The Development and Biomechanical Analysis of an Allograft Interference Screw for Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Design of an Allograft Interference Screw for ACL Reconstruction
2.1.1. Design of the Screw Drive
2.1.2. Design of the Screw Thread
2.1.3. Design of the Screw Shape and Screw Dimensions
2.2. Biomechanical Analysis Using a Bovine Model
2.2.1. Graft Preparation
2.2.2. Graft Fixation
2.2.3. Measurement of the Ultimate Failure Load of the Graft Fixation
2.2.4. Measurement of the Ultimate Failure Torque
2.2.5. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Results of the FEA
3.2. Results of the Biomechanical Analyses
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
ACL | Anterior Cruciate Ligament |
MRI | Magnetic Resonance Imaging |
FEA | Finite Element Analysis |
CAD | Computer Aided Design |
BMD | Bone Mineral Density |
PLLA | Polylactide |
PU | Polyurethane |
Appendix A
References
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Freeze-Dried Human Cortical Bone | Chromium Steel 1.4034 | |
---|---|---|
Density in g/cm3 | 1.022 | 7.7 |
Young’s modulus in GPa | 5 | 215 |
Poisson’s ratio | 0.36 | 0.3 |
Yield strength in MPa | 108 | 650 |
Sample Number | Graft Diameter in mm | Tunnel Diameter in mm | Max. Insertion Torque in N mm | Ultimate Failure Load Graft Fixation in N | Ultimate Failure Torque in N mm |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 7 | 8 | 1600 | 203 | 2500 |
2 | 9 | 9.5 | 1200 | 281 | 2600 |
3 | 7 | 8 | 1500 | 312 | 2800 |
4 | 9 | 9.5 | 1600 | 362 | - |
5 | 7 | 8 | 900 | 160 | - |
6 | 7.5 | 8 | 400 | 91 | - |
7 | 7 | 8.5 | 1200 | 199 | - |
8 | 9 | 9.5 | 700 | 212 | - |
9 | 7 | 8 | 1000 | 359 | - |
10 | 7 | 7.5 | 900 | 114 | - |
11 | 7.5 | 8 | 1100 | 240 | - |
12 | 9 | 9.5 | 1400 | 288 | - |
Mean value 7 graft | 1075 | 209.75 | - | ||
Standard deviation 7 graft | 377.02 | 92.24 | - | ||
Min. value 7 graft | 400 | 91 | - | ||
Max. value 7 graft | 1600 | 359 | - | ||
Mean value 9 graft | 1225 | 285.75 | - | ||
Standard deviation 9 graft | 386.22 | 61.32 | - | ||
Min. value 9 graft | 700 | 212 | - | ||
Max. value 9 graft | 1600 | 362 | - | ||
Mean value overall | 1125 | 235.08 | 2633.33 | ||
Standard deviation overall | 369.58 | 88.54 | 152.75 | ||
Min. value overall | 400 | 91 | 2500 | ||
Max. value overall | 1600 | 362 | 2800 |
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Lifka, S.; Rehberger, Y.; Pastl, K.; Rofner-Moretti, A.; Reichkendler, M.; Baumgartner, W. The Development and Biomechanical Analysis of an Allograft Interference Screw for Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction. Bioengineering 2023, 10, 1174. https://doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering10101174
Lifka S, Rehberger Y, Pastl K, Rofner-Moretti A, Reichkendler M, Baumgartner W. The Development and Biomechanical Analysis of an Allograft Interference Screw for Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction. Bioengineering. 2023; 10(10):1174. https://doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering10101174
Chicago/Turabian StyleLifka, Sebastian, Yannik Rehberger, Klaus Pastl, Alexander Rofner-Moretti, Markus Reichkendler, and Werner Baumgartner. 2023. "The Development and Biomechanical Analysis of an Allograft Interference Screw for Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction" Bioengineering 10, no. 10: 1174. https://doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering10101174