A Novel Strategy for the Production of Edible Insects: Effect of Dietary Perilla Seed Supplementation on Nutritional Composition, Growth Performance, Lipid Metabolism, and Δ6 Desaturase Gene Expression of Sago Palm Weevil (Rhynchophorus ferrugineus) Larvae
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Diets and SPWL Rearing
2.2. Growth Performance
2.3. Proximate Composition and Mineral Profile
2.4. FA Composition
2.5. FA Metabolism Indices and fads2 Gene Expression of SPWL
2.6. Cholesterol Content
2.7. Amino Acid Profile
2.8. Statistical Analysis
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Basic Composition and FA Profile of Diets
3.2. Growth Performance of SPWL
3.3. Proximate Composition, Cholesterol Content, and Mineral Profiles of SPWL
3.4. FA Composition and Health Promoting Indices of SPWL
3.5. FA Metabolic Indices and Δ6 Desaturase (fads2) Gene Expression
3.6. Amino Acid Composition
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Ingredients | C | PF | P0 | P3 | P7 | P15 | P20 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ground sago palm trunk (g) | 1000 | 667 | 667 | 667 | 667 | 667 | 667 |
Pig feed (g) | - | 333 | - | - | - | - | - |
Rice bran (g) | - | - | 166.5 | 151.5 | 131.5 | 91.5 | 66.5 |
Soybean (g) | - | - | 166.5 | 151.5 | 131.5 | 91.5 | 66.5 |
Perilla seed (g) | - | - | 0 | 30 | 70 | 150 | 200 |
Proximate Composition | C | PF | P0 | P3 | P7 | P15 | P20 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Moisture (g/100 g) | 68.9 ± 0.8a | 51.9 ± 2.3e | 58.1 ± 0.1b | 57.1 ± 0.1b | 54.9 ± 0.3c | 52.9 ± 0.8de | 53.9 ± 0.9cd |
Protein (g/100 g, dw) | 1.1 ± 0.1c | 10.8 ± 0.5b | 10.4 ± 0.5b | 10.7 ± 0.3b | 11.7 ± 0.3a | 10.9 ± 0.1b | 11.7 ± 0.1a |
Lipid (g/100 g, dw) | 0.9 ± 0.2e | 2.0 ± 0.0e | 5.7 ± 1.2d | 6.8 ± 0.8d | 12.8 ± 0.4c | 18.3 ± 2.3b | 20.2 ± 0.5a |
Ash (g/100 g, dw) | 4.1 ± 0.0e | 8.2 ± 0.2a | 5.9 ± 0.1c | 6.7 ± 0.9b | 5.3 ± 0.1cd | 4.7 ± 0.0de | 4.4 ± 0.1e |
Carbohydrate (g/100 g, dw) | 93.9 ± 0.2a | 79.1 ± 0.5b | 78.0 ± 1.5bc | 75.8 ± 1.8c | 70.2 ± 0.8d | 66.2 ± 2.4e | 63.7 ± 0.4f |
Fatty Acid (% Total Lipid) | C | PF | P0 | P3 | P7 | P15 | P20 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
C12:0 | 1.27 ± 0.27a | 0.35 ± 0.02b | 0.27 ± 0.06b | 0.31 ± 0.05b | 0.25 ± 0.06b | 0.24 ± 0.02b | 0.25 ± 0.03b |
