Reactor Selection for Upgrading Hemicelluloses: Conventional and Miniaturised Reactors for Hydrogenations
Abstract
:1. Introduction
Process of Reactor Selection
- Reaction parameters (stoichiometry of the reaction network, heats of reaction, equilibrium data,…);
- Physical properties (densities, viscosities, solubilities, heat capacities,…);
- Catalyst parameters (reaction rates, selectivity, deactivation characteristics, chemical, mechanical and thermal stability, costs…);
- Reactor parameters (mass and heat transfer coefficients, thermal conductivities, pressure drop, catalyst replacement, design difficulties, simplicity of scale-up, …); and
- Safety parameters (stability and controllability, amount of hazardous inventory,…).
- Particle/interface;
- Reactant injection/removal, mixing as well as contacting; and
- Flow regime.
2. Methods
2.1. Definition of the Case Scenario
2.1.1. Hydrogenation Process
2.1.2. Process Parameters and Constraints
2.2. Reactor Modelling and Simulation
2.2.1. Reaction Kinetics
2.2.2. Reactor Model
Mass Balances
Heat Balances
2.2.3. Model Specifications
Conventional and Miniaturised Trickle-Bed Reactor (TBR and MTBR)
Wall-Coated Minichannel Reactor (MCWR)
Minichannel Reactor Packed with Pellets (MCPR)
Minichannel Reactor Packed with an Open-Celled Foam (MCFR)
2.3. Evaluation Method
3. Results
3.1. Minichannel Wall Reactor (MCWR)
3.2. Minichannel Reactor Packed with Catalytic Particles (MCPR)
3.3. Minichannel Reactor with Foam Packing
3.4. Mini Trickle-Bed Reactor
3.5. Trickle-Bed Reactor
4. Selection of a Proper Reactor Configuration
4.1. Quantitative Parameters
4.2. Qualitative Parameters
4.3. Case Study—Production Scenario
5. Summary and Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
Nomenclature
Area | ||
Concentration | ||
Isobaric heat capacity | ||
Diameter | ||
Axial dispersion coefficient | ||
Diffusion coefficient of component i | ||
Activation energy | ||
Factor | ||
Gravitational constant (9.81) | ||
Mass transfer coefficient | ||
Adsorption and desorption quasi-equilibria | ||
Rate constant for reaction j with reaction order n | ||
Pre-exponential factor for reaction with reaction order n | ||
Length | ||
Mass | ||
Amount of substance | ||
Order of reaction | ||
Molar flow rate | ||
Pressure | ||
Power | ||
, R | Radial coordinate, radius | |
or | Reaction rate per reaction volume or per mass of catalyst/active compound | |
Ideal gas constant (8.3145) | ||
Space-time yield | ||
Time | ||
Thickness | ||
Temperature | ||
Velocity | ||
Volume | ||
Volumetric flow rate | ||
Conversion of educt j () | ||
Ruthenium loading per reactor volume | ||
Axial coordinate of reactor |
Volume inside reactor over volume in boundary layer | ||
Reaction heat | ||
Pressure drop | ||
Void fraction/phase holdup | ||
Catalyst effectiveness factor | ||
Thermal conductivity | ||
Mathematical constant (3.14159…) | ||
Density, loading | ||
Stoichiometric coefficient |
Arabinose | |
Refers to catalyst activity | |
Arabitol | |
Axial | |
Cylinder | |
Channel | |
Distance | |
Dynamic | |
Effective | |
Equivalent | |
Error | |
Gas or in the gas phase | |
Galactose | |
Gas-liquid | |
Galactitol | |
Gas-solid | |
Hydraulic | |
Index of reaction | |
At the reactor inlet | |
Component j | |
Liquid or in the liquid phase | |
Liquid-solid | |
Related to mass of catalyst | |
Maximal | |
Metal (referring to active metal species) | |
At the reactor outlet | |
Spherical particle | |
Cross-sectional | |
Reaction or reactor | |
Superficial | |
Solid or in the solid phase | |
Slab | |
Static | |
Steady state | |
Total | |
Related to volume | |
Washcoat | |
Referring to saturation |
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Parameter | Value | Relative Error (%) |
---|---|---|
Reactor 1 | Flow Condition for | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
MCWR | Max. | 0.54 | |||
Min. | |||||
Min. | |||||
Overall Min./Max. | |||||
MCPR | Max. | ||||
Min. | |||||
Min. | |||||
Overall Min./Max. | |||||
MCFR | Max. | 52.9 | 6.96 | ||
Min. | 38.9 | 5.11 | |||
Min. | 25.1 | 3.29 | |||
Overall Min./Max. | 52.9 | 6.96 | |||
MTBR | Max. | 17.3 | 3.11 | 0.37 | 3.68 |
Min. | 7.73 | 1.38 | 0.33 | 2.35 | |
Min. | 0.40 | 0.07 | 0.53 | 0.28 | |
Overall Min./Max. | 17.3 | 3.11 | 0.33 | 0.28 | |
TBR | Max. | 4.65 | 3.64 | 1.37 | 0.15 |
Min. | 2.58 | 2.02 | 0.98 | 0.15 | |
Min. | 1.63 | 1.28 | 1.30 | 0.14 | |
Overall Min./Max. | 4.65 | 3.64 | 0.98 | 0.14 |
Criteria | Parameter | MCWR | MCPR | MCFR | TBR | MTBR |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Catalyst 1 | Preparation | Lab-scale | Industrial | Lab-scale | Industrial | Industrial |
Replacement | Moderate (exchange packing) | Moderate (exchange particles) | Moderate (exchange packing) | Simple | Simple | |
Process 2 | Blocking risk | Small | Medium | Small | Small | High |
Experience | Lab-scale | Lab-scale | Lab-scale | Industrial | Industrial |
Reactor | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
MCWR | 20.5 | 47 | 5.8 | 12.9 | 8050 | 4.1 |
MCPR | 29.2 | 33 | 6 | 10.6 | 5460 | 89.3 |
MCFR | 52.9 | 18 | 0.02 | 108 | 188,000 | 0.03 |
MTBR | 17.3 | 55 | 0.37 | 44 | - | 28.1 |
4.65 | 205 | 1.37 | 44 | - | 1.1 |
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Haase, S.; de Araujo Filho, C.A.; Wärnå, J.; Murzin, D.Y.; Salmi, T. Reactor Selection for Upgrading Hemicelluloses: Conventional and Miniaturised Reactors for Hydrogenations. Processes 2021, 9, 1558. https://doi.org/10.3390/pr9091558
Haase S, de Araujo Filho CA, Wärnå J, Murzin DY, Salmi T. Reactor Selection for Upgrading Hemicelluloses: Conventional and Miniaturised Reactors for Hydrogenations. Processes. 2021; 9(9):1558. https://doi.org/10.3390/pr9091558
Chicago/Turabian StyleHaase, Stefan, Cesar A. de Araujo Filho, Johan Wärnå, Dmitry Yu. Murzin, and Tapio Salmi. 2021. "Reactor Selection for Upgrading Hemicelluloses: Conventional and Miniaturised Reactors for Hydrogenations" Processes 9, no. 9: 1558. https://doi.org/10.3390/pr9091558