliva-contaminated ceramics. J. Prosthodont. 2015, 24, 136–145. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  9. Lapinska, B.; Rogowski, J.; Nowak, J.; Nissan, J.; Sokolowski, J.; Lukomska-Szymanska, M. Effect of Surface Cleaning Regimen on Glass Ceramic Bond Strength. Molecules 2019, 24, 389. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  10. Lopes, G.; Ballarin, A. Hydrofluoric Acid—Simple Things You May Do Not Know about Something You Are So Habituated to Use. Odovtos Int. J. Dent. Sci. 2015, 1, 15–23. [Google Scholar]
  11. Ozcan, M.; Allahbeickaraghi, A.; Dündar, M. Possible hazardous effects of hydrofluoric acid and recommendations for treatment approach: A review. Clin. Oral Investig. 2012, 16, 15–23. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  12. Bajraktarova-Valjakova, E.; Korunoska-Stevkovska, V.; Georgieva, S.; Ivanovski, K.; Bajraktarova-Misevska, C.; Mijoska, A.; Grozdanov, A. Hydrofluoric Acid: Burns and Systemic Toxicity, Protective Measures, Immediate and Hospital Medical Treatment. Maced. J. Med. Sci. 2018, 6, 2257–2269. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  13. Schwerin, D.L.; Hatcher, J.D. Hydrofluoric Acid Burns. In StatPearls; StatPearls Publishing: Treasure Island, FL, USA, 2021. [Google Scholar]
  14. Yoshida, K. Influence of cleaning methods on the bond strength of resin cement to saliva-contaminated lithium disilicate ceramic. Clin. Oral Investig. 2020, 24, 2091–2097. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  15. Klosa, K.; Wolfart, S.; Lehmann, F.; Wenz, H.-J.; Kern, M. The effect of storage conditions, contamination modes and cleaning procedures on the resin bond strength to lithium disilicate ceramic. J. Adhes. Dent. 2009, 11, 127–135. [Google Scholar] [PubMed]
  16. Alfaro, M.J.; Meyers, E.J.; Ashcraft-Olmscheid, D.; Vandewalle, K.S. Effect of a new salivary-contaminant removal method on bond strength. Gen. Dent. 2016, 64, 51–54. [Google Scholar] [PubMed]
  17. Marfenko, S.; Özcan, M.; Attin, T.; Tauböck, T.T. Treatment of surface contamination of lithium disilicate ceramic before adhesive luting. Am. J. Dent. 2020, 33, 33–38. [Google Scholar] [PubMed]
  18. Zarone, F.; Di Mauro, M.I.; Ausiello, P.; Ruggiero, G.; Sorrentino, R. Current status on lithium disilicate and zirconia: A narrative review. BMC Oral Health 2019, 19, 134. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  19. Aziz, A.; El-Mowafy, O.; Paredes, S. Clinical outcomes of lithium disilicate glass-ceramic crowns fabricated with CAD/CAM technology: A systematic review. Dent. Med. Probl. 2020, 57, 197–206. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  20. Maroulakos, G.; Thompson, G.A.; Kontogiorgos, E.D. Effect of cement type on the clinical performance and complications of zirconia and lithium disilicate tooth-supported crowns: A systematic review. Report of the Committee on Research in Fixed Prosthodontics of the American Academy of Fixed Prosthodontics. J. Prosthet. Dent. 2019, 121, 754–765. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  21. Hardan, L.; Bourgi, R.; Kharouf, N.; Mancino, D.; Zarow, M.; Jakubowicz, N.; Haikel, Y.; Cuevas-Suárez, C.-E. Reinforced Universal Adhesive by Ribose Crosslinker: A Novel Strategy in Adhesive Dentistry. Polymers 2021, 13, 704. [Google Scholar]
  22. Kharouf, N.; Eid, A.; Hardan, L.; Bourgi, R.; Arntz, Y.; Jmal, H.; Foschi, F.; Sauro, S.; Ball, V.; Haikel, Y.; et al. Antibacterial and bonding properties of universal adhesive dental polymers doped with pyrogallol. Polymers 2021, 13, 1538. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  23. Irmak, Ö.; Yaman, B.C.; Orhan, E.O.; Kılıçarslan, M.A.; Mante, F.K.; Ozer, F. Influence of cleaning methods on bond strength to saliva contaminated zirconia. J. Esthet. Restor. Dent. 2018, 30, 551–556. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  24. Veríssimo, A.H.; Moura, D.M.D.; Tribst, J.P.M.; Araújo, A.M.M.d.; Leite, F.P.P.; Souza, R.d.A.E. Effect of hydrofluoric acid concentration and etching time on resin-bond strength to different glass ceramics. Braz. Oral Res. 2019, 33, e041. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
  25. Blumer, L.; Schmidli, F.; Weiger, R.; Fischer, J. A systematic approach to standardize artificial aging of resin composite cements. Dent. Mater. 2015, 31, 855–863. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  26. ISO/TS 11405:2015; Dentistry-Testing of Adhesion to Tooth Structure. International Organizazion for Standardization: Geneva, Switzerland, 2015.
  27. Bömicke, W.; Rammelsberg, P.; Krisam, J.; Rues, S. The Effects of Surface Conditioning and Aging on the Bond Strength Between Composite Cement and Zirconia-reinforced Lithium-Silicate Glass-Ceramics. J. Adhes. Dent. 2019, 21, 567–576. [Google Scholar]
  28. Alnassar, T.; Vohra, F.; Abualsaud, H.; Al-Thobity, A.M.; Flinton, R. Efficacy of novel cleansing agent for the decontamination of lithium disilicate ceramics: A shear bond strength study. J. Adhes. Sci. Technol. 2017, 31, 202–210. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  29. Lyann, S.K.; Takagaki, T.; Nikaido, T.; Wada, T.; Uo, M.; Ikeda, M.; Sadr, A.; Tagami, J. Efficacy of Various Surface Treatments on the Bonding Performance of Saliva-contaminated Lithium-Disilicate Ceramics. J. Adhes. Dent. 2019, 21, 51–58. [Google Scholar]