C14:0 | 0.86 ± 0.13b | 5.11 ± 0.17a | 0.12 ± 0.01c | 0.12 ± 0.01c | 0.14 ± 0.05c | 0.11 ± 0.04c | 0.11 ± 0.03c |
C14:1 | 1.97 ± 0.17a | 1.86 ± 0.07a | 0.63 ± 0.02b | 0.53 ± 0.03bc | 0.43 ± 0.04c | 0.40 ± 0.06c | 0.39 ± 0.04c |
C15:0 | 0.44 ± 0.02a | 0.11 ± 0.02b | 0.08 ± 0.02c | 0.08 ± 0.01c | 0.07 ± 0.01c | 0.07 ± 0.01c | 0.05 ± 0.02c |
C15:1 (cis-10) | 0.36 ± 0.25a | 0.18 ± 0.04a | 0.13 ± 0.02a | 0.19 ± 0.05a | 0.16 ± 0.05a | 0.14 ± 0.06a | 0.12 ± 0.03a |
C16:0 | 34.16 ± 0.8a | 21.92 ± 0.13c | 23.20 ± 0.16b | 19.19 ± 0.41d | 15.89 ± 0.48e | 13.17 ± 0.38f | 12.65 ± 0.85f |
C16:1 (cis-9) | 0.82 ± 0.26a | 0.42 ± 0.14b | 0.28 ± 0.04bc | 0.21 ± 0.05bc | 0.20 ± 0.02bc | 0.14 ± 0.03c | 0.14 ± 0.03c |
C17:0 | 0.50 ± 0.03a | 0.12 ± 0.01b | 0.09 ± 0.01c | 0.08 ± 0.00c | 0.07 ± 0.01c | 0.07 ± 0.00c | 0.08 ± 0.02c |
C17:1 (cis-10) | 0.23 ± 0.04a | 0.02 ± 0.01b | 0.01 ± 0.01b | 0.02 ± 0.01b | 0.02 ± 0.01b | 0.04 ± 0.03b | 0.03 ± 0.03b |
C18:0 | 9.66 ± 0.58a | 3.30 ± 0.08b | 3.58 ± 0.11b | 3.55 ± 0.08b | 3.70 ± 0.08b | 3.57 ± 0.01b | 3.52 ± 0.15b |
C18:1 (cis-9) | 13.25 ± 0.63f | 24.70 ± 0.3c | 35.49 ± 0.38a | 29.82 ± 0.19b | 21.59 ± 0.46d | 15.10 ± 0.23e | 13.22 ± 0.21f |
C18:2 (all-cis-9,12) | 5.38 ± 0.49g | 36.67 ± 0.36a | 31.59 ± 0.54b | 28.84 ± 0.44c | 25.07 ± 0.23d | 21.21 ± 0.23e | 19.64 ± 0.63f |
C18:3 (all-cis-cis-6,9,12) | 0.21 ± 0.12a | 0.04 ± 0.04b | 0.04 ± 0.03b | 0.10 ± 0.00b | 0.05 ± 0.02b | 0.02 ± 0.03b | 0.05 ± 0.05b |
C18:3 (all-cis-cis-9,12, 15) | 1.81 ± 0.18e | 1.38 ± 0.01e | 1.64 ± 0.05e | 14.59 ± 0.41d | 30.38 ± 0.33c | 43.83 ± 0.55b | 47.42 ± 0.83a |
C20:0 | 0.36 ± 0.09b | 0.26 ± 0.04cd | 0.46 ± 0.02a | 0.37 ± 0.02b | 0.31 ± 0.01bc | 0.21 ± 0.04d | 0.22 ± 0.03d |
C20:3 (all-cis-8,11,14) | 0.31 ±0.24a | 0.04 ± 0.03b | 0.04 ± 0.02b | 0.03 ± 0.02b | 0.04 ± 0.01b | 0.04 ± 0.02b | 0.02 ± 0.00b |
C20:3 (all-cis-11,14,17) | 0.57 ± 0.09a | 0.08 ± 0.06bc | 0.02 ± 0.01c | 0.02 ± 0.01c | 0.04 ± 0.01c | 0.18 ± 0.14b | 0.10 ± 0.05bc |
C20:4n6 | 0.17 ± 0.13a | 0.02 ± 0.01b | 0.04 ± 0.02b | 0.02 ± 0.03b | 0.01 ± 0.00b | 0.01 ± 0.01b | 0.02 ± 0.01b |
C20:5 (all -cis-5,8,11,14,17) | 0.10 ± 0.01a | 0.05 ± 0.04b | 0.03 ± 0.02b | 0.04 ± 0.01b | 0.01 ± 0.01b | 0.02 ± 0.02b | 0.01 ± 0.01b |
C22:2 (all-cis-13,16) | 0.48 ± 0.01a | 0.06 ± 0.04b | 0.01 ± 0.01b | 0.04 ± 0.03b | 0.10 ± 0.11b | 0.10 ± 0.10b | 0.08 ± 0.04b |
C22:6 (all-cis-4,7,10,13,16,19) | 0.11 ± 0.07a | 0.07 ± 0.04ab | 0.02 ± 0.01b | 0.03 ± 0.00b | 0.04 ± 0.01b | 0.04 ± 0.01b | 0.05 ± 0.02b |
Other | 26.96 ± 1.69a | 3.22 ± 0.07b | 2.22 ± 0.36bc | 1.80 ± 0.23c | 1.44 ± 0.24c | 1.29 ± 0.18c | 1.84 ± 0.47c |
∑SFA | 47.26 ± 1.13a | 31.18 ± 0.23b | 27.81 ± 0.15c | 23.69 ± 0.54d | 20.43 ± 0.40e | 17.44 ± 0.40f | 16.87 ± 0.98f |
∑MUFA | 16.64 ± 0.45e | 27.18 ± 0.19c | 36.55 ± 0.34a | 30.77 ± 0.30b | 22.40 ± 0.43d | 15.82 ± 0.25f | 13.90 ± 0.13g |
∑PUFA | 8.96 ± 0.34d | 38.50 ± 0.29c | 37.90 ± 8.18c | 48.95 ± 9.77b | 60.06 ± 7.82a | 66.90 ± 0.48a | 66.94 ± 1.20a |
∑n3-PUFA | 2.60 ± 0.20f | 1.58 ± 0.13e | 1.71 ± 0.08f | 14.69 ± 0.42d | 30.48 ± 0.29c | 44.08 ± 0.43b | 47.58 ± 0.86a |
∑n6-PUFA | 6.07 ± 0.22g | 36.78 ± 0.30a | 31.70 ± 0.57b | 29.00 ± 0.45c | 25.16 ± 0.25d | 21.27 ± 0.2e | 19.73 ± 0.66f |
n6/n3 | 2.34 ± 0.19c | 23.35 ± 2.02a | 18.60 ± 0.79b | 1.98 ± 0.04cd | 0.83 ± 0.01de | 0.48 ± 0.01de | 0.41 ± 0.01e |
Biometric Parameter | C | PF | P0 | P3 | P7 | P15 | P20 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Survival rate (%) | 90.8 ± 1.2ab | 92.6 ± 2.3a | 84.6 ± 2.6c | 86.6 ± 0.2bc | 85.9 ± 0.6c | 85.8 ± 3.0c | 83.8 ± 1.8c |
Live weight (g) | 2.6 ± 1.2c | 5.3 ± 0.4ab | 5.3 ± 0.6ab | 5.8 ± 0.6a | 5.5 ± 0.6a | 5.4 ± 0.4ab | 5.0 ± 0.3b |
Dry weight (g) | 0.9 ± 0.1b | 1.7 ± 0.1a | 1.6 ± 0.2a | 1.9 ± 0.2a | 1.7 ± 0.2a | 1.9 ± 0.2a | 1.8 ± 0.2a |
Dry matter content (%) | 26.3 ± 2.3c | 30.5 ± 2.9b | 35.5 ± 1.8a | 33.1 ± 2.3ab | 33.7 ± 1.8ab | 35.2 ± 1.4a | 37.0 ± 2.2a |
Condition factor | 8.1 ± 2.8d | 9.7 ± 2.5c | 11.3 ± 2.8abc | 10.9 ± 1.7bc | 12.6 ± 2.2a | 10.9 ± 1.7bc | 11.6 ± 2.9ab |
Growth rate (g/day) | 0.1 ± 0.1b | 0.2 ± 0.0a | 0.1 ± 0.0c | 0.1 ± 0.0c | 0.1 ± 0.0c | 0.1 ± 0.0c | 0.1 ± 0.0c |
Appearance |
Amount (mg/g Sample) | C | PF | P0 | P3 | P7 | P15 | P20 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Proximate composition | |||||||
Moisture (g/100 g) | 73.7 ± 2.3a | 69.5 ± 2.9b | 64.5 ± 1.8c | 66.9 ± 2.3bc | 66.3 ± 1.8bc | 64.8 ± 1.4c | 62.9 ± 2.2c |
Protein (g/100 g, dw) | 22.3 ± 0.3c | 18.6 ± 0.2d | 24.5 ± 0.2b | 26.7 ± 0.7a | 22.6 ± 0.4c | 22.7 ± 0.6c | 22.1 ± 0.3c |
Lipid (g/100 g, dw) | 34.9 ± 0.9d | 55.5 ± 2.6ab | 51.1 ± 3.3c | 51.0 ± 2.0c | 54.6 ± 2.4abc | 56.4 ± 3.0a | 51.8 ± 1.0bc |