  30. Aboush, Y.E. Removing saliva contamination from porcelain veneers before bonding. J. Prosthet. Dent. 1998, 80, 649–653. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  31. Zhang, S.; Kocjan, A.; Lehmann, F.; Kosmac, T.; Kern, M. Influence of contamination on resin bond strength to nano-structured alumina-coated zirconia ceramic. Eur. J. Oral Sci. 2010, 118, 396–403. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  32. Della Bona, A.; Anusavice, K.J.; Mecholsky, J.J. Failure analysis of resin composite bonded to ceramic. Dent. Mater. 2003, 19, 693–699. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  33. Sano, H.; Shono, T.; Sonoda, H.; Takatsu, T.; Ciucchi, B.; Carvalho, R.; Pashley, D.H. Relationship between surface area for adhesion and tensile bond strength--evaluation of a micro-tensile bond test. Dent. Mater. 1994, 10, 236–240. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  34. Sano, H.; Chowdhury, A.F.M.A.; Saikaew, P.; Matsumoto, M.; Hoshika, S.; Yamauti, M. The microtensile bond strength test: Its historical background and application to bond testing. Jpn. Dent. Sci. Rev. 2020, 56, 24–31. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  35. Sirisha, K.; Rambabu, T.; Shankar, Y.R.; Ravikumar, P. Validity of bond strength tests: A critical review: Part I. J. Conserv. Dent. 2014, 17, 305–311. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
  36. Sirisha, K.; Rambabu, T.; Ravishankar, Y.; Ravikumar, P. Validity of bond strength tests: A critical review-Part II. J. Conserv. Dent. 2014, 17, 420–426. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  37. Inoue, S.; Vargas, M.A.; Abe, Y.; Yoshida, Y.; Lambrechts, P.; Vanherle, G.; Sano, H.; Van Meerbeek, B. Microtensile bond strength of eleven contemporary adhesives to dentin. J. Adhes. Dent. 2001, 3, 237–245. [Google Scholar] [PubMed]
  38. Braga, R.R.; Meira, J.B.C.; Boaro, L.C.C.; Xavier, T.A. Adhesion to tooth structure: A critical review of ‘macro’ test methods. Dent. Mater. 2010, 26, 38–49. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  39. Della Bona, A.; van Noort, R. Shear vs. tensile bond strength of resin composite bonded to ceramic. J. Dent. Res. 1995, 74, 1591–1596. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  40. Klosa, K.; Warnecke, H.; Kern, M. Effectiveness of protecting a zirconia bonding surface against contaminations using a newly developed protective lacquer. Dent. Mater. 2014, 30, 785–792. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  41. Wegner, S.M.; Gerdes, W.; Kern, M. Effect of different artificial aging conditions on ceramic-composite bond strength. Int. J. Prosthodont. 2002, 15, 267–272. [Google Scholar]
Bioengineering 09 00286 g001 550
Figure 1. Surface treatment methods of the different groups (hydrofluoric acid (HF); phosphoric acid (H3PO4)).
Figure 1. Surface treatment methods of the different groups (hydrofluoric acid (HF); phosphoric acid (H3PO4)).
Bioengineering 09 00286 g001
Bioengineering 09 00286 g002 550
Figure 2. Mean shear bond strength of the different groups. Surface treatment: Group 1: Cleaning with HF after contamination; Group 2: cleaning with H3PO4 after contamination; Group 3: Silanization before and after contamination; Group 4: Silanization only before contamination; Group 5: Sealing of the ceramic with adhesive. °: Extreme outliers: the outliers are points that stay out of the interval.
Figure 2. Mean shear bond strength of the different groups. Surface treatment: Group 1: Cleaning with HF after contamination; Group 2: cleaning with H3PO4 after contamination; Group 3: Silanization before and after contamination; Group 4: Silanization only before contamination; Group 5: Sealing of the ceramic with adhesive. °: Extreme outliers: the outliers are points that stay out of the interval.
Bioengineering 09 00286 g002
Bioengineering 09 00286 g003 550
Figure 3. Representative image (optical microscope x10) of a mixed failure.
Figure 3. Representative image (optical microscope x10) of a mixed failure.
Bioengineering 09 00286 g003
Bioengineering 09 00286 g004 550
Figure 4. Representative image (optical microscope x10) of an adhesive failure.
Figure 4. Representative image (optical microscope x10) of an adhesive failure.
Bioengineering 09 00286 g004
Bioengineering 09 00286 g005 550
Figure 5. Distribution of the types of fractures in the different groups.
Figure 5. Distribution of the types of fractures in the different groups.
Bioengineering 09 00286 g005
Table
Table 1. Specifications of the materials used in the study.
Table 1. Specifications of the materials used in the study.
MaterialBrandLotCompositionManufacturer
Glass-based ceramicIPS e.max CAD
LT A1 shade		Y30837SiO2,LiO2, K2O, P2O5, ZrO2, ZnO, other oxides, coloring oxidesIvoclarVivadent, Schaan, Liechtenstein
Ceramic etchantPorcelain EtchBGTV79% buffered hydrofluoric acidUltradent, Schaan, Liechtenstein
Ceramic primerPorcelain Primer1900001117Pre-hydrolyzed silane primer with alcohol and acetoneBisco, Schaumburg, IL, USA
Etching gelDentoEtchDE-4.1237% phosphoric acidItena, Avenue Foch, Paris, France
Bonding agentAdper Single Bond 2NA61948Bis-GMA, HEMA, dimethacrylates, ethanol, water, photoinitiators, methacrylate functional copolymer of polyacrylic and polyitaconic acids, and silica nanofiller3M ESPE, St. Paul, MN, USA
Flowable compositeFiltek Z350 XT, Flowable Restorative, A1 shadeNA37278Bis-GMA, TEGDMA, procrylatresins; ytterbium trifluoride, silica, zirconia/silica cluster fillers 3M ESPE, St. Paul, MN, USA
Silicon dioxide (SiO2), Lithium superoxide (LiO2), Potassium oxide (K2O), Phosphorus pentoxide (P2O5), Zirconium dioxide (ZrO2), Zinc oxide (ZnO), Bisphenol A-glycidyl methacrylate (Bis-GMA), Hydroxyethylmethacrylate (HEMA), Triethylenglycol-di-methacrylate (TEGDMA).
Table
Table 2. Shear bond strength values. Groups with the same letter are not significantly different (p > 0.05).
Table 2. Shear bond strength values. Groups with the same letter are not significantly different (p > 0.05).
NMeanStandard Deviation95% Confidence IntervalMinimumMaximum
LowerboundUpperbound
Group 11012.59 a2.7110.6514.538.3217.31
Group 21013.11 a1.0312.3713.8411.4714.84
Group 31010.41 b2.758.4412.385.4013.26
Group 41011.74 a,b3.499.2414.237.4218.21
Group 5109.65 b1.998.2211.076.5213.71
Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Share and Cite