Ash (g/100 g, dw) | 4.2 ± 0.1a | 2.8 ± 0.4b | 3.8 ± 0.8ab | 2.9 ± 0.1b | 2.9 ± 0.1b | 2.8 ± 0.2b | 3.0 ± 1.2b |
Carbohydrate (g/100 g, dw) | 38.7 ± 0.9a | 23.1 ± 2.2b | 20.6 ± 3.9b | 19.5 ± 2.4b | 19.9 ± 2.8b | 18.2 ± 3.3b | 23.1 ± 1.8b |
Cholesterol (mg/100 g) | 246.2 ± 1.3e | 350.8 ± 13.2a | 288.7 ± 2.8c | 303.3 ± 3.1b | 261.0 ± 3.0d | 297.9 ± 2.5bc | 309.1 ± 12.3b |
Mineral (mg/kg) | |||||||
Potassium (K) | 9265 ± 286a | 6487 ± 45e | 7039 ± 110c | 7988 ± 100b | 6828 ± 137cd | 6421 ± 110e | 6673 ± 31de |
Phosphorus (P) | 3563 ± 112bc | 2926 ± 55f | 3639 ± 24b | 4273 ± 40a | 3447 ± 44d | 3477 ± 64cd | 3292 ± 22e |
Magnesium (Mg) | 1869 ± 49b | 132 1± 22f | 1669 ± 16c | 1985 ± 10a | 1631 ± 16c | 1428 ± 31d | 1372 ± 6e |
Sodium (Na) | 1351 ± 37a | 986 ± 37e | 1010 ± 17cd | 1182 ± 11b | 1035 ± 16c | 1025 ± 11cd | 915 ± 29d |
Calcium (Ca) | 699 ± 21a | 441 ± 18f | 625 ± 12b | 674 ± 4a | 549 ± 5c | 514 ± 8d | 478 ± 7e |
Zinc (Zn) | 99.4 ± 2.2b | 101.9 ± 1.3ab | 85.3 ± 1.8c | 104.6 ± 2.0a | 88.3 ± 1.5c | 81.8 ± 2.3d | 87.2 ± 0.4c |
Manganese (Mn) | 49.9 ± 1.5a | 13.6 ± 0.4c | 12.5 ± 0.4cd | 16.7 ± 0.3b | 10.4 ± 0.2f | 11.0 ± 0.6f | 11.7 ± 0.7de |
Iron (Fe) | 14.2 ± 0.2d | 15.4 ± 0.4c | 18.8 ± 0.3a | 19.0 ± 1.1a | 16.8 ± 1.0b | 16.2 ± 0.6bc | 15.8 ± 0.1bc |
Copper (Cu) | 10.2 ± 0.6d | 26.1 ± 0.6a | 10.8 ± 0.6cd | 12.3 ± 0.5b | 11.5 ± 0.4bc | 11.6 ± 0.4bc | 12.2 ± 0.2b |
Fatty Acid (% Total Lipid) | C | PF | P0 | P3 | P7 | P15 | P20 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
C12:0 | 0.16 ± 0.03a | 0.15 ± 0.04a | 0.18 ± 0.04a | 0.14 ± 0.02a | 0.14 ± 0.03a | 0.14 ± 0.00a | 0.13 ± 0.01a |
C14:0 | 1.42 ± 0.15c | 1.69 ± 0.10ab | 1.76 ± 0.11ab | 1.68 ± 0.08ab | 1.88 ± 0.12a | 1.76 ± 0.11ab | 1.61 ± 0.06b |
C14:1 | 0.06 ± 0.03a | 0.03 ± 0.00a | 0.11 ± 0.05a | 0.05 ± 0.05a | 0.12 ± 0.08a | 0.09 ± 0.07a | 0.05 ± 0.03a |
C15:0 | 0.06 ± 0.02a | 0.07 ± 0.01a | 0.09 ± 0.02a | 0.07 ± 0.00a | 0.08 ± 0.03a | 0.09 ± 0.02a | 0.08 ± 0.00a |
C15:1 (cis-10) | 0.23 ± 0.18a | 0.26 ± 0.08a | 0.14 ± 0.10a | 0.42 ± 0.10a | 0.27 ± 0.19a | 0.47 ± 0.06a | 0.25 ± 0.04a |
C16:0 | 45.05 ± 0.27a | 43.99 ± 0.40b | 35.47 ± 0.60f | 41.77 ± 0.16c | 38.23 ± 0.34d | 37.24 ± 0.33e | 38.99 ± 0.82d |
C16:1 (cis-9) | 7.70 ± 0.40d | 10.21 ± 0.40b | 8.34 ± 0.36c | 5.72 ± 0.15e | 10.77 ± 0.36a | 5.82 ± 0.17e | 5.46 ± 0.15e |
C17:0 | 0.04 ± 0.01b | 0.07 ± 0.01a | 0.07 ± 0.01a | 0.09 ± 0.01a | 0.07 ± 0.01a | 0.09 ± 0.01a | 0.08 ± 0.01a |
C17:1 (cis-10) | 0.09 ± 0.11a | 0.04 ± 0.02a | 0.05 ± 0.02a | 0.04 ± 0.04a | 0.04 ± 0.05a | 0.03 ± 0.02a | 0.03 ± 0.00a |
C18:0 | 1.64 ± 0.28c | 1.28 ± 0.06d | 1.89 ± 0.23bc | 2.37 ± 0.05a | 1.80 ± 0.04c | 2.12 ± 0.04ab | 2.31 ± 0.17a |
C18:1 (cis-9) | 40.28 ± 1.49a | 38.59 ± 0.54a | 40.40 ± 1.63a | 39.18 ± 0.39a | 38.75 ± 1.08a | 38.47 ± 0.50a | 34.92 ± 0.52b |
C18:2 (all-cis-9,12) | 0.22 ± 0.06g | 11.64 ± 0.08f | 8.11 ± 0.29a | 5.65 ± 0.14d | 3.92 ± 0.08e | 6.28 ± 0.08b | 5.93 ± 0.14c |
C18:3 (all-cis-cis -6,9,12) | 0.22 ± 0.07a | 0.10 ± 0.03a | 0.13 ± 0.13a | 0.06 ± 0.06a | 0.07 ± 0.08a | 0.04 ± 0.02a | 0.01 ± 0.01a |
C18:3 (all-cis-cis -9,12, 15) | 0.08 ± 0.01e | 0.17 ± 0.02e | 0.83 ± 0.07d | 0.99 ± 0.05d | 1.90 ± 0.05c | 4.97 ± 0.06b | 8.40 ± 0.45a |
C20:0 | 0.09 ± 0.05a | 0.08 ± 0.04a | 0.07 ± 0.04a | 0.08 ± 0.02a | 0.09 ± 0.02a | 0.06 ± 0.01a | 0.09 ± 0.00a |
C20:3 (all-cis-8,11,14) | 0.22 ± 0.05a | 0.03 ± 0.02b | 0.12 ± 0.13ab | 0.03 ± 0.04b | 0.06 ± 0.04b | 0.04 ± 0.03b | 0.04 ± 0.01b |
C20:3 (all-cis-11,14,17) | 0.07 ± 0.03a | 0.04 ± 0.02a | 0.06 ± 0.02a | 0.06 ± 0.02a | 0.06 ± 0.05a | 0.05 ± 0.04a | 0.03 ± 0.03a |
C20:4n6 | 0.06 ± 0.01abc | 0.06 ± 0.02ab | 0.04 ± 0.02bc | 0.04 ± 0.01c | 0.07 ± 0.00a | 0.01 ± 0.00d | 0.01 ± 0.01d |
C20:5 (all -cis-5,8,11,14,17) | 0.03 ± 0.02b | 0.02 ± 0.01b | 0.04 ± 0.00b | 0.02 ± 0.01b | 0.06 ± 0.00a | 0.03 ± 0.00b | 0.02 ± 0.01b |
C22:2 (all-cis-13,16) | 0.04 ± 0.02a | 0.06 ± 0.04a | 0.06 ± 0.06a | 0.03 ± 0.01a | 0.05 ± 0.05a | 0.04 ± 0.04a | 0.04 ± 0.01a |
C22:6 (all-cis-4,7,10,13,16,19) | 0.04 ± 0.01b | 0.05 ± 0.01b | 0.08 ± 0.02a | 0.06 ± 0.00b | 0.05 ± 0.02b | 0.03 ± 0.00b | 0.04 ± 0.00b |
Other | 2.17 ± 0.60a | 1.39 ± 0.33a | 1.97 ± 0.54a | 1.44 ± 0.04a | 1.51 ± 0.19a | 2.15 ± 0.18a | 1.48 ± 0.56a |
∑SFA | 48.47 ± 0.41a | 47.33 ± 0.23b | 39.53 ± 0.60f | 46.20 ± 0.19c | 42.29 ± 0.39e | 41.51 ± 0.43e | 43.29 ± 0.82d |
∑MUFA | 48.37 ± 1.04b | 49.12 ± 0.42ab | 49.04 ± 1.36ab | 45.42 ± 0.38c | 49.96 ± 0.61a | 44.87 ± 0.49c | 40.71 ± 0.30d |
∑PUFA | 1.00 ± 0.12d | 2.41 ± 0.42d | 9.50 ± 0.51b | 7.23 ± 0.61c | 7.25 ± 1.73c | 12.81 ± 2.19a | 14.32 ± 0.10a |
∑n3-PUFA | 0.23 ± 0.04e | 0.27 ± 0.02e | 1.00 ± 0.08d | 1.12 ± 0.04d | 2.06 ± 0.11c | 5.08 ± 0.04b | 8.50 ± 0.45a |