MDPI and ACS Style

Harouny, R.; Hardan, L.; Harouny, E.; Kassis, C.; Bourgi, R.; Lukomska-Szymanska, M.; Kharouf, N.; Ball, V.; Khairallah, C. Adhesion of Resin to Lithium Disilicate with Different Surface Treatments before and after Salivary Contamination—An In-Vitro Study. Bioengineering 2022, 9, 286. https://doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering9070286

AMA Style

Harouny R, Hardan L, Harouny E, Kassis C, Bourgi R, Lukomska-Szymanska M, Kharouf N, Ball V, Khairallah C. Adhesion of Resin to Lithium Disilicate with Different Surface Treatments before and after Salivary Contamination—An In-Vitro Study. Bioengineering. 2022; 9(7):286. https://doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering9070286

Chicago/Turabian Style

Harouny, Ryan, Louis Hardan, Elie Harouny, Cynthia Kassis, Rim Bourgi, Monika Lukomska-Szymanska, Naji Kharouf, Vincent Ball, and Carlos Khairallah. 2022. "Adhesion of Resin to Lithium Disilicate with Different Surface Treatments before and after Salivary Contamination—An In-Vitro Study" Bioengineering 9, no. 7: 286. https://doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering9070286

Note that from the first issue of 2016, this journal uses article numbers instead of page numbers. See further details here.

Article Metrics

Back to TopTop