∑n6-PUFA | 0.72 ± 0.08f | 1.83 ± 0.05e | 8.41 ± 0.50a | 5.79 ± 0.17c | 4.13 ± 0.03d | 6.37 ± 0.11b | 5.99 ± 0.16c |
n6/n3 | 3.21 ± 0.73d | 6.71 ± 0.52b | 8.46 ± 0.23a | 5.15 ± 0.04c | 2.01 ± 0.13e | 1.25 ± 0.03f | 0.1 ± 0.02f |
PUFA/SFA | 0.02 ± 0.00d | 0.05 ± 0.01d | 0.24 ± 0.01b | 0.16 ± 0.01c | 0.17 ± 0.04c | 0.31 ± 0.05a | 0.33 ± 0.01a |
Atherogenicity index (IA) | 0.41 ± 0.14ab | 0.54 ± 0.12a | 0.32 ± 0.09b | 0.53 ± 0.04a | 0.38 ± 0.03ab | 0.38 ± 0.01ab | 0.46 ± 0.08ab |
Thrombogenicity index (IT) | 0.75 ± 0.25ab | 0.97 ± 0.21a | 0.54 ± 0.15b | 0.90 ± 0.07a | 0.58 ± 0.06b | 0.48 ± 0.02b | 0.47 ± 0.10b |
Amount (mg/g Sample) | C | PF | P0 | P3 | P7 | P15 | P20 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Essential amino acid (EAA) | |||||||
Valine | 9.2 ± 0.2c | 10.5 ± 1.9bc | 10.7 ± 0.6b | 12.5 ± 0.3a | 11.4 ± 0.2ab | 10.1 ± 0.2bc | 10.7 ± 0.3b |
Leucine | 13.0 ± 0.4d | 12.8 ± 0.6d | 15.3 ± 1.3bc | 17.9 ± 0.6a | 16.2 ± 0.1b | 14.2 ± 0.5c | 14.8 ± 0.4c |
Isoleucine | 7.5 ± 0.2e | 8.0 ± 0.4de | 8.7 ± 0.5c | 10.0 ± 0.4a | 9.4 ± 0.2b | 8.2 ± 0.1cd | 8.6 ± 0.3c |
Threonine | 4.8 ± 0.1a | 6.1 ± 2.5a | 5.6 ± 0.2a | 6.4 ± 0.2a | 5.9 ± 0.1a | 5.3 ± 0.1a | 5.3 ± 0.1a |
Lysine | 44.4 ± 1.5ab | 28.4 ± 23.5b | 54.6 ± 4.8a | 59.9 ± 7.8a | 57.4 ± 0.9a | 48.6 ± 2.0a | 50.0 ± 1.6a |
Histidine | 6.0 ± 0.1d | 6.4 ± 0.4cd | 6.9 ± 0.4bc | 7.8 ± 0.6a | 7.3 ± 0.1ab | 6.5 ± 0.2cd | 6.9 ± 0.2bc |
Tryptophan | 0.1 ± 0.0d | 0.2 ± 0.0c | 0.2 ± 0.0b | 0.2 ± 0.0a | 0.2 ± 0.0b | 0.2 ± 0.0c | 0.2 ± 0.0b |
Phenylalanine | 3.7 ± 0.1d | 4.0 ± 0.4cd | 4.5 ± 0.3b | 5.0 ± 0.1a | 4.6 ± 0.1b | 4.1 ± 0.1cd | 4.3 ± 0.1bc |
Methionine | 1.5 ± 0.0de | 1.4 ± 0.1e | 1.8 ± 0.1abc | 2.0 ± 0.2a | 1.9 ± 0.0ab | 1.7 ± 0.0cd | 1.7 ± 0.0bc |
Total EAA | 90.2 ± 2.6cd | 77.8 ± 18.5d | 108.2 ± 8.2ab | 121.7 ± 9.2a | 114.4 ± 1.3ab | 98.9 ± 2.9bc | 102.6 ± 3.0bc |
Essential amino acid index (EAAI) | 44.5 ± 1.0c | 50.3 ± 5.3ab | 47.8 ± 2.8bc | 49.5 ± 2.1ab | 54.2 ± 0.9a | 47.9 ± 0.9bc | 51.4 ± 1.2ab |
Biological value (BV) | 36.8 ± 1.1c | 43.2 ± 5.8ab | 40.4 ± 3.0bc | 42.3 ± 2.3ab | 47.4 ± 0.9a | 40.5 ± 0.9bc | 44.4 ± 1.3ab |
Non-essential amino acid (non-EAA) | |||||||
Tyrosine | 3.8 ± 0.1a | 5.7 ± 3.1a | 4.5 ± 0.1a | 5.0 ± 0.2a | 4.6 ± 0.2a | 4.2 ± 0.0a | 4.3 ± 0.0a |
Alanine | 9.4 ± 0.2a | 11.1 ± 3.3a | 10.7 ± 0.6a | 12.3 ± 0.5a | 11.3 ± 0.4a | 10.1 ± 0.2a | 10.3 ± 0.2a |
Glycine | 17.5 ± 0.4b | 15.9 ± 3.4b | 21.2 ± 1.4a | 23.6 ± 2.3a | 22.5 ± 0.5a | 20.5 ± 0.4a | 21.1 ± 0.5a |
Serine | 3.2 ± 0.1a | 3.9 ± 1.1a | 3.6 ± 0.2a | 4.2 ± 0.1a | 3.8 ± 0.1a | 3.5 ± 0.1a | 3.5 ± 0.0a |
Aspartic acid | 5.0 ± 0.2a | 8.6 ± 6.1a | 6.0 ± 0.2a | 6.7 ± 0.3a | 6.2 ± 0.3a | 5.6 ± 0.1a | 5.5 ± 0.1a |
Hydroxyproline | 0.4 ± 0.0a | 0.3 ± 0.0a | 0.4 ± 0.0a | 0.4 ± 0.1a | 0.4 ± 0.0a | 0.4 ± 0.0a | 0.4 ± 0.0a |
Proline | 13.5 ± 0.3bc | 11.1 ± 5.8c | 18.3 ± 1.0ab | 20.0 ± 4.7a | 19.7 ± 0.4a | 17.3 ± 0.2ab | 19.1 ± 0.4a |
Glutamic acid | 9.7 ± 0.2a | 14.4 ± 8.2a | 10.9 ± 0.6a | 12.6 ± 0.7a | 11.7 ± 0.4a | 10.6 ± 0.2a | 10.6 ± 0.1a |
Arginine | 10.0 ± 0.5c | 9.6 ± 0.9c | 11.3 ± 0.3b | 12.5 ± 0.9a | 10.6 ± 0.2bc | 9.6 ± 0.3c | 10.1 ± 0.1c |
Ornithine | 24.0 ± 1.1b | 23.5 ± 4.3b | 29.5 ± 3.4a | 34.4 ± 4.4a | 34.7 ± 0.4a | 30.0 ± 1.6a | 31.5 ± 1.1a |
Glutathione | 0.6 ± 0.0c | 0.7 ± 0.1b | 0.7 ± 0.0b | 0.8 ± 0.0a | 0.7 ± 0.0b | 0.6 ± 0.0c | 0.7 ± 0.0b |
Cystine | 0.4 ± 0.0c | 0.4 ± 0.0bc | 0.5 ± 0.0a | 0.5 ± 0.0a | 0.5 ± 0.0ab | 0.4 ± 0.0c | 0.5 ± 0.0ab |
Total non-EAA | 97.6 ± 2.8d | 105.1 ± 9.2cd | 117.6 ± 7.7bc | 132.9 ± 13.0a | 126.7 ± 2.4ab | 112.7 ± 2.7c | 117.5 ± 2.5bc |
Total amino acid | 187.9 ± 5.4d | 183.0 ± 9.4d | 225.9 ± 15.8bc | 254.6 ± 22.0a | 241.1 ± 3.6ab | 211.6 ± 5.7c | 220.0 ± 5.3bc |
Essential Amino Acid | C | PF | P0 | P3 | P7 | P15 | P20 | Reference Protein # |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Valine | 41.1 ± 0.9c (1.03) * | 56.7 ± 10.1a (1.42) | 43.5 ± 2.6bc (1.09) | 47.0 ± 1.1bc (1.18) | 50.5 ± 1.1ab (1.26) | 44.6 ± 0.8bc (1.11) | 48.5 ± 1.2bc (1.21) | 40 |
Leucine | 58.1 ± 1.9c (0.95) | 68.8 ± 3.0a (1.13) | 62.3 ± 5.3bc (1.02) | 67.2 ± 2.4ab (1.10) | 71.6 ± 0.6a (1.17) | 62.7 ± 2.1bc (1.03) | 66.9 ± 1.9ab (1.10) | 61 |
Isoleucine | 33.4 ± 0.9d (1.11) | 42.8 ± 2.2a (1.43) | 35.3 ± 2.0cd (1.18) | 37.4 ± 1.3bc (1.25) | 41.5 ± 1.0a (1.38) | 36.2 ± 0.4c (1.21) | 38.8 ± 1.4b (1.29) | 30 |
Threonine | 21.7 ± 0.4a (0.87) | 33.1 ± 13.5a (1.32) | 22.9 ± 1.0a (0.92) | 24.0 ± 0.7a (0.96) | 26.1 ± 0.6a (1.04) | 23.2 ± 0.5a (0.93) | 24.2 ± 0.4a (0.97) | 25 |
Lysine | 199.3 ± 6.7a (4.15) | 225.7 ± 7.1a (4.70) | 222.7 ± 19.6a (4.64) | 224.7 ± 29.4a (4.68) | 253.5 ± 3.9a (5.28) | 214.3 ± 8.7a (4.46) | 226.5 ± 4.0a (4.72) | 48 |
Histidine | 26.8 ± 0.3d (1.67) | 34.3 ± 2.4a (2.15) | 28.2 ± 1.7d (1.76) | 29.2 ± 2.1cd (1.82) | 32.4 ± 0.6ab (2.02) | 28.6 ± 0.8cd (1.79) | 31.2 ± 0.8bc (1.95) | 16 |
Tryptophan | 0.6 ± 0.0d (0.10) | 0.8 ± 0.1a (0.13) | 0.7 ± 0.0c (0.11) | 0.7 ± 0.0c (0.11) | 0.7 ± 0.0bc (0.11) | 0.7 ± 0.0c (0.10) | 0.8 ± 0.0b (0.12) | 6.6 |
Phenylalanine + Tyrosine | 33.9 ± 0.9a (0.83) | 52.2 ± 19.0a (1.27) | 36.9 ± 1.6a (0.90) | 37.8 ± 1.4a (0.92) | 40.5 ± 1.4a (0.99) | 36.4 ± 0.4a (0.89) | 38.6 ± 0.8a (0.94) | 41 |
Methionine + Cysteine | 6.9 ± 0.2c (0.30) | 7.6 ± 0.3b (0.33) | 7.4 ± 0.6bc (0.32) | 7.4 ± 0.8bc (0.32) | 8.4 ± 0.1a (0.37) | 7.4 ± 0.1bc (0.32) | 7.9 ± 0.2ab (0.34) | 23 |
Total EAA | 421.8 ± 11.9a (1.45) | 522.1 ± 50.3a (1.55) | 459.8 ± 33.8a (1.58) | 475.5 ± 35.0a (1.64) | 525.3 ± 6.6a (1.81) | 454.1 ± 13.1a (1.56) | 483.4 ± 13.6a (1.66) | 290.6 |
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Chinarak, K.; Panpipat, W.; Panya, A.; Phonsatta, N.; Cheong, L.-Z.; Chaijan, M. A Novel Strategy for the Production of Edible Insects: Effect of Dietary Perilla Seed Supplementation on Nutritional Composition, Growth Performance, Lipid Metabolism, and Δ6 Desaturase Gene Expression of Sago Palm Weevil (Rhynchophorus ferrugineus) Larvae. Foods 2022, 11, 2036. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods11142036
Chinarak K, Panpipat W, Panya A, Phonsatta N, Cheong L-Z, Chaijan M. A Novel Strategy for the Production of Edible Insects: Effect of Dietary Perilla Seed Supplementation on Nutritional Composition, Growth Performance, Lipid Metabolism, and Δ6 Desaturase Gene Expression of Sago Palm Weevil (Rhynchophorus ferrugineus) Larvae. Foods. 2022; 11(14):2036. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods11142036
Chicago/Turabian StyleChinarak, Khanittha, Worawan Panpipat, Atikorn Panya, Natthaporn Phonsatta, Ling-Zhi Cheong, and Manat Chaijan. 2022. "A Novel Strategy for the Production of Edible Insects: Effect of Dietary Perilla Seed Supplementation on Nutritional Composition, Growth Performance, Lipid Metabolism, and Δ6 Desaturase Gene Expression of Sago Palm Weevil (Rhynchophorus ferrugineus) Larvae" Foods 11, no. 14: 2036. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods11142